32封面底內頁定稿.doc

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2 #2893# ISSN

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5 Benjamin Elman

6 32 BIBLID (2003)32p ~

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36 31 The Tang-Song Transformation as Seen through the Change over the Law and Decree System Kao, Ming-shih Abstract From the Warring States to the Qin-Han Times, China had been undergoing a process of combining Law and Decrees with Rites and Penal Systems. Originally they were separate, but with the development of written legal code, the thoughts on Rites and Penal Systems were gradually integrated into Law and Decrees. At this time, decrees were appended into laws. After the Western Jin Dynasty, as the strength of Scholar-Official clan increased, policy and law making had been Confucianized and Decrees had gradually been formalized. The formal decrees were only regulations, carrying no specific punishment and thus were differentiated from laws and statues. The relationships among the Rites, Decree and Law were as follows: Rites were absorbed into Laws and Decrees. Violation of Rites and Decrees were punishable by the Laws. This practice lasted into Sui-Tang Times. The Law Code System had become more comprehensive and gradually matured into the Sino Law Systems (or it may also be called as East Asian Law Cultural Sphere). But since the Song Dynasty, with the development of Chinese despotism, the Scholar-Official Clan society disintegrated. Emperor s ordinance and law had become the code of behavior and the decrees gradually lost its appeal. From the early Ming Dynasty, there were no formal Decree Codes. The historical development from the Jin-Tang Dynasties to the Song and afterwards, could be understood from the perspective of the change of law and decree system. This is another aspect of the so-called The Transformation from the Tang to Song Dynasty. Keywords: law and decrees, rites and penal system, would-be case, had-been case, Confucianization, Sino-law-system, the principle of punishment according to law. Department of History, National Taiwan University.

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39 34 Schedules of work and rest in Imperial China Studies Chinese Institutional History ~43

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53 48 Yves-Marie Berce ~ Yves-Marie Berce ~ A2 39B 33B~34A

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60 55 Distinguishing between Day and Night: Discussion on the Conception of How to Allot Day and Night in the History of Ideas in Ancient China Ge, Zhao-guang Abstract This paper discusses the conception of time regarding how to allot day and night in ancient China, and studies the textual material of ancient law, social life, and conception carefully. I will talk about a problem of intellectual history: why the ancient Chinese people would generally think of the legality or illegality, normalcy or abnormalcy about actions that take place at day or night, and especially why the ancient government would take assembling at night and separating at day as spreading heathendom or hatching a sinister plot. Moreover, the government would criticize it strictly and be highly watchful of such phenomena it. At the same time, this paper points out that the conception of alloting time, which was based on the traditional rural customs, collapsed gradually because of the rise of city life and commercial activity from the Song and Yuan dynasty. In this period of changing order, we can see one side of the transformation from ancient life to modern life. Keywords: day, night, legality and illegality, history of ideas. Department of History, Tsinghua University, Beijing; Department of History, National Taiwan University, Taipei.

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81 76 Women of Song China in the Writings of Ou-yang Xiu: the Object, Genre, and the Purpose of Writings Liu, Ching-cheng Abstract Ou-yang Xiu was a man of great importance in shaping the literati culture of the Song Dynasty. This paper uses Ou-yang Xiu s writings on women and his own discussions of his approaches to writing to identify the guidelines Ou-yang Xiu employed to define and advocate the proper behavior of women and the images of the ideal women. These texts were written in various genres, including essays of mourning and remembrance (epitaphs), personal letters, and lyric poetry. The images of women in these texts are also varied. Besides the choice of different genres, factors affecting Ou-yang Xiu s choice of approaches to writing include the social expectation of the women s role in the family life, the author s own perception of social values and how they should be upheld, and the author s relationship with the women involved in the writings and their social status. Our results, along with the more lively images of women in some of his works, help to open a window for readers on the actual lives of women in the Song times. Keywords: Ou-yang Xiu, women of Song China, the purpose of writing. Department of History, Soochow University.

82 32 BIBLID (2003)32p ~

83 78

84 John Dardess 1 Jennifer W. Jay, A Change in Dynasties: Loyalism in Thirteenth-century China (Bellingham: Western Washington University, 1991); Richard Davis, Wind against the Mountain: The Crisis of Politics and Culture in Thirteenth-century China ( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996); ~ ~171172~200 煊 ~ ~35

85 John W. Dardess, Confucianism and Autocracy: Professional Elite in the Founding of the Ming Dynasty (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), ~ ~ ~ ~154

86 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

87 ~ ~ ~60

88 Anthony W. Sariti, Monarchy, Bureaucracy, and Absolutism in the Political Thought of Ssu-ma Kuang, Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 32, no.1(1972, Mi.: Ann Arbor), ~ James T. C. Liu, China Turning Inward (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988), 135~ ~2026

89 84 17 Hoyt C. Tillman proto-nationalism ~91Frank Dikotter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), Hoyt C. Tillman, Proto-nationalism in Twelfth-century China? The Case of Ch en Liang, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,vol. 39, no. 2(1979, Cambridge), ~11

