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The Effect of Guided Discovery on The Learning Achievement and Learning Transfer of Grade 5 Students in Primary Schools

Abstract The Effect of Guided Discovery on The Learning Achievement And Learning Transfer of Grade 5 Students in Primary Schools Taking The Course of The Art of Architecture Decoration in Chang-Liao s Temple as Example This study is based on The art of architecture decoration in Chang-Liao s temple. Its presentation and content contain abundant traditional cultures and transmissions of national sentiment, belief, and thought. If we guide our students in the observation and experience, their taste with humanities can be established and then the culture identity can be set up. At the same time, their love to the hometown may be excited. Students can also compare the decoration of temples with the architectures in their life and broaden their field of vision. The subject consists of three parts: color combinations, adaptive sculpt, and symmetrical forms. Pre-test and post-test of test group and control group are adopted. The designs are nonequivalent group designs based on classes. 136 pupils from four grade five classes in Hsi-tun Primary School are engaged in the study. Two of the classes are selected randomly to be the test group, on which the guided discovery is applied. The other two groups become the comparison group, on which the traditional teaching is applied. Both two groups participate the course of The art of architecture decoration in Chang-Liao s temple, which is compiled by the researcher. In the study, we take the teaching method (guided discovery or traditional teaching) as independent variable, the learning achievement and learning transfer as the dependent variables, and teaching units, duration, teacher, teaching environment, students IQ, their achievement as well as family backgrounds as controlled variables to find out the effect of guided discovery on the learning achievement and learning transfer of the fifth grade students in primary schools. Here are the conclusions: 1. Guided discovery enhances the students ability on color combinations. 2. Guided discovery enhances the students ability on adaptive sculpt. 3. Guided discovery enhances the students ability on symmetrical forms. 4. In the aspect of color combinations, guided discovery has better positive transfers III

than traditional teaching for the students with high achievement; but for the students with low achievement, traditional teaching is better. 5. In the aspect of adaptive sculpt, the positive transfers on the groups with both high and low achievement generated by guided discovery are worse than traditional teaching. 6. In the aspect of symmetrical forms, guided discovery has better positive transfers than traditional teaching for the students with high achievement; but for the students with low achievement, traditional teaching is better. Keywords: guided discovery, learning achievement, learning transfer, positive transfer, The art of architecture decoration in Chang-Liao s temple, color combinations, adaptive sculpt, symmetrical forms IV

155 158 159 164 165 166 167 169 170 VII

171 172 173 PR 175 PR 179 183 184 185 186 VIII

3-3-5 IX

XII

5-8-32 5-8-33 5-8-34 5-8-35 5-8-36 XIII

1960 J.S.Bruner 1

learning by doing learning by discovery 3

4-1 4-2 4-3 5-1 5-2 5-3 6-1 6-2 6-3 6

1 2 3 4 1 7

--Mayer (1975) 26

2002 80 - SPSS-PC+ 27

- 28

Mayer(1975) 29

- 39

1 T 1 X 2 T 2 X 46

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34 1. learning by doing learning by discovery 50

1-1 1-2 1-3 - -- 1-4 1-5 1-6 52

2-1 2-2 - 2-3 - 2-4 2-5 53

3-1 3-2 - 3-3 - 3-4 3-5 54

1-1 1-2 1-3 -- 1-4 1-5 1-6 55

2-1 2-2 - 2-3 - 2-4 2-5 56

3-1 3-2 - 3-3 3-4 3-5 57

1. 58

4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 59

~ 62

3-3-5 ~ 64

2-4 5 1 20 4 20 4 10 2 65

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2004 2005 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 71

1886 4-1-1 75

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SPSS Kendall Kendall Kendall 87

Kendall 0 1 5-1-1 88

5-1-1 -.964 235.334.000 -.905 220.857.000 -.829 202.207.000 -.838 204.356.000 -.969 236.392.000 -.944 230.247.000 -.894 218.222.000 -.892 217.694.000 -.843 205.800.000 -.830 202.575.000 -.856 208.823.000 -.826 201.474.000 -.894 218.105.000 -.873 213.010.000 -.954 232.831.000 -.921 224.668.000 -.883 215.348.000 -.928 226.311.000 -.859 209.592.000 -.932 227.425.000 -.885 215.892.000 -.873 213.054.000 -.826 201.604.000 -.902 220.181.000 -.772 188.286.000 -.848 206.980.000 -.798 194.671.000 -.830 202.424.000 -.921 224.669.000 -.934 227.796.000 122 89

