5 1 2 1 3 ( ) 19 15 6 5 4 300 300 600 471 78.5% ( NSC 91-2414-H-015-009-SSS) 137
(domestic crime) 90 1 91 (World Trade Organization, WTO) ( 94 89) (Washington Post) 2001 12 31 1 1 15 2000 12 27 ( 90.1.1) 86 138
115 26 89 88 92 52 91 29 8 82 91 10 412 114 72.3%(298 ) ( 92) 89 1 10 139
3,647 1,150 31.5% 953 26.1% 866 23.8%( 90) 81.4% 953 1,432 ( ) 89 1 10 1,150 31.5% 953 26.1% 866 23.8% 322 8.8% 243 6.7% 104 2.8% 9.3% 3,647 100.0% 87 54.3 133.4 40.7% 595.4 886.6 67.2% 88 106.4 (87 54.3 ) 47.8% 828.8 (87 595.4 ) 68.2% 90 91 140
90 1 10 329 113 1 166 117 3 46 31 13 459 1 41 7 1 17 10 44 10 5 3 9 6 1,432 141
142 (2) (2) (1) (1/2) (1) (1/2) 87 54.3 133.4 40.7% 595.4 886.7 67.2% 88 50.8 106.4 47.8% 828.8 1215.1 68.2% 89 39.1 277.3 14.1% 477.6 836.2 57.1% 90 141.0 362.5 38.9% 395.8 1421.0 27.9% 91 168.4 601.6 28.0% 638.5 1317.9 48.5% 92 8 26
J. M. Martin A. T. Romano J. M. Martin A. T. Romano(1992) ( ) H. Abadinsky (2003) Martin Romano(1992) 143
( ) ( ) Martin, J. M., & Romano, A. T. (1992). Multinational crime. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications. Martin Romano(1992) 144
M. E. Beare M. E. Beare (push) (pull) (Beare, 1999) Beare ( ) Beare ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Beare ( ) (multiculturalism) 145
(kinship networks) ( ) Beare ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Ko-lin Chin Ko-lin Chin 1989 (National Institute of Justice) Chin 600 50 20 10 70 3 1996 (Chinatown Gangs) Chin(1996) Chin Chin 146
Chin 3 35,000 2 (Chin, 1996) Chin Chin 1999 300 Chin ( ) ( ) ( ) Chin (Chin, 1999) 147
148 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 5. Chin, Ko-lin (1999). Smuggled Chinese. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. L. L. Shelley Shelley(1998) (Transnational Organized Crime in the United States) Shelley Shelley Shelley ( ) ( ) ( ) Shelley ( ) Shelley ( )
Martin Romano Beare Chin Chin Chin Shelley Shelley 149
(Content Analysis) (90 7 1 91 6 60 ) ( ) 19 15 6 5 19 15 6 5 45 150
( ) 92 2 60 812 374 604 317 604 300 317 300 300 300 600 600 471 78.5% ( ) 1. ( ) 151
152 2. 3. 4. 5.
153 6. 76 11 90 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1. ( ) ( ) KTV 2. 3.
154 4. ( KTV ) 5. ( ) 6.
155 ( ) ( ) 76 1. 2. ( )
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1. ( ) 2. 3. 4. 156
5. 6. 7. ( ) ( ) 471 229 48.6% 242 51.4% 20 116 (24.6%) 21~25 142 (30.1%) 26 30 98 (20.8%) 31 35 62 (13.2%) 36 40 34 (7.2%) 41 19 (4.0%) 30 21 (4.5%) 149 (31.6%) 211 (44.8%) 72 (15.3%) 7 (1.5%) 11 (2.3%) 281 (59.7%) 155 (32.9%) 18 (3.8%) 13 (2.8%) 1 (0.2%) 3 (0.6%) 46 (9.8%) 423 (89.8%) 2 (0.4%) 157