90 ethnocentrism ~ Henry Serruys, The Mongols in China during the Hung-wu Period (Bruxelles: Bruges,1958) ~98

91 ~708

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118 ~ ~ Henry Serruys, The Mongols in China during the Hung-wu Period, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

119 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~12

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128 F. W. Mote ~ F. W. Mote, Confucian Eremitism in the Yuan Period, in Arthur F. Wright (ed.), The Confucian Persuasion (Stanford University Press, 1960), ; ~

129 ~ ~ ~ ~

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137 % 25.3% ~161

138 % 37.8% 6.6% ~ ~19 273

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140 Jennifer W. Jay, A Change in Dynasties, ~4

141 136 John Dardess

142 137 The Multiple Political Choices of the Literati in the Yuan-Ming Transition: Case of the Multiethnic Jinshi Hsiao, Ch i-ch ing Abstract In every dynastic transition in Chinese history, literati had to make a critical choice between life and death and between whether to serve or not to serve under the new regime. Since Song times, this kind of choice became more compulsive because of Neo-Confucian demand of absolute loyalty of subjects to their sovereign and the alternations between the Chinese and the barbarian rules. The concept of absolute loyalty of subjects to their sovereign and that of distinction between the Chinese and the barbarians competed against each other in attracting the adherence of the literati in the periods of dynastic change. China under the Yuan was a multiethnic society which was comprised not only the conquering Mongols and Semu but also the conquered Northern and Southern Chinese. Since the replacement of the Mongol Yuan rule by the native Ming dynasty in the mid-fourteenth century had significant ethnic implications, the literati of various ethnic groups naturally would react differently to this dynastic turnover. This paper uses the data of 144 multiethnic Jinshithe palace graduates, as the main basis for our analysis of various political choices made by literati in the Yuan-Ming transition. As our findings show, 60.4 of the 144 chose to take actions loyal to the Yuan cause, either to die as martyrs,or to flee to Mongolia or to Korea, or to become loyalist remnants under the Ming rule chose to forsake the Yuan cause by accepting offices either under various rebel regimes or under the succeeding Ming dynasty. 8.3 chose to withdraw from politics before the fall of the Yuan. The results clearly indicate that the majority of Jinshi chose loyalist actions in spite of the fact that the Yuan was an Mei Yiqi Honorary Chair Professor, National Tsinghua University; Academician, Academia Sinica.

143 138 alien dynasty. Compared with the Jinshi reactions to the Song-Yuan transition, the proportion of loyalists and those who had abandoned the causes of the old regimes in these two dynastic transitions differ little from each other. From the perspective of ethnic groups, loyalty to the Yuan cause was a phenomenon that surpassed ethnic differences. As many Northern and Southern Chinese Jinshi as the Mongol and Semu chose the loyalist actions. But, nearly none of the Mongol and Semu Jinshi betrayed the Yuan cause, reflecting the fact that the literati of these two groups had very strong identity with the Yuan regime. As our findings show, the decisive ideological factor in influencing the literati s political choices in the Yuan-Ming transition was political loyalty to the throne, not the loyalty to one s ethnic group. Keywords: Yuan-Ming transition, literati, Jinshi palace graduates, political choices.

144 32 BIBLID (2003)32p ~ * economy 1915~1919 *

145 140 science economy science

146 141 economy science economy 1 2 Smith1723~1790 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations economy economy ~266 3 Adam Smith

147 142 economy economy economy 7 economy ~1747 economy 1997 economy ~ RGC A Quantitative Study of the Formation of Certain Modern Chinese Political

148 143 Concepts (CUHK4001/97H) An Intellectual Historical Study on the Origins and Development of Liberalism in Modern China 1736~1927(RG018-D-99) Data Mining for the Quantitative Database of La Jeunesse: Research of the Interactions between the Changes in Political Concepts and Important Incidents during the New Culture Movement RGC A Quantitative Study of China s Selective Absorption of Modern Western Ideas and the Origins of Certain Key Concepts (1840~1915) (CUHK4006/02H) A B I II III ~

149 144 economy oeconomia 8 IV V

150 Hannah 1906~1975 Arendt oika bios politikos ~23 11 Hannah Arendt economy

151 ~32

152 ~ ~96115~ ~40

153 volkswirtschaft Hannah Arendt Hannah Arendt 62

154 149 Joseph A. Schumpeter, 1883~ Karl 1886~1964 Polanyi Speenhamland Act Joseph A. Schumpeter ~ Karl Polanyi ~201

155 150 William 1828~1892 Townsend Dissertation on the Poor Laws Malthus, Thomas 1766~1834 Essay on the Principle of Population 25 Ricardo, David1772~1823 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm F.1770~1831 society ~

156 151 economy Edited by W. and R. Chambers, Political Economy ~519

157 economy ~

158 economy ~98 37

159 154 economy economy economy

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161 economy

162 157 economy ec 38 economy ~

163 economy economy economy

164 159 economy economy economy economy economy

165 160 economy 1833~ economy 46

166 161 economy economy 47 economy 48 economy ~ 麐

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168 163 economy economy economy economy

