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310 19 2 The Vulgarity of Liu Yong s Ci Poetry Kuo-ying Wang Abstract Liu Yong (987?-1053?) is one of the major poets who had made significant contributions to the generic formation of the ci poetry. Many of his ci poems were written for singing girls to perform at the entertainment quarters. He may be regarded as the first professional songwriter in Chinese literary history and the first literati poet to have devoted much energy to developing and refining the manci, the longer form of ci, which was popular among urban dwellers. Although Liu Yong brought new life and fresh style to the ci genre, he had often been frowned upon for writing ci poems in the vulgar style, which could not accommodate the refined taste of the literati class. In the minds of many critics, vulgarity, the antithesis of elegance, appears to be a salient characteristic of Liu Yong s ci poetry. What does vulgarity actually refer to in the context of Liu Yong s ci poetry? On what grounds do the critics regard Liu Yong s ci as being vulgar? These are interesting questions worth probing into. This essay gives a critical analysis of various aspects of vulgarity in Liu Yong s ci, by examining the treatment of themes, the manner of expression and the aesthetic quality in its two major subject matters, i.e. amorous and sensual love and sorrows of a wandering scholar-official. * Kuo-ying Wang is a professor in the Department of Chinese Literature at National Taiwan University.

311 Keywords: Liu Yong, Song ci poetry, ci poetics, vulgarity, popular literature