5-2-1 [ ] [ ][ ] SPSS t t 5-2-1 5-2-2 5-2-3 [ ] 5-2-1 SPSS 90

5-2-1.131.222-.139-.05 t.5611.191-.869-.288 5-2-1 t 1. 59 2.373 1.2985 [ ] 2. 64 2.242 1.2817 1. 59 1.941 1.0831 [ ] 2. 64 1.719.9835 1. 59 2.619.9393 [ ] 2. 64 2.758.8357 1. 59 1.966.9462 [ ] 2. 64 2.016.9594.561 1.191 -.869 -.288 * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 SPSS 5-2-2.073.034-.359-.144t.506.252-2.628*-1.006 [ ] t t 91

5-2-2 t 1. 59 2.034.8087 [ ] 2. 64 1.961.7883 1. 59 1.737.6970 [ ] 2. 64 1.703.7954 1. 59 1.407.6192 [ ] 2. 64 1.766.8818 1. 59 1.754.7844 [ ] 2. 64 1.898.8027.506.252-2.628* -1.006 * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 SPSS 5-2-3 -.319-.412 t -1.742-2.030* t [ ] t 5-2-3 t 1. 59 2.517 1.0084 [ ] 2. 64 2.836 1.0199 1. 59 2.729 1.1384 [ ] 2. 64 3.141 1.1108-1.742-2.030* * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 92

93 SPSS 5-3-1 [ ] SPSS t t 5-3-1 5-3-2 5-3-3 [ ] [ ][ ] 5-3-1

SPSS 5-3-1 -.4766-.4688.2422-.3594 t -2.296*-3.201**1.704-2.870** [ ] t 5-3-1 t 64 -.4766 1.6605-2.296* [ ] 64 -.4688 1.1713-3.201** [ ] 64.2422 1.1374 1.704 [ ] 64 -.3594 1.0019-2.870** [ ] * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 SPSS 5-3-2 -.2109-.5000-.1953-.1328 t -2.120*-3.953***-1.645-1.209 [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 94

5-3-2 t 64 -.2109.7958-2.120* [ ] 64 -.5000 1.0118-3.953*** [ ] 64 -.1953.9496-1.645 [ ] 64 -.1328.8785-1.209 [ ] * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 SPSS 5-3-3 -.5156-.4844 t -3.452**-3.327**t 5-3-3 t 64 -.5156 1.1951-3.452** [ ] 64 -.4844 1.1649-3.327** [ ] * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 SPSS 95

5-4-1 SPSS t 5-4-1 5-4-2 5-4-3 5-4-1 SPSS 5-4-1-1.0932-1.4407-1.2712-1.3983 t -4.536*** -9.248*** 96

-11.190***-10.356***t 5-4-1 t 59-1.0932 1.8511-4.536*** [ ] 59-1.4407 1.1966-9.248*** [ ] 59-1.2712.8726-11.190*** [ ] 59-1.3983 1.0372-10.356*** [ ] * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 SPSS 5-4-2-1.2373-1.0932-2.0678-1.3559 t -9.614***7.207*** 13.064***9.725***t 97

5-4-2 t 59-1.2373.9885-9.614*** [ ] 59-1.0932 1.1651-7.207*** [ ] 59-2.0678 1.2158-13.064*** [ ] 59-1.3559 1.0710-9.725*** [ ] * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 SPSS 5-4-3-2.1610-2.0000 t -16.860***-13.081***t 5-4-3 t 59-2.1610.9845-16.860*** [ ] 59-2.0000 1.1744-13.081*** [ ] p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 SPSS 98

