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弄明
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9 Summum Genus

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12 / revolution change within the tradition E. A. Kracke Jr. Sung Society Change within Tradition Far Eastern Quarterly Vol. 4 No pp

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18 Modern Chinese History Studies No The Transformation of Tao in Modern China Luo Zhitian 4 The establishment of modern Western Learning in the hearts of Chinese scholars caused a periodization of traditional Chinese conceptions of Tao the Way of Heaven. It moved from believing that if the Heaven does not change Tao will not change -i. e. Tao comes from one way -to gradually recognizing that Tao comes from two ways then progressing and expanding to take Western Learning as a basis for Tao unites to one way. In these three stages such views shrunk from an initially broad orientation applying to the whole world all of humanity to a narrow component of the differences between Chinese Learning and Western Learning that seemed out of date. Later Tao arose again to become a universal pattern of the world but the renewed concept had completely different connotations. This fundamental change in direction is a special product of a special time in modern history one that deserves careful investigation. Aoyagi Atsutsune Yuan Shikai's Unnoticed High-Level Spy Shang Xiaoming Aoyagi Atsutsune's secret letters to the secretary of the Presidential Palace Zeng Yijin now held in the History Department of Beijing University reveal a surprising secret Waseda University Professor Aoyagi Atsutsune who was for a time assistant to Yuan Shikai's advisor Ariga Nagao was actually a valuable spy that Yuan brought over in His first task was to destroy links between the revolutionary party and Japanese financial circles. After a large number of revolutionary party members went into exile in Japan because of the failure of the Second Revolution his main activities changed to tracking these party members countering their anti-yuan activities and collecting various types of intelligenceincluding about relations between Japanese society and the revolutionary party and about party members' attitudes towards Yuan. He also managed to produce various types of propaganda beneficial to Yuan. Yuan Shikai valued much of the information that Aoyagi Atsutsune collected. Aoyagi Atsutsune's activities demonstrate that Yuan clearly understood the whereabouts of the party members in exile and that he paid much attention to changing his negative image in Japan. These letters also show that after the failure of the Second Revolution the internal division of the revolutionary party intensified and struggles for power became quite serious. Chiang Kai-shek and the Political Science Clique Jin Yilin 43 The Political Science Clique was an important force on which Chiang Kai-shek relied during his rule but opinions about the structure of its membership vary. Most of our observations of the Clique come from the statements of its political opponents. Therefore if we want to explore the contours of its organization we often need to outline connections among the individuals factions and cliques within the Guomindang. The Political Science Clique began when various factions within the Guomindang opposed Yang Yongtai and started calling him and a number of his friends the Political Science Clique. If Yang Yongtai in this period indeed took some measures to attack those who disagreed with him or slightly accorded with the faction's pronouncements in the later period nobody could take on this role. The new Cabinet of the central government formed 0 months before the death of Yang Yongtai coincided with the so-called maturation period of the Political Science Clique. At this time the faction's central character was Huang Fu and most of the other members were professionals in educational and financial circles who had studied in Europe and America. They had some skills in governance but they had few connections with Yang Yongtai. Because these former scholars were nonpartisan administrative officials in high positions they fit the description of members of the Political Science Clique so many actually regarded them as the 60

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