45(3) 259~272, 2016 259 以玉米株青貯料部分取代完全飼糧對肥育豬生長性能與屠體性狀之影響 (1)(3) (2)(3) (1) (2) (1)(4) 摘要 : 24 78 LYD 3 7.5% 10% 32 7.5% 10% P < 0.05 7.5% P < 0.05 7.5% 10% P < 0.05 2.5 (1) 106 155 50 (2) 350 52 (3) (4) E-mail: hwwei@ntu.edu.tw
260 緒 言 1992 total digestible nutrients, TDN 70% Johnson et al., 2003 Gaskins, 2001 Johnson et al., 2003 Johnson et al., 2003; Ouellet et al., 2003 Filya et al., 2006; Kleinschmit et al., 2006 Bernard et al., 2002; Ivan et al., 2005; Kamarloiy and Yansari, 2008; Kennington et al., 2005 2006 2008 Vetesi et al.,1992 - 材料與方法 一 動物飼養 : CRD 24 78 LYD 12 3 7.5% 10% 7 8 19 1 16 3314 kcal /kg 13.2% 1 AOAC 2000 953.07 CP 984.13 EE 991.36 CF 962.09 Ash 923.03 % NRC, 1998
261 DE = 4151 122 Ash 23 CP 38 EE 64 CF R 2 = 0.89 ME = DE 1.012 0.0019 CP R 2 = 0.91 DE kcal / kg ME kcal / kg 2 1 Table 1 The composition of a complete diet Ingredient (%) Corn meal 82.71 Soybean meal 15.27 Limestone 0.84 Calcium phosphate (monobasic) 0.38 Iodized salt 0.30 Vitamin premix 0.30 Mineral premix 0.20 Total 100.00 Analyzed Dry matter (%) 88.0 Crude protein* (%) 15.2 Calculated Metabolizable energy* (kcal / kg) 3,766 Supplying (per kilogram): cupric sulfate (pentahydrate) 11.9 mg, manganese sulfate (monohydrate) 6.3 mg, sodium selenite (pentahydrate) 0.3 mg, zinc sulfate (heptahydrate) 0.22 g, iron sulfate (heptahydrate) 0.2 g Supplying (per kilogram): retinol 1,300 IU, cholecalciferol 150 IU, - tocopherol 11 IU, menadione 0.5 mg, thiamin 1 mg, riboflavin 2 mg, nicotinic acid 7 mg, choline 0.3 mg, cyanocobalamin 5 mg, folic acid 0.3 mg, d-pantothenate-hemi-calcium 19.11 mg *Based on dry matter 2 Table 2 The level of nutrients within corn fodder silage Analyzed Dry matter (%) 29.8 Crude protein* (%) 9.0 Ash* (%) 2.2 Ether extract* (%) 2.2 Crude fiber* (%) 19.8 Calculated Metabolizable energy* (kcal/kg) 2,888 *Based on dry matter
262 3 kg 1 kg 3 9942 kcal 3 32 A-mode Renco lean meter New Jedia Inc., Taiwan 4-5 10 mm 10 mm 3 Table 3 The composition of rations for individual groups 7.5% ME 10% ME --- kg --- CD 3.000 2.775 2.700 CFS - 0.866 1.155 Water 1.000 1.000 1.000 Total 4.000 4.641 4.855 Calculated ME (kcal) 9,942 9,942 9,942 CP (g) 396 389 387 CD: complete diet; CFS: corn fodder silage; ME: metabolizable energy ; CP: crude protein 二 豬隻屠宰 : = / 4 24 11-12 三 肉質分析 : 24 ph ( 一 )ph 測定 : 24 ph meter ProfiLine ph3110 Set 2, Xylem Inc., Germany ph = 4 ph = 7 ( 二 ) 肉色測定 : iniscan XE PLUS, Hunter Associates laboratory, Inc., USA 10 loin eye L a b L a
263 b National Pork Producers Council ( 三 ) 腰眼面積與背脂厚度 : inch inch 2 inch ( 四 ) 蒸煮失重 : 85 70 % = 100% - / ( 五 ) 保水性測定 : 1 g Carver laboratory press 3, Carver, Inc., USA 10000 psi pound square inch 3 2B ( 六 ) 剪截值 (shear value): 1. 3 cm 0.8 cm 3 Warne-Bratzler Instron S5406A Bratzler meat shear fixture, Illinois Tool Works Inc., USA 2. 30 四 官能品評 : Fernandez et al. 1999-20 0.5 cm 180 2 4 22 7 1-7 7 1 五 數據分析 : SAS SAS Institute Inc., 1999 general linear models procedure, GLM ANOVA P 0.05 P < 0.05 Tukey s honest significant difference, HSD 結 果 P < 0.05