5-5-1 SPSS t 5-5-1 SPSS 5-5-1.7471.1931.374.989 t 99

2.796**5.754***9.017***5.260***t 5-5-1 t 1. 59 3.466 1.6370 [ ] 2. 64 2.719 1.2906 1. 59 3.381 1.1609 [ ] 2. 64 2.188 1.1391 1. 59 3.890.7374 [ ] 2. 64 2.516.9469 1. 59 3.364 1.0861 [ ] 2. 64 2.375 1.0000 2.796** 5.754*** 9.017*** 5.260*** * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 SPSS 5-5-2 1.0990.628 1.5141.079 t 6.352***3.247***7.323***5.757***t 100

5-5-2 t 1. 59 3.271.9619 [ ] 2. 64 2.172.9563 1. 59 2.831 1.1165 [ ] 2. 64 2.203 1.0263 1. 59 3.475 1.2779 [ ] 2. 64 1.961.9812 1. 59 3.110 1.0989 [ ] 2. 64 2.031.9795 6.352*** 3.247*** 7.323*** 5.757*** * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 SPSS 5-5-3 1.326 1.104 t 11.291***8.567***t 5-5-3 t 1. 59 4.678.5314 [ ] 2. 64 3.352.7595 1. 59 4.729.7618 [ ] 2. 64 3.625.6667 11.291*** 8.567*** * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 SPSS 101

SPSS t SPSS 5-6-1.616.9721.5131.039 t 1.9474.550***8.316***5.649***t [ ] 5-6-1 t 1. 59 1.093 1.8511 [ ] 2. 64.477 1.6605 1. 59 1.441 1.1966 [ ] 2. 64.469 1.1713 1. 59 1.271.8726 [ ] 2. 64 -.242 1.1374 1. 59 1.398 1.0372 [ ] 2. 64.359 1.0019 1.947 4.550*** 8.316*** 5.649*** * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 102

SPSS 5-6-2 1.026.5931.8731.223 t 6.365***3.021**9.559***6.947***t 5-6-2 t 1. 59 1.237.9885 [ ] 2. 64.211.7958 1. 59 1.093 1.1651 [ ] 2. 64.500 1.0118 1. 59 2.068 1.2158 [ ] 2. 64.195.9496 1. 59 1.356 1.0710 [ ] 2. 64.133.8785 6.365*** 3.021** 9.559*** 6.947*** * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 SPSS 5-6-3 1.645 1.516 t 8.294***7.181***t 103

5-6-3 t 1. 59 2.161.9845 [ ] 2. 64.516 1.1951 1. 59 2.000 1.1744 [ ] 2. 64.484 1.1649 8.294*** 7.181*** * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 SPSS ~ 25 1. 5-7-1 5-7-1 104

22.22 77.78 2. 5-7-2 5-7-1 53.33 46.47 3. 5-7-3 5-7-1 12.50 87.50 4 5-7-4 5-7-1 78.95 21.05 1 2 1. 5-7-1 22.22 53.33 2. 5-7-1 12.50 78.95 1 2 105

1. 5-7-1 22.22 12.50 2. 5-7-1 53.33 78.95 1 2 1. 2. 3. 106

5-7-1 5-7-2 107

5-7-3 5-7-4 108

5-7-1 4 14 18 22.22 77.78 100 8 7 15 53.33 46.47 100 2 14 16 12.50 87.50 100 15 4 19 78.95 21.05 100 1. 5-7-5 5-7-2 25 75 2. 5-7-6 5-7-2 93.33 6.67 3. 5-7-7 5-7-2 46.67 53.33 4. 5-7-8 5-7-2 100 0 1 109

2 1. 5-7-2 25 93.33 2. 5-7-2 46.67 100 1 2 1. 5-7-2 25 46.67 2. 5-7-2 93.33 100 1 2 110

1. 2. 3. 5-7-5 111

5-7-6 5-7-7 112

5-7-8 5-7-2 4 12 16 25 75 100 14 1 15 93.33 6.67 100 7 8 15 46.67 53.33 100 17 0 17 100 0 100 1. 5-7-9 5-7-3 69.70 30.30 113

2. 5-7-10 5-7-3 61.54 38.46 3. 5-7-11 5-7-3 65 35 4. 5-7-12 5-7-3 94.12 5.88 1. 5-7-3 69.70 61.54 2. 5-7-3 65 94.12 1 2 1. 114