169 economy

170 economy

171 166 economy economy Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 1712~1778 The Social Contract economy economics 58 economics 59 economics economy

172 economy economy 60 political economy

173 economics ~ ~59

174 169 economy economy economy economy

175 ~

176 171 economy

177 172 * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ *

178 economy

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180 175 Haeckel, Ernst1834~1919 Riddle of the Universe at the Close of the Nineteenth Century, ~355

181 ~

182 177

183 178 Ricado Rodbertus

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185 ~133

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187 182

188 ~436

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191 ~ Joseph A. Schumpeter political economy Isaiah Berlin Karl Polanyi ~

192 Adam Smith

193 188 From Jingshi to Economy: The Transformation of the Principle of Social Organization in the Perspective of Intellectual History Jin, Guan-tao & Liu, Qing-feng Abstract This article aims at examining the internal causes of the May Fourth Intellectuals acceptance of Marxism-Leninism by analyzing the shift of the lexical meanings of the term jingji (economy) in modern China. The earliest meaning of the Chinese term jingji is to rule the world and govern the people or the ability of governance. It reflects a unique economic perspective that was embraced by Confucianism. In this perspective, society is no more than but a conglomeration of people whose relationship is organized by ethical norms. Under such principles for social organization, the rearrangement of society s moral order is regarded as the only way to improve people s living standards. The adoption of the term jingji as the translation of economy (it can also be viewed as the borrowing of the Japanese term keizai) in modern China has its root in the Confucian blueprint for social organization in which economic order is considered to be an extension of the moral order. At the early stage of the New Culture Movement (1915~1919), under the influence of French Enlightenment, Chinese intellectuals accepted the Western liberal blueprint for social organization: society is formed by independent individuals whose relationship is governed by contracts. In the perspective of such a principle for social organization, economic order has no connection with moral order. It was also in this period that the term jingji became detached from morals and since then began to pick up the meaning with which we are familiar today. However, at the same period, China was faced with the failure of the introduction of the Western system of representative government. In addition, the common people faced impoverishment, which was touched off by the first modernization movement that was launched simultaneously with the political reform in late Qing. These events acted as the catalysts of many intellectuals Institute of Chinese Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

194 189 abandonment of the liberal principle for social organization, which views the society as a group of individuals formed by the new morals and norms. This is the internal cause of the May Fourth intellectuals acceptance of Marxism-Leninism in the perspective of intellectual history. Historical materialism and the surplus value theory are main components of Marxism. And, the surplus value theory is a derivative of the criticism of the western liberal principle of social organization and explanation of the impoverishment of labor. Leninism carries the idea that society be formed by proletarian elites. This went well with the May Fourth Intellectuals skepticism towards the Western liberal principle of social structure. In this piece, we try to trace the process of the transformation of Chinese Intellectual s economic perspective and May Fourth Intellectuals acceptance of Marxism-Leninism through a quantitative analysis of the meanings of the term jingji and other relevant terms run in modern Chinese newspapers and journals, especially the eleven volumes of La Jeunesse. We found that the rise of Marxist Economic Determinism was closely related to Chinese intellectuals return to the idea that society be formed by ethical norms. The introduction of economic determinism is appeared in three stages. The first stage was represented by the publication of the first five volumes of La Jeunesse (1915~1919), in which the term jingji became detached from morals and the term shehui (society) made its debut. It was also in this stage that the liberal principle for social structure was under the impact of the failure of introducing republicanism into China. The second stage was marked by the publication of volume 6~8 of La Jeunesse (1919~1921). This stage saw modern social structure greeted with considerable skepticism and the assimilation of historical materialism was accepted. Also, in this stage, intellectuals became aware of the difficulties of the common people in making their livings and the impoverishment of labor and peasants. The last three volumes of La Jeunesse, namely, volume 9, quarterly, and irregular issues (1921~1926) were symbols of the third stage, in which the surplus value theory and Leninism prevailed. In this article, by juxtaposing the process of May Fourth intellectuals acceptance of economic determinism and the rise of Marxist economic determinism in the West, we try to explore the mechanism they shared and review the role that deep structure of traditional Chinese culture played in the acceptance of Marxism-Leninism. Keywords: modern Chinese intellectual history, comparative history of ideas, the principle of social organization, jingshi, economy.