264 4 7.5% 10% 5 P < 0.05 6 7 4 Table 4 The effect of corn fodder silage as partial s for a complete diet on the growth performance of finishing pigs n 7.5% ME 10% ME Means±SD Initial body weight (kg) 8 77.8 ± 6.1 78.3 ± 5.6 77.8 ± 5.6 Final body weight (kg) 8 108.8 ± 5.6 105.3 ± 5.8 101.3 ± 5.6 Daily weight gain (kg) 8 0.9 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 Daily intake (kg) 4 2.4 ± 0.2 2.6 ± 0.4 2.7 ± 0.5 FCR 4 2.6 ± 0.2 a 3.6 ± 0.3 b 3.6 ± 0.3 b FCR (based on dry matter intake) 4 1.9 ± 0.1 a 2.5 ± 0.3 b 2.5 ± 0.2 b a,b Values within a row with different superscripts indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. FCR: Feed conversion ratio (intake/body weight gain); DM: dry matter; ME: metabolizable energy 5 n = 8 Table 5 The effect of corn fodder silage as partial s for a complete diet on the backfat thickness and loin eye depth of finishing pigs (n=8) Initial In the end l 7.5% ME 10% ME 7.5% ME 10% ME Backfat Means±SD (mm) On the 4-5 th rib 17.3 ± 2.6 18.3 ± 3.1 17.5 ± 2.2 22.4 ± 1.5 21.3 ± 3.5 20.1 ± 3.1 On the last rib 8.6 ± 2.8 9.3 ± 3.0 10.9 ± 3.1 14.4 ± 3.8 11.5 ± 4.0 11.9 ± 3.3 On the last lumbar 8.9 ± 2.0 9.4 ± 2.7 8.9 ± 1.5 11.4 ± 2.8 10.8 ± 4.7 9.9 ± 1.9 On the 10 th rib 8.0 ± 2.6 8.9 ± 3.4 10.0 ± 3.8 13.5 ± 4.8 10.4 ± 2.6 11.6 ± 3.9 Loin eye depth 59.9 ± 8.3 62.8 ± 7.3 60.4 ± 6.3 72.3 ± 7.6 72.0 ± 5.2 69.3 ± 6.0 l Pigs with initial body weight around 78 kg were raised in a 32-day period. ME: metabolizable energy
265 6 n = 6 Table 6 The effect of corn fodder silage as partial s for a complete diet on the carcass traits of finishing pigs (n=6) 7.5% ME 10% ME Means±SD Carcass weight (kg) 90.6 ± 6.1 87.8 ± 5.4 86.1 ± 5.1 Dressing percentage (%) 83.4 ± 1.3 83.7 ± 1.4 85.2 ± 2.2 Carcass length (cm) 86.3 ± 3.0 86.1 ± 2.0 84.3 ± 1.7 a,b Values within a row with different superscripts indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. ME: metabolizable energy 7 n = 6 Table 7 The effect of corn fodder silage as partial s for a complete diet on the chemical composition of mucsle longissimus dorsi and tenderloin of finishing pigs (n=6) M. Longissimus dorsi Tenderloin 7.5% ME 10% ME 7.5% ME 10% ME Means±SD (%) Dry matter 30.9 ± 3.4 30.1 ± 3.0 33.0 ± 1.9 23.4 ± 1.7 23.9 ± 1.3 23.0 ± 0.9 Crude protein* 55.6 ± 6.3 58.2 ± 8.7 49.8 ± 2.7 85.3 ± 4.0 85.2 ± 6.1 86.5 ± 0.9 Ether extract* 43.2 ± 7.0 39.9 ± 9.0 44.2 ± 8.5 11.3 ± 3.0 10.6 ± 6.3 10.1 ± 1.2 a,b Values within a row with different superscripts indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. *Based on dry matter. ME: metabolizable energy P < 0.05 7.5% P < 0.05 10% 7.5% 10% P < 0.05 8 9