349 (74.1%) 122 (25.9%) 500 ( 500 ) 72 (20.6%) 501~1000 131 (37.5%) 1001~1500 78 (22.4%) 1501~2000 25 (7.2%) 2001~3000 21 (6.0%) 3001~5000 10 (2.9%) 5001 12 (3.4%) 1000 6.3% 3000 305 (64.8%) 55 (11.7%) 16 ( 3.4%) 15 (3.2%) 11 (2.3%) 9 (1.9%) 8 ( 1.7%) 28 (5.9%) 10 184 (39.1%) 11 30 79 (16.7%) 1 2 61 (12.5%) 2 3 34 (7.1%) 3 4 30 (6.1%) 4 6 27 (5.4%) 6 1 27 (5.4%) 1 2 21 (4.2%) 2 7 (1.5%) 30 158
( ) ( ) 229(48.6%) 305(64.8%) 242(51.4%) 55(11.7%) 16(3.4%) 20 116(24.6%) 16(3.4%) 21~25 142(30.1%) 15(3.2%) 26~30 98(20.8%) 11(2.3%) 31~35 62(13.2%) 9(1.9%) 36~40 34(7.2%) 8(1.7%) 41 19(4.0%) 8(1.7%) 28(5.9%) 21(4.5%) 149(31.6%) 500 72(20.6%) 211(44.8%) 501 1000 131(37.5%) 72(15.3%) 1001 1500 78(22.4%) 7(1.5%) 1501 2000 25(7.2%) 11(2.3%) 2001 3000 21(6.0%) 3001 5000 10(2.9%) 281(59.7%) 5001 12(3.4%) 155(32.9%) 18(3.8%) 10 184(39.1%) 13(2.8%) 11 30 79(16.7%) 1(0.2%) 1 2 61(12.5%) 3(0.6%) 2 3 34(7.1%) 3 4 30(6.1%) 46(9.8%) 4 6 27(5.4%) 423(89.8%) 6 1 27(5.4%) 2(0.4%) 1 2 21(4.2%) 2 7(1.5%) 349(74.1%) 1(0.2%) 122(25.9%) ( ) 25 26 159
( ) 501 1500 1000 52.1% 10 25.4% 10 21.9% 11 30 11.4% 11 30 20 12 (5.2%) 51 21~25 (22.3%) 61 26~30 (26.6%) 31 105 (45.9%) 229 13 (5.9%) 101 (46.1%) 86 (39.3%) 104 (43.0%) 91 (37.6%) 37 (15.3%) 10 (4.1%) 242 8 (3.3%) 48 (19.9%) 125 (51.9%) 116 (24.6%) 142 (30.1%) 98 (20.8%) 115 (24.4%) 471 (100.00%) 21 (4.6%) 149 (32.4%) 211 (45.9%) df=3 X 2 =168.36 p.001 df=3 X 2 =47.59 p.001 160
19 (8.7%) 219 223 (97.4%) 6 (2.6%) 229 85 (37.6%) 136 (60.2%) (2.2) 226 19 (8.4%) 208 (91.6%) 227 168 (73.4%) 61 (26.6%) 229 500 23 (14.1%) 501~1000 56 (34.4%) 1001~1500 51 (31.3%) ( ) 1501 33 (20.2%) 163 10 58 (25.4%) 26 11~30 (11.4%) 1~2 37 (16.2%) 60 (24.9%) 241 82 (33.9%) 160 (66.1%) 242 196 (81.3%) 19 (7.9%) 26 (10.8%) 241 27 (11.2%) 215 (88.8%) 242 181 (74.8%) 61 (25.2%) 242 48 (26.8%) 73 (40.8%) 25 (14.0%) 33 (18.4%) 179 126 (52.1%) 53 (21.9%) 24 (9.9%) 79 (17.2%) 460 305 (64.8%) 166 (35.2%) 471 281 (60.2%) 155 (33.2%) 31 (6.6%) 467 46 (9.8%) 423 (90.2%) 469 349 (74.1%) 122 (25.9%) 471 71 (20.8%) 129 (37.7%) 76 (22.2%) 66 (19.3%) 342 184 (39.1%) 79 (16.8%) 61 (13.0%) df=1 X 2 =207.85 p.001 df=2 X 2 =146.06 p.001 df=1 X 2 =1.03 p.05 df=1 X 2 =.13 p.05 df=3 X 2 =19.23 p=.001 df=6 X 2 =70.15 p.001 161
2~3 23 (10.1%) 3~4 20 (8.8%) 4~6 21 (9.2%) 6 43 (18.9%) 228 11 (4.5%) 10 (4.1%) 6 (2.5%) 12 (5.0%) 242 34 (7.2%) 30 (6.4%) 27 (5.7%) 55 (11.7%) 470 ( ) 211 191 402 (94.2%) (79.9%) (86.8%) 13 (5.8%) 224 28 (13.3%) (22.9%) 48 134 (63.8%) 210 48 (20.1%) 239 36 (18.6%) 64 (33.0%) 94 (48.5%) 194 61 (13.2%) 463 64 (15.8%) 112 (27.7%) 228 (56.4%) 404 df=1 X 2 =20.61 p.001 df=2 X 2 =9.69 p.01 ( ) 162