195

196 32 BIBLID (2003)32p ~ Rowan University

197 ~

198 ~ ~

199 ~ ~ ~ Xiaobing Tang, Global Space and the Nationalist Discourse of Modernity: the Historical Thinking of Liang Qichao (Stanford: Stanford Univeristy Press, 1996)Q. Edward Wang, Inventing China through History: the May Fourth Approach to Historiography (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001) ~ ~5

200 ~ Frederic Wakeman (Kung-chuan Hsiao), A Modern China and A New World: K'ang Yu-wei, Reformer and Utopian, (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975)Frederic Wakeman, Jr., History and Will: Philosophical Perspectives of Mao Tse-tung's Thought (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973) ~83 1~30

201 ~ Joshua A. Fogel, The Literarure of Travel in the Japanese Discovery of China, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996)

202 ~ ~ ~ ~1891 Samuel Smiles1812~1904 Self-HelpJohn 1806~1873 S. Mill ~ ~73 15 G. G. Zerffi, The Science of History ~107Q. Edward Wang, Inventing China through History: the May Fourth Approach to Historiography38-40

203 198 On Liberty ~ ~ George Gustavus Zerffi, 1821~1892 The S ~ ~ ~ Joshua A. Fogel, Politics and Sinology: the Case of Naitō Konan ( ) (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1984) ~ G. G. Zerffi, The Science of History

204 Margaret Mehl, History and the State in Nineteenth-century Japan (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998) Benjamin Elman, "Naval Warfare and the Refraction of China's Self-Strengthening Reforms into Scientific and Technological Failure, ," "The Disunity of Chinese Science," University of Chicago, May1-12, ~57 22 David Pong, Shen Pao-chenand and China's Modernization in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)John Rawlinson, China's Struggle for Naval Development, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967) 23 Benjamin Elman, "Naval Warfare and the Refraction of China's Self-Strenghthening Reforms into Scientific and Technological Failure," ~57

205 ~891823~ ~167Marius B. Jansen, China in the Tokugawa World (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1992) Jansen Joshua A. Fogel, The Literarure of Travel in the Japanese Discovery of China, Joshua FogelThe Literature of Travel in t Rediscovery of China74-75 Politics and Sinology11

206 ~1931 Joshua Fogel ~ Joshua Fogel, Politics and Sinology , , Joshua Fogel, The Literature of Travel in the Japanese Rediscovery of China, Politics and Sinology, ~314

207 202 Carol Gluck ~ ~ Carol Gluck, Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985) ~ ~67; Joshua Fogel, Politics and Sinology ~276Masuda Wataru China and Japan: Mutual Representations in the Modern Era, tr. Joshua Fogel (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000)23-37

208 ~ ~

209

210 ~ General History

211 ~ ~49

212 François Guizot, 1787~1874 Henry Buckle1821~1862 Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe depuis la chute de l'empire Romain jusqu'à la Révolution française History of Civilization in England civilisation civilisation ~41 42 C. S. Henry, General History of Civilization in Europe (New York,1842)W. Hazlitt, The History of Civilization: From the Fall of the Roman Empire to the French Revolution (London: 1846) 105~ ~122

213 208 Peter Parley1793~1860 William Swintons1833~1892 Peter ParleyWilliam Swintons William Swintons Peter ParleyWilliam Swintons Peter ParleyWilliam Swintons

214 209 anachronism ~ ~162

215

216 Tsuda Sōkichi Fukuzawa Yukichi, An Outline of a Theory of Civilization, tr. David Dilworth & G. Camer on Hurst (Tokyo: Sophia University, 1973)xiii-xvi

217 Carol Gluck Japan's Modern Myths ~15

218 ~ ~ Carol Gluck ~ ~ Carol Gluck, Japan's Modern Myths

219 ~ ~ Joshua Fogel, Politics and Sinology44

220 ~ ~340 61

221 ~ ~231 63

222 Douglas Reynolds, China, : The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1993)Paula Harrell, Sowing the Seeds of Change: Chinese Students, Japanese Teachers, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992) Kazuki Sato," 'Same Language, Same Race': the Dilemma of Kanbun in Modern Japan," The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan, ed. Frank Dikötter (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997)

223 ~ ~42

224 Q. Edward Wang, "Guests from the Open Door: The Reception of Chinese Students into the United States, 1900s-1920s," The Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 3:1(Spring 1994) ~24

225 ~ Q. Edward Wang, Inventing China through History: the May Fourth Approach to Historiography ~5349~

226

227 Joshua Fogel, Politics and Sinology89Fogel 82 4~6P Between Tradition and Modernity: Wang T'ao and Reform in Late Ch'ing China (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1974) 83 61

228 ~ ~ ~

229 ~ ~169

230 ~ ~ ~65 93

231 ~ ~ ~ ~76 44~82

232 Macau Carlyle Freeman ~ ~20 181~199

233

234 ~80 Peter Duus, "Whig History, Japanese Style: the Min'yusha Historians and the Meiji Restoration," The Journal of Asian Studies, 33:3(1974) Stefan Tanaka," Alternative National Histories in Japan: Yamaji Aizan and Academic Historiography," Across Cultural Borders: Historiography in Global Perspective, Eckhardt Fuchs & Benedikt Stuchtey eds. (Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002) Carol Gluck, "The People in History: Recent Trends in Japanese Historiography," The Journal of Asian Studies, 38:1(1978)

