JOURNAL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Frontier Discovery ( ) (Blockchain) 2008 : (Bitcoin: A Peer -to -Peer Electronic Cash [3] System) (Timestamp) (Block) (H

荨荨 (1. 100876; 2. 100875) [ ] (Blockchain) ; ; [ ] ; ; ; ; ; [ ] G420 [ ] A [ ] 1672 0008(2017)01 0036 09 DOI:10.15881/j.cnki.cn33-1304/g4.2017.01.004 [1] 2016 9 [2] (MOOCs) * : (CCFA16119) 36

JOURNAL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Frontier Discovery ( ) (Blockchain) 2008 : (Bitcoin: A Peer -to -Peer Electronic Cash [3] System) (Timestamp) (Block) (Hash) [8] ; 1 [9] : A B ; A P2P ; ; ( ) [4] 1. 2. [5] (Melanie Swan) 1.0 2.0 3.0 [6] 1.0 ; 2.0 ; 3.0 1 ( 2016) ( ) [10] [7] http://dej.zjtvu.edu.cn 4. 3. : hash 37

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JOURNAL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Frontier Discovery Badge Chain 2 MIT APP ( ) ( ) MOOCs Mike Sharples (Intellectual Currency) [17] ; [18] 3. : (University of Nicosia) [20] 2. MOOCs MOOCs MOOCs [21] 1. ; [19] http://dej.zjtvu.edu.cn 39

荨荨 4. [22] ( ) [26] 5. MIT MOOCs C9 [23] 6. [24] ( ) (Learn- [25] ing is Earning) ( ) 40

JOURNAL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Frontier Discovery ( ) [29] APP [30] 1: (Sony Global Education) 2015 2016 2 [27] 2:MIT 2016 6 (MIT [28] MediaLab) Bitproof ; [31] Mozilla MIT 2016 3 0.01 0.01 3 (MIT MediaLab2015) http://dej.zjtvu.edu.cn OP_Return 41

荨荨 :Cert - Merkle schema Cert-issuer Cert-viewer [32] : 3: ( MIT MediaLab) MIT [34] Azure Azure GitHub ( ) HireRight : 86% [33] : ; ; 42

JOURNAL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Frontier Discovery [35] ; ; [37] Audrey Watters [37] : [ ] [1]. 21 [J]. 2003(21):5-8. [2] [EB/OL]. [2016-09-24]. http://jwc.fafu.edu.cn/64/9b/c6515a156827/page.htm. [3]Satoshi Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system [EB/OL].[2016-11-29].https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. [4][22]Jacob Lee. [EB/OL]. [2016-05-25]. https:// pt.slideshare.net/mobile/jacoblee12/ss-60042138. [5][19][27]. [M]. : 2016:172-173. [6]Swan M. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy[M]. USA: O Reilly Media Inc2015:34-36. [7].. [J]. 2016(2):99. [8]. : [J]..2016. Z1:47-48. [9]. : [J]. 2016(6):56-58.. 2016(10):75-78. [11]. [EB/OL].(2016-06-21)[2016-12- 11]. http://www.wtoutiao.com/p/2barki2.html. [12]Emilie H. Investigating the potential of blockchains [EB/OL].[2016-12-11]. http://blockchain.open.ac.uk2016-1-22. [14] 201625(10):38-40 46. 2016(5):157-160. [16]. :47-54. http://dej.zjtvu.edu.cn [10]. [J]. [13]. : [J]. 201636(15):4014.. [J]. [15]. [J].. : (2).2015 [M]. 43

荨荨 [17][24][33]Mike Sharples John Domingue. TheBlockchain and Kudos: A Distributed System for Educational Record Reputation and Reward [J]. Open Research Online 2016:490-496. [31]Redman J. MIT Media Lab uses the bitcoin blockchain for digital [18]Devaney L. 5 things to know about blockchain technology[eb/ol]. certificates[eb/ol]. [2016-12-11]. http://www.newsbtc.com/2016/06/ [2016-12-11]. http://www.ecampusnews.com/credentials/educationblockchain-technology/2016-11-26. [32]Philipp Schmidt. MIT media lab: Certificates reputation andthe- 05/mit-uses-bitcoin-blockchain-certificates. [20]University of Nicosia. MSc in Digital Currency[EB/OL]. [2016-12- blockchain[eb/ol]. [2016-10-28]. https://medium.com/@medialab/ 11]. http://digitalcurrency.unic.ac.cy/free -introductory -mooc/aca certificates-reputation-and-the-blockchain-aee03622426f.f85iaygmg. demic-certificates-on-the-blockchain/ 2016-11-25. [21]. MOOCs [J]. [34]. [EB/OL]. (2016-11-29) 201622(2):38-45. [2016-12-11]. http://www.cqwb.com.cn/cqwb/html/2016-09/23/con- [23][26]Donald Clark. 10 amazing ways Blockchain in assessment could be used in education[eb/ol]. [2016-06-21]. http://donaldclarkplanb. blogspot.ca/2016/06/10-surprising-ways-blockchain-could-be.html. [25]Wang A. Blockchain technology and its applications [EB/OL]. [2016-12 -11]. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article =1020 &context=asars. [27]Sony Global Education Develops Technology Using Blockchain for Open Sharing of Academic Proficiency and Progress Records [EB/ OL]. [2016-02-16]. http://www.sony.net/sonyinfo/news/press/201602 /16-0222E/index.html. [28]. : STEM [EB/OL]. [2016-12-11]. http://www.jiemodui.com/n/44277.html.2016-03-23. Li Qing 12 & Zhang Xin 1 [29]. [EB/OL]. [2016-12-11]. ; http://business.sohu.com/20161021/n470959114.shtml.2016-10-18. [30]Raths D. How blockchain will disrupt the higher education tran- script [EB/OL]. [2016-12 -11]. http://twitter.com/campus_tech/status/732377644436717568.2016-5-16. tent_508587.htm. [35]. [J]. 2016(2):17-20. [36]Watters A. The blockchain for education:an introduction [EB/OL]. [2016-12-11]. http://hackeducation.com/2016/04/07/blockchain-education-guide.2016-4-07. [37]. : [M]. 2016:23-25. [ ] (1. Institute of Educational Technology Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing 100876; 2. Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Education Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875) Abstract Blockchain is a bundle of technologies chaining data blocks together with a de-centralized time-recorded collectively maintained programmable and security features. Nowadays this technology has been applied to many fields such as credit endorsement information encryption intelligent contract and so on. And it has shown a great potential in education and assessment. In this paper based on the literature review and case study it introduced the birth and development of blockchain principle and mechanisminnovative application of this technology in various industriesand also its sociology and philosophical foundations. It can be used as intelligent contracts to prove and fulfill education transactions; as a distributed record storage in education to build up a credible and low cost certificate system for online education; copyright certificate tool for educational resources and academic products; a de-centralized global knowledge base and even intelligent currency. After thatthe business models of educational blockchain are introduced and discussed respectively with case studies for further illustration. Blockchain can be infrastructures of decentralized learning records repository as well as credit banking services system and can establish a convenient and credible accreditation system that may reduce costs of university application job hunting and hiring. At last the advantages and problems of this technology in application are discussed and summarized to reach a conclusion. Keywords Blockchain; Open education; Credit certification; Learning records; Trust system; Credit; Credit bank 44 :2016 11 26 :