5-7-3 69.70 65 2. 5-7-3 61.54 94.12 1 2 1. 2. 3. 115

5-7-9 5-7-10 116

5-7-11 5-7-12 117

5-7-3 23 10 33 69.70 30.30 100 8 5 13 61.54 38.46 100 13 7 20 65 35 100 16 1 17 94.12 5.88 100 118

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PR PR PR PR 1 17.5 91 16.5 91 9.0 61 2 10.5 39 9.0 42 9.5 68 3 12.0 52 10.5 52 9.5 68 4 10.0 34 14.0 74 10.0 87 5 5.5 8 7.0 28 10.0 87 6 18.5 96 19.0 99 10.0 87 7 18.5 96 16.5 91 10.0 87 8 15.0 74 10.5 52 10.0 87 9 17.5 91 15.5 87 10.0 87 10 17.5 91 15.0 83 10.0 87 11 9.0 28 4.0 4 5.5 10 12 13.0 59 8.5 38 10.0 87 13 11.0 45 14.0 74 7.0 20 14 15.5 77 15.5 87 10.0 87 15 17.5 91 11.5 59 10.0 87 16 13.0 59 10.5 52 9.0 61 17 17.0 87 14.5 78 10.0 87 18 18.0 94 20.0 100 10.0 87 19 11.0 45 6.0 24 10.0 87 20 20.0 99 18.5 98 10.0 87 21 17.5 91 14.5 78 9.5 68 22 12.0 52 14.0 74 9.0 61 23 16.0 82 15.0 83 10.0 87 24 18.5 96 15.5 87 10.0 87 25 6.5 12 12.0 63 9.0 61 26 12.5 55 9.0 42 10.0 87 27 12.0 52 17.5 94 9.5 68 28 17.0 87 18.5 98 10.0 87 29 9.0 28 5.0 15 9.5 68 30 16.0 82 13.5 71 8.5 57 31 14.5 70 16.0 90 7.0 20 32 8.5 25 11.0 56 9.5 68 33 14.0 65 12.0 63 10.0 87 175

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PR PR PR PR 1 14.5 87 16.0 92 10.0 85 2 7.5 30 8.0 24 9.0 66 3 7.5 30 8.0 24 10.0 85 4 8.0 37 7.0 16 7.0 15 5 7.0 23 7.5 20 10.0 85 6 12.5 77 19.0 98 8.5 62 7 15.0 89 14.0 78 8.5 62 8 12.5 77 14.0 78 10.0 85 9 13.0 80 14.5 83 10.0 85 10 14.0 84 13.5 74 8.5 62 11 8.0 37 7.0 16 10.0 85 12 6.0 16 9.5 39 10.0 85 13 8.0 37 9.5 39 10.0 85 14 11.0 64 12.5 66 10.0 85 15 10.0 54 15.0 87 10.0 85 16 10.0 54 8.0 24 10.0 85 17 12.0 72 14.5 83 10.0 85 18 20.0 100 20.0 100 10.0 85 19 11.5 68 8.0 24 2.0 1 20 19.5 98 18.5 96 10.0 85 21 12.0 72 11.0 51 10.0 85 22 10.0 54 13.0 72 10.0 85 23 15.5 92 17.0 94 10.0 85 24 12.0 72 15.0 87 10.0 85 25 11.5 68 9.0 33 8.5 62 26 7.0 23 11.0 51 10.0 85 27 11.0 64 12.5 66 10.0 85 28 15.5 92 13.5 74 10.0 85 29 10.0 54 11.5 56 10.0 85 30 12.5 77 12.5 66 8.0 43 31 10.0 54 10.5 46 10.0 85 32 12.0 72 12.5 66 8.0 43 179