235 ~ ~ ~ ~271

236 ~

237 ~ ~ ~ (Yü Ying-shih), "Changing Conceptions of National

238 ~ ~ History in Twentieth-century China," Conceptions of National History, Erik Lönnroth, Karl Molin, and Ragnar Björk eds. (Berlin: Walterde Gruyter, 1994) Brian Moloughney Derivation, Intertextuality and Authority: Narrative and the Problem of Historical Coherence, East Asian History, 23(June 2002, Canberra) ~22 Q. Edward Wang, "China's Search for National History," Turning Points in Historiography: A Cross-cultural Perspective, Q. Edward Wang & Georg G. Iggers eds. (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2002)

239 Brandeis Aida Y.Wong ~ ~

240 235 Modern Chinese Historiography and Its Japanese Connection: The Historiographical Revolution of the Late Qing and the Civilizational History in Modern Japan Wang, Q. Edward Abstract There have been two opinions with respect to the origin of modern Chinese historiography. One regards the Opium War of 1840 as a watershed in marking the modern period of historical study in China and the other credits the epoch-making influence of Liang Qichao s New Historiography (Xin shixue) in 1902 and considers it the beginning of modern Chinese historiography. The first opinion extends the Marxian periodization of Chinese history to the study of historiography, although its supporters are not necessarily Marxist historians. The second opinion is endorsed mostly by overseas Chinese scholars, although it seem also to have appealed to mainland scholars. Having compared the trajectories of historical development in both China and Japan from the mid 19th century on, this article analyzes their differences in dealing with the intrusion of the West and how the differences were reflected in the historical outlooks and worldviews subscribed to by the intellectuals of the two countries. It further argues that these different historical outlooks and worldviews contributed to a different outcome of the two countries experiment with modernization, as shown by the result of the Sino-Japanese War in 1895, in which China was tragically defeated. This defeat drew the attention of Chinese officials (e.g. Zhang Zhidong) and reformers (e.g. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao) to Japan s success in Westernization/modernization. It also brought a number of Chinese students, scholars and politicians to Japan wherein they absorbed knowledge of Western learning via Japanese translations. Liang Qichao s exile in Japan during the period exposed him to the influence of History Department, Rowan University.

241 236 civilizational history (bunmeishi), promoted by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Taguchi Ukichi a few decades before. Though Liang s New Historiography seemingly resembled Ukita Kazutami s General Introduction to History (Shigaku tsuron), a closer analysis reveals their marked differences and Liang s indebtedness to Fukuzawa s ideas in the latter s Outline of a Theory of Civilization (Bunmeishiron no gairyaku). Sharing the intentions and interest of the Japanese civilizational historians, Liang, in his New Historiography, called for a historiographical revolution and advocated a nationalist and positivist approach to historiography, emphasizing the need of describing the growth of the Chinese nation and adumbrating the trends of social progress in historical writing. This revolution received support from Zhang Taiyan and other Chinese scholars; all of them too had sojourned and studied in Japan at the turn of the 20th century. By revealing this Japanese connection, the author provides a detailed study of Liang Qichao s important role in initiating modern Chinese historiography and extends support to the argument that Liang s call for the historiographical revolution helped usher in a new period of historical study in China. Keywords: modern Chinese historiography, modern Japanese historiography, historiographical revolution, civilizational history, Wei Yuan, Wang Tao, Zhang Zhidong, Liang Qichao, Ōka Senjin, Fukuzawa Yukichi, Taguchi Ukichi, Ukita Kazutami, Thomas Buckle, François Guizot.

242 32 BIBLID (2003)32p ~ Benjamin Elman Benjamin Elman A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China

243 238 History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China 1 1 University of California Press, 2000, 889 pp.

244 Benj amin Elman

245 240 Classicism, Politics, and Kinship: The Ch ang-chou School of New Text Confucianism in Late Imperial China, 1990 From Philosophy to Philology, Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China, 1984 Alexander Woodside Education and Society 3 China, China Review Internationa,l 4 (1995, Honolulu),

246 Benj amin Elman % 15% 657, Table ~ ~319

247 ~

248 Benj amin Elman ~ Neo-Confucianism 371

249 ~ pragmatic agnosticism351

250 Benj amin Elman ~426

251 ~ ~

252 Benj amin Elman careful textual scrutiny and precise scholarship Education in Traditional China, a History (Leiden: Brill, 2000), ~

253 ~

254 Benj amin Elman Denis Twitchett Ping-ti Ho, The Ladder of Success in Imperial China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962). 31 A Critique of Some Recent Studies of Modern Chinese Social-Economic History, Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan, Vol. X (1965),

255 ? 34 Robert Hymes 35 Hymes 32 Myron Cohen Lineage Organization in North China, Journal of Asian Studies, 75 (1990, Mi.: Ann Arbor), John The Growth Fei & and Ts ui-jung Decline of Liu Chinese Family Clans, Journal of Interndisciplinary History, 12.3 (1982, Cambridge), Robert Hartwell, Demographic, Political and Social Transformations of China, , Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 42 (1982), ~ Robert Hymes, Statesmen and Gentlemen, The Elite of Fu-chou, Chiang-hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 29-48, 46