266 8 n = 6 Table 8 The effect of corn fodder silage as partial s for a complete diet on the meat quality of muscle longissimus dorsi and tenderloin of finishing pigs (n=6) M. Longissimus dorsi Tenderloin 7.5% ME 10% ME 7.5% ME 10% ME Means±SD # ph 24 5.71 ± 0.13 5.72 ± 0.17 5.84 ± 0.20 5.94 ± 0.28 5.75 ± 0.19 5.98 ± 0.31 L 57.07 ± 1.99 56.65 ± 1.48 56.68 ± 3.40 48.31 ± 3.43 49.28 ± 1.74 47.65 ± 1.68 a 3.42 ± 1.02 3.56 ± 0.86 3.41 ± 1.12 8.58 ± 0.69 9.22 ± 0.49 8.62 ± 0.93 b 10.35 ± 0.78 10.23 ± 0.81 10.22 ± 0.97 10.64 ± 1.79 10.87 ± 1.05 10.43 ± 0.81 color 2.40 ± 0.55 2.00 ± 0.63 2.17 ± 0.61 4.58 ± 0.58 4.42 ± 0.74 4.67 ± 0.41 Marbling 1.33 ± 0.41 1.42 ± 0.49 1.25 ± 0.27 1.00 ± 0.00* 1.00 ± 0.00* 1.00 ± 0.00* Loin eye area (inch 2 ) 12.48 ± 2.32 13.08 ± 3.77 12.06 ± 3.78 12.38 ± 2.32 13.08 ± 3.77 12.06 ± 3.78 Backfat thickness (inch) 1.67 ± 0.31 1.77 ± 0.62 1.40 ± 0.43 1.67 ± 0.31 1.77 ± 0.62 1.40 ± 0.43 Cooking loss (%) 0.64 ± 0.02 0.66 ± 0.05 0.65 ± 0.03 0.63 ± 0.02 0.61 ± 0.02 0.63 ± 0.02 Water retention (%) 0.83 ± 0.04 0.85 ± 0.04 0.83 ± 0.05 0.81 ± 0.04 b 0.87 ± 0.04 a 0.82 ± 0.04 b Shear value (kg) The cross-section of raw meat 1.63 ± 0.41 1.44 ± 0.31 1.62 ± 0.43 0.95 ± 0.19 1.10 ± 0.07 1.08 ± 0.32 The slitting-section of raw meat 1.14 ± 0.41 0.87 ± 0.34 1.20 ± 0.26 0.47 ± 0.10 0.51 ± 0.07 0.48 ± 0.15 The cross-section of cooked meat 2.99 ± 0.49 3.57 ± 0.68 3.07 ± 0.61 3.30 ± 0.49 ab 4.09 ± 0.71 a 2.86 ± 0.53 b a,b The slitting-section of cooked meat 2.73 ± 0.53 2.58 ± 0.77 2.35 ± 0.57 1.61 ± 0.64 1.81 ± 0.34 1.44 ± 0.46 Values within a row with different superscripts indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. # ph24 : ph value of meat at 24 hours after slaughter. *The value, 0.00, of SD implied the marbling scores of tenderloin for all pigs in a group were the same. ME: metabolizable energy
267 9 n = 22 Table 9 The effect of corn fodder silage as partial s for a complete diet on the sensory evaluation of muscle longissimus dorsi and tenderloin of finishing pigs (n=22) M. Longissimus dorsi Tenderloin 7.5% ME 10% ME 7.5% ME 10% ME Means±SD Flavor 4.5 ± 0.9 4.1 ± 1.0 4.3 ± 1.2 4.4 ± 1.0 4.4 ± 1.3 4.1 ± 1.2 Tenderness 3.9 ± 1.3 4.3 ± 0.9 3.8 ± 1.4 4.6 ± 1.4 4.7 ± 1.3 4.6 ± 1.1 Juiciness 4.1 ± 1.2 4.0 ± 1.1 4.1 ± 1.2 4.9 ± 1.3 4.5 ± 1.3 4.2 ± 1.6 Overall palatability 4.5 ± 1.1 4.6 ± 1.0 4.3 ± 1.3 5.0 ± 1.1 4.7 ± 1.1 4.5 ± 1.3 Sensory evaluation using a seven-point descriptive scale (7 = extremely intense pork flavor, extremely tender, extremely juicy, and extremely desirable; 1 = extremely bland pork flavor, extremely tough, extremely dry, and extremely undesirable). a,b Values within a row with different superscripts indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. ME: metabolizable energy 討 論 7.5% 10% Troelson and Bell 1962 200 g 3 2229 2048 kcal/kg 2486 kcal/kg P < 0.05 P < 0.05 Bauriedel et al., 1954; Henderickx et al., 1964 Gaskins, 2001
268 total mixed ration, TMR 10 TMR 28.9-38.53% 10 Table 10 The formula of total mixed rations containing corn fodder silage for finishing pigs Ingredient (%) 7.5% ME 10% ME Corn meal 82.71 31.12 13.90 Soybean meal 15.27 22.68 25.17 Corn fodder silage - 28.90 38.53 Limestone 0.84 0.82 0.81 Calcium phosphate (monobasic) 0.38 0.39 0.40 Soybean oil - 15.29 20.39 Iodized salt 0.30 0.30 0.30 Vitamin premix 0.30 0.30 0.30 Mineral premix 0.20 0.20 0.20 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 Calculated Metabolic energy (kcal/kg) 3314 Crude protein (%) 13.2 Calcium (%) 0.45 Available phosphorous (%) 0.15 As the table 1 ME: metabolizable energy Hunt et al., 1993 ph Ranjit and Kung, 2000 10%