33 10.0 54 11.5 56 10.0 85 34 9.0 44 9.5 39 9.0 66 35 9.0 44 11.0 51 10.0 85 36 15.5 92 17.5 95 10.0 85 37 4.5 5 5.0 4 5.0 7 38 13.5 81 14.0 78 10.0 85 39 7.5 30 12.0 61 9.0 66 40 11.0 64 11.0 51 10.0 85 41 5.5 12 7.5 20 9.5 69 42 10.0 54 12.5 66 10.0 85 43 5.5 12 6.0 9 7.0 15 44 12.5 77 12.0 61 10.0 85 45 14.0 84 11.0 51 8.0 43 46 9.5 48 10.5 46 8.0 43 47 12.5 77 11.5 56 9.5 69 48 18.0 98 15.5 90 10.0 85 49 14.0 84 11.5 56 10.0 85 50 10.0 54 14.0 78 7.5 22 51 9.5 48 10.0 43 8.5 62 52 15.0 89 16.5 94 10.0 85 53 20.0 100 19.0 98 10.0 85 54 17.0 96 19.0 98 10.0 85 55 17.0 96 15.0 87 10.0 85 56 11.5 68 9.0 33 9.0 66 57 17.5 97 19.0 98 10.0 85 58 11.0 64 10.5 46 9.5 69 59 11.0 64 12.0 61 9.0 66 60 7.5 30 11.5 56 8.0 43 61 5.0 8 7.5 20 6.0 9 62 14.0 84 15.0 87 8.0 43 63 7.5 30 8.5 28 8.0 43 64 8.5 41 11.5 56 8.0 43 65 4.0 2 5.0 4 7.0 15 66 7.0 23 8.5 28 8.0 43 67 4.0 2 4.0 1 3.0 2 68 4.0 2 5.0 4 7.0 15 180

69 14.0 84 12.0 61 8.0 43 70 7.0 23 12.5 66 4.5 4 71 4.0 2 6.0 9 5.0 7 72 7.5 30 11.0 51 7.5 22 73 9.0 44 12.5 66 7.0 15 74 9.5 48 10.0 43 8.0 43 75 14.5 87 14.0 78 7.0 15 76 6.0 16 6.5 12 3.0 2 77 11.0 64 9.0 33 8.0 43 78 16.0 94 16.0 92 8.0 43 79 10.5 61 15.5 90 8.0 43 80 15.5 92 15.0 87 8.0 43 81 5.5 12 8.0 24 8.0 43 82 10.0 54 13.0 72 8.0 43 83 9.0 44 9.0 33 7.5 22 84 9.0 44 10.5 46 8.0 43 85 7.5 30 14.0 78 8.0 43 86 12.5 77 12.5 66 8.0 43 87 10.0 54 9.0 33 8.0 43 88 14.0 84 14.0 78 8.0 43 89 8.0 37 8.5 28 8.0 43 90 8.0 37 9.5 39 8.0 43 91 7.5 30 10.5 46 8.0 43 92 4.0 2 6.0 9 6.5 10 93 5.0 8 5.5 7 6.0 9 94 15.0 89 11.5 56 8.0 43 95 5.5 12 7.0 16 8.0 43 96 11.5 68 13.0 72 8.0 43 97 8.5 41 9.5 39 8.0 43 98 6.5 19 10.5 46 8.0 43 99 12.0 72 16.0 92 8.0 43 100 4.5 5 7.0 16 7.5 22 101 5.0 8 4.5 2 3.5 3 102 11.5 68 12.5 66 8.0 43 103 5.0 8 4.0 1 5.0 7 104 5.5 12 5.0 4 8.0 43 181

105 6.5 19 6.5 12 7.0 15 106 7.0 23 8.5 28 8.0 43 107 5.5 12 6.5 12 7.0 15 108 6.0 16 6.5 12 8.0 43 109 7.5 30 14.0 78 8.0 43 110 7.5 30 13.0 72 8.0 43 111 13.5 81 14.5 83 8.0 43 112 10.0 54 12.5 66 8.0 43 113 8.0 37 7.5 20 7.0 15 114 6.5 19 8.5 28 8.0 43 115 9.5 48 14.5 83 8.0 43 116 10.0 54 9.5 39 7.5 22 117 8.0 37 6.5 12 7.5 22 118 10.0 54 9.5 39 7.0 15 119 8.0 37 6.0 9 7.0 15 120 6.0 16 8.5 28 4.5 4 121 10.5 61 9.0 33 8.0 43 122 7.0 23 9.5 39 7.5 22 123 7.0 23 7.0 16 7.5 22 N0.1-59 N0.60-123 182

183

184

185

186

187