256 Benj amin Elman 251 John W. Chaffee John W. Chaffee, The Thorny Gate of Learning in Sung China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985) 1995,

257 xxxii elitics elite literati culture 39 equity/equ

258 Benj amin Elman xxii, % 37.15% 19.54% Education in Traditional China, 161

259

260 Benj amin Elman ~

261 Confucian Orthodoxy ,

262 Benj amin Elman Brahe 47

263 258 xenophobic ~485

264 Benj amin Elman ~ ~ ~ ~ shu-tui shudui chu-tuizhudui

265 ~ % 6.8%

266 Benj amin Elman

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268 Benj amin Elman 263 Wm. Theodore de Bary

269 264

270 Benj amin Elman

271 266 Review Essay: the Historical Significance and Interpretation of the Chinese Examination System, on Benjamin Elman s Book, A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China Lee, Thomas Hong-Chi Abstract This review essay begins by summarizing the content of Elman s substantial and important book. It is pointed out that Elman opened up a number of important issues that have not been studied before. The reviewer points out, above all, that Elman sought to give a positive view about the cultural significance of China s civil service examination system, especially the eight-legged essays, in the Ming and Ch ing times. The reviewer points out that Elman s new argument about social mobility is that it did occur, but primarily within the elite circle. Elman is trying to balance the optimistic assessment of the social mobility created by the examination system, as argued by Ho Ping-ti, et al, and the quite negative opinion, held by Hartwell and Hymes, et al, that the system resulted in very little mobility. The reviewer believes that while Elman s effort is admirable, it could be further strengthened by studying, above all, the informal channels (especially office-purchasing) that were open to non-degree holders, so as to explain why mobility was happening only within the elite circle. The reviewer further points out that, while the examination system affected the development of scholarship, the connection between the two was exaggerated. The eight-legged essays cannot have been created out of a vacuum in the Chair Professor and Director, Center for the Study of East Asian Civilizations, National Taiwan University; Professor of History and Director, Asian Studies Program, The City College of New York, City University of New York.

272 267 Benjamin Elman mid-fifteenth century, simply because Wang Ao performed very well in the examinations. The reviewer also believes that philological studies (especially including textual criticism in classical learning) perhaps did not start at the time when examiners began to use expressions such as meticulous and in accordance with authority () to mark scripts. The reviewer believes that expressions like this should not be read as critical towards texts ( ). The reviewer, nonetheless, points out that Elmans discovery of the use of as starting in the sixteenth century is a major contribution. The reviewer then examines Elman s opinion about eight-legged essays, and questions if they could really be relied on to assess the candidates knowledge about nature and science. He also insists that the style, limiting itself to the exposition of the classics actually fettered the opportunity for a candidate to develop an imaginative mind, much less a coherently argued article. Elman did not cite any scholar who has held a positive view about eight-legged essays. Ch ien Mu was cited as approving the use of them, but Ch ien was really only arguing that the essays could at least be more fairly marked. All in all, the reviewer praises the substantial efforts made by the author to give his readers a balanced view about the examination system, and to give them access to an enormously impressive collection of materials. Keywords: civil service examination, social mobility, critical towards texts, philological studies, eight-legged essays, knowledge about nature and science.

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274 32 BIBLID (2003)32p ~ * *

275 E. A. Kracke, Religion, Family and Individual in the Chinese Examination System. in John K. Fairbank eds., Chinese Thought and Institutions. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957),

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282 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~33 347~50 27 China: its Early History, Literature, and Language; Mistranslation of Chinese Official Documents; Causes of the Present War. Westminster Review, Vol. XXXIV, No. II, 1840,

283 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~105177

284 ~ John W. Chaffee The Thorny Gates of Learning in Sung China, A Social History of Examinations ~ ~ ~189

285 280 Alvaroz 1585~1658 Semedo Ruth Hayheo and Marianne Bastid ed., China s Education and the Industrialized World: Studies in Cultural Transfer.( N. Y.: ME. Sharp, Inc., 1987), ~ ~116

286 ~

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288 Benjamin A. Elman Benjamin A. Elman, A Cultural History of Civil Examination in Late Imperial China, (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000),

289 Journal of Occurrence: Literary and Military Examinations. Chinese Repository, Vol. 18, 1849, No. 11, E. L. Oxenham, Ages of Candidates at Chinese Examinations; Tabular Statement. Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. New Series, Vol. XXII, 1888,

290 ~ ~ ~ ~228

291 ~ ~48 254~72

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293 ~60

294 E. A. Kracke, Family vs. Merit in Chinese Civil Service Examinations Under the Empire. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 10(1947) Robert Hymes Robert Hartwell 1994 iii~xiii 66 Chung-Li Chang, The Chinese Gentry: Studies on Their Role in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Society, (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1955).