269 7.5% 1 2 500 2.5 15 14 1 6 4.6 10% 3 4 80-110 0.64 2.7 x 1.155/4.855 500 112 6 12 782 6 12 4.6 4 10% 80 110 33 10 43 14 4.6 1.5 2.7 kg x 2.7/4.855 0.64 2.7 kg x 1.155/4.855 23.9 43 1029.6 2.5 43 971.8 33 1.8 2.4 kg x 3/4 25.2 831.6 10% 16.4
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J. Chin. Soc. Anim. Sci. 45(3):259~272, 2016 Effect of corn fodder silage as partial s for complete feed on the growth performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs Yu-Hsuan Ting (1)(3), Yueh-Tsu King (2)(3), Mei-Fong Lin (1), Tien-Shuh Yang (2) and Hen-Wei Wei (1)(4) ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate the possibility of using corn fodder silage (CFS) as partial for a complete diet (CD) for finishing pigs. A total of 24 LYD pigs weighing around 78 kg were assigned randomly into three groups receiving a corn-soybean meal CD, a ration containing 92.5% metabolizable (ME) from CD and 7.5% ME from corn fodder silage, or a ration containing 90% ME from CD and 10% ME from CFS. Both water and feed were provided ad libitum in a 32-day period. Daily intake was recorded. Initial and final body weights were measured for calculating feed conversion rate and average daily weight gain. Before sacrificing for detecting carcass traits and the chemical composition, meat quality and sensory evaluation of mucsle longissimus dorsi and tenderloin, pigs were measured by ultrasonic for backfat thickness and loin eye depth in the end of the experiment. There were no significant differences in these indexes between groups except for feed conversion rate, water holding capacity, or the shear value of cooked meat. Both trials showed significantly higher feed conversion rates than that of the control (P < 0.05). The trial of 7.5% ME resulted significantly better in water holding capacity of tenderloin than did the other treatments (P < 0.05). Although no significant differences existed in the shear value of cooked meat between the control and both trials, the trial of 7.5% ME showed significantly higher value than that of the trial of 10% ME (P < 0.05). The price of corn fodder silage was only 2.5 NTD/ kg if its transportation fees were excluded, whereas days to market weight of finishing pigs receiving the ration containing the CD and CFS would be postponed in comparison with that of the pigs ingesting only the CD. This showed that using CFS as partial s for a CD had no commercial advantage due to an increase in cost. (Key Words: Carcass traits, Corn fodder silage, Finishing pig, Growth performance) (1) Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Lane 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan. (2) Agriculture Technology Institute Taiwan, No. 52, Kedong 2nd Rd., Zhunan Township, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan. (3) Contribution equal. (4) Corresponding author, E-mail: hwwei@ntu.edu.tw.