295 Ho, Ping-ti, The Ladder of Success in Imperial China: Aspects of Social Mobility, (New York: John Wiley & Son, 1962). Foreword, x ~ ~ 户 ~ 嶋

296 John Lee, The Dragons and Tigers of 792: The Examination in Tang History. T ang Studies, No. 6,1987, Madison, Wis

297 ~ ~ ~ ~241

298 ~ ~68 81 John W. Chaffee, The Thorny Gates of Learning in Sung China: A Social History of Examinations(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985),

299 ~ ~ ~135

300 ~

301 296 Literature of Imperial Examination and the Study of Imperial Examination Liu, Hai-feng Abstract Study of Imperial Examination Ke-Ju-Xue was an expression used in China Imperial Examination times. Study of Imperial Examinations in ancient times meant a branch of knowledge about Imperial Examinations, which generally referred to the knowledge prepared for Imperial Examination, once including such specialized studies as Study of Selected Works (Wen-Xuan-Xue ) and Study of Policy (Ce-Xue ). Study of Imperial Examination in modern times has become a specialized study for Imperial Examinations, which researches the Imperial Examination system and the history of its operation existing in the history of China and East Asian countries and, has been developed into a international systematic learning. Study of Imperial Examination is not a branch of knowledge about one time, one place or one work and one person but a branch of knowledge relevant to well-known figures, most works and almost all Chinese and Korean and Vietnaese districts for 1300 years. It is not a specialized study about some sections but the whole of Chinese traditional culture. And it is also a specialized study with realistic significance and relating to the history of East Asian and Western countries. From the perspective of literature of Imperial Examination, the extension of Study of Imperial Examination is observed. Documents of Imperial Examination in a narrow sense mainly include Records of Palace Examination (), Records of Metropolitan Examination (), Records of Provincial Examinations ), ( red copy of examination paper (), and eight-part essay, selections of Examination Verse ), ( a variety of examination papers in stock and specialized books for preparing for Imperial Examination, of which the number is very large. It is a specialized and independent category among the historic documents of China with high research value for history, pedagogy, political science, social science, humanities and geography. Among examples of Chinese historical literature, The Center for Higher Education Develop Research in Xiamen University.

302 297 there is seldom such kinds of literature as documents of Imperial Examinations with in such large number and with such high value, but which are not fully utilized. Documents about the Imperial Examination with its own system and rich content reflect the extension of Study of Imperial Examination and strongly support the academic construction of Study of Imperial Examination in one respect. And, they lead to the gradual formation and perfection of this prospective Study of Imperial Examination. Keywords: study of imperial examination ( ), literature of imperial examination examination, red copy of examination paper ( ), eight-part essays.

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323 枏 1538~ ~

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327 栢 ~92 栢 47 栢 4398

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334 329 Genealogies of the Chosen Dynasty During the Sixteenth Century Chang, Jian-hua Abstract This paper shows several characteristics of the genealogies of the Chosen dynasty during the sixteenth century as follows. Firstly, the principles, the content and form of genealogies differed from genealogies in the fifteenth century due to strengthened political content. The theories of Song Confucians about the genealogies were taken seriously and comprehensively, so Zhang Zai s idea of compiling genealogies was thought of highly while Su Xun s thought is still popular. Secondly, as for the process of compiling genealogies, there was a change in tendency from jiadie to liu-cun-pu. Thirdly, the best genealogy with abundant content and perfect form was Jiajing wenhua liushi shipu (The Genealogy of the Liu Clan from Wenhua County during Jiajin period) in the sixteenth century while the most famous scholar of genealogy was Zheng Kunshou. Fourthly, while the genealogy were still presented in internal and external forms, the patriarchal clan system became more influential in the sixteenth century. Lastly, the Japanese invasion during the sixteenth century destroyed the old genealogies; however, this stimulated the recompiling activities. Keywords: the sixteenth century, the genealogies of Chosen dynasty, the preface of genealogies, the principles of compiling genealogies, the compiling activities of genealogies. College of History, Nankai University, Tianjin.

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336 32 BIBLID (2003)32p ~ Fernand Braudel History and the Social Sciences: The longue Duree

337 ~ 1985 Lucien Febvre1878~1956 Jacques Le Goff1924~ 1 E. L ~

338 Fernand Braudel History and the Social Sciences: The longue Duree

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340 Fernand Braudel History and the Social Sciences: The longue Duree 335

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342 Fernand Braudel History and the Social Sciences: The longue Duree

343 338 Marc 1886~1945 Bloch

344 Fernand Braudel History and the Social Sciences: The longue Duree

345 340

346 Fernand Braudel History and the Social Sciences: The longue Duree 341

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348 Fernand Braudel History and the Social Sciences: The longue Duree * 16 4

349 344 A Multidimensional and Dialectical Concept of Time: Introduction and Comment on the Idea of Fernand Braudel Xu, Zi Abstract History is a science of time. But, as to how to handle the problem of time, no satisfactory answers were available until Braudel presented his concept of time. Braudel was an important figure of the Annales School. Based on his research, he theorized and systematized the concept of time, and presented a three tiered concept of time, that is, short, mid-range and long time. Correspondingly, he postulated event(a point of time), convergence(several scores of years of the converge of social, political and economical trends) and structure(long time ecological and social structure) in the process of history. Looking at historical phenomena through this perspective, we can understand that history is no longer one dimensional and linear, but three dimensional. In other words, with the Braudel s concept of time, historians can now better treat historical problems. Keywords: Fernand Braudel, Annales School, social history, concept of time. Institute of Ancient Books, Beijing Normal University.

350 32 BIBLID (2003)32p ~ Nicolas Standaert S. J. Adrian Dudink Institute of Religion, Philosophy Deparpment, Fudan University, Shanghai

351 Albert Chan S. J. Edward Malatesta S. J. David Mengello

352 M.E. Sharpe 14Chinese Books and Doc Japonica-Sinica I-IV, in the Jesuit Archives in Rome: A Descriptive Catalogue

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355 350 Verbiest II91A III2 Intorcetta III3.1 III3.2 da Costa I10

356 351 Confucius Sinarum Philosophus III4

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358 353 92/12/15

359 354 Tel: #2893#102 Fax:

360 B.C. 766~779 a b ~78 c. The Manual of Style Mary Evans, Introducing Contemporary Feminist Thought (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1997),

361 PC Microsoft Word 6.0 RTF Word

362 HISTORICAL INQUIRY No. 32 December, 2003 Articles Kao, Ming-shih Ge, Zhao-guang Liu, Ching-cheng Hsiao, Ch i-ch ing Jin, Guan-tao & Liu, Qing-feng Wang, Q. Edward The Tang-Song Transformation as Seen through the Change over the Law and Decree System 1 Distinguishing between Day and Night: Discussion on the Conception of How to Allot Day and Night in the History of Ideas in Ancient China 33 Women of Song China in the Writings of Ou-yang Xiu: the Object, Genre, and the Purpose of Writings 57 The Multiple Political Choices of the Literati in the Yuan-Ming Transition: Case of the Multiethnic Jinshi 77 From Jingshi to Economy: The Transformation of the Principle of Social Organization in the Perspective of Intellectual History 139 Modern Chinese Historiography and Its Japanese Connection: The Historiographical Revolution of the Late Qing and the Civilizational History in Modern Japan 191 Review Article Lee, Thomas Hong-chi Review Essay: the Historical Signific ance and Interpretation of the Chinese Examination System, on Benjamin Elman s Book, A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China 237 Essays and Discussions Liu, Hai-feng Literature of Imperial Examination and the Study of Imperial Examination 269 Chang, Jian-hua Genealogies of the Chosen Dynasty During the Sixteenth Century 299 Xu, Zi A Multidimensional and Dialectical Concept of Time: Introduction and Comment on the Idea of Fernand Braudel 331 Book Review Li, Tian-gang Review: Nic olas Standaert, Adrian Dudink eds., Chinese Christian Texts from the Roman Archives of the Society of Jesus 345

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364 Editorial Board Editor in Chief Ku, Wei-ying Editors Liu, Tsui-jung Hsing, I-tien Leung, Angela Ki-che Hu, Peing-sheng Yang, Su-hsien Kan, Huai-chen (Executive Editor) Yen, Hung-chung Professor of History, National Taiwan University Research Fellow, Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica Research Fellow, Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica Research Fellow, Sun Yat-Sen Institute for Social Sciences and Philosophy, Academia Sinica Professor of History, National Taiwan University Professor of History, National Taiwan University Professor of History, National Taiwan University Assistant Professor of History, National Taiwan University Chief Copy Editor Tung, Chang-yi Assistant Editor Copy Editors Proofreader English Editor Thompson, Kirill Ole Distributor Publisher Address Phone & Fax Website ISSN Assistant Professor of History, National Taiwan University Ling, Hua-ling Lee, Kuo-sheng Lai, Yu -ling Ku, Yi-ching Lin, Yun-jo Wang, Chao-ran Lee, Ju-chun Lin, Cheng-hui Liu, Hsin-ning Weng, Chien-chung Wang, Chen-cheng Professor of Foreign Languages and Literatures, National Taiwan University Department of History, National Taiwan University National Taiwan University No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 106 Tel: ext 2893#102 Fax: Historical Inquiry is a broad, inclusive journal of historical studies. Founded in 1974 and reorganized in 1999, Historical Inquiry is a specialized periodical containing mainly research articles, as well as discussions on historical research and education, book reviews and related articles. The editorial policy is open; manuscripts are welcomed from any interested scholar, domestic or overseas. Creative, breakthrough articles taking up problematic issues, using solid evidence, ample references and elegant discourse are especially welcomed. Historical Inquiry is willing to engage in exchanges with other humanities journals, domestic and overseas. Please address manuscripts and correspondence to: Editorial Board, Historical Inquiry Department of History, National Taiwan University No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 106 Historical Inquiry, previously published as Bulletin of the Department of History, National Taiwan University.

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