163 106 (46.5%) 82 (33.9%) 188 (40.0%) 122 (53.5%) 160 (66.1%) 282 (60.0%) 228 242 470 df=1 X 2 =7.77 p.01 53 (53%) 36 (28.3%) 89 (39.2%) 17 (17%) 17 (13.4%) 34 (15.0%) 5 (5%) 44 (34.6%) 49 (21.6%) 25 (25%) 30 (23.6%) 55 (24.2%) 100 127 227 df=3 X 2 =31.98 p.001 ( ) ( 39.3% 57.4%)
170 95 265 (72.4%) (39.3) (56.3%) 23 (10.0%) 36 (15.7%) 229 170 (77.6%) 18 (8.2%) 31 (14.2%) 219 23 (9.5%) 124 (51.2%) 242 135 (57.4%) 25 (10.6%) 75 (31.9%) 235 46 (9.8%) 160 34.0% 471 305 (67.2%) 43 (9.5%) 106 (23.3%) 454 df=2 X 2 =69.32 p.001 df=2 X 2 =22.89 p.001 ( ) 164
189 147 336 (83.6%) (60.7%) (71.8%) 37 (16.4%) 226 94 (41.8%) 131 (58.2%) 225 128 (57.9%) 93 (42.1%) 221 95 (39.3%) 242 204 (85.4%) 35 (14.6%) 239 100 (44.8%) 123 (55.2%) 223 132 (18.2%) 468 298 (64.2%) 166 (35.8%) 464 228 (51.4%) 216 (48.6) 444 df=1 X 2 =30.22 p.001 df=1 X 2 =95.79 p.001 df=1 X 2 =7.60 p.01 ( ) 1,500 78.5% 1,500 ( ) ( ) 7 5 5 3 165
218 176 394 (95.2%) (73.0%) (83.8%) 11 65 76 (4.8%) (27.0%) (16.2%) 229 241 470 1500 140 13 153 (61.7%) (5.4%) (32.6%) 1500 7 39 46 (3.1%) (16.1%) (9.8%) 6 62 65 (2.6%) (25.6%) (13.9%) 74 128 205 (32.6%) (52.9%) (43.7%) 227 242 469 6 19 25 (4.1%) (17.3%) (9.7%) 115 70 185 (78.2%) (63.6%) (72.0%) 26 21 47 (17.7%) (19.1%) (18.3%) 147 110 257 67 31 98 (47.2%) (24.6%) (36.6%) 75 95 170 (52.8%) (75.4%) (63.4%) 142 126 268 df=1 X 2 =42.57 p.001 df=3 X 2 =193.64 p.001 df=2 X 2 =13.18 p.01 df=1 X 2 =14.68 p.001 ( ) 20,001 40,000 40,000 4,000 166
4,000 20000 17 12 29 (7.6%) 5.7% (6.7%) 20001 40000 196 30 226 (87.9%) (14.4%) (52.3%) ( ) 40001 10 167 177 (4.5%) (79.9%) (41.0%) 223 209 432 182 38 220 (81.6%) (15.8%) (47.4%) 41 203 244 (18.4%) (84.2%) (52.6%) 223 241 464 4000 156 5 161 (86.7%) (13.9%) (74.5%) 4000 24 31 55 (13.3%) (86.1%) (25.5%) ( ) 180 36 216 df=2 X 2 =261.87 p.001 df=1 X 2 =201.42 p.001 df=1 X 2 =83.72 p.001 ( ) 18 ( ) 61.6% 63.9% ( ) 167
188 (82.1%) 41 (17.9%) 229 141 (61.6%) 88 (38.4%) 229 109 (47.6%) 120 (52.4%) 229 139 (57.9%) 101 (42.1%) 240 87 (36.1%) 154 (63.9%) 241 80 (33.2%) 161 (66.8%) 241 327 (69.7%) 142 (30.3%) 469 228 (48.5%) 242 51.5% 470 189 (40.2%) 281 (59.8%) 470 df=1 X 2 =201.42 p.001 df=1 X 2 =30.50 p.001 df=1 X 2 =10.13 p.01 ( ) 471 229 48.6% 242 51.4% 30 1,000 5 1 25 26 ( ) 501 1,500 1,000 168
52.1% 10 25.4% 10 21.9% 11 30 11.4% 11 30 9 5 1 8 5 3 ( ) 5 5 6 5 ( 39.3% 57.4%) 3 169
5 1 7 8 2 1% 9 5 1 6 3 1 1 43.5% 13.8% (n 199) 76.9%(n 153) 1 1,500 1 3 3 1,500 78.5% 1,500 ( ) 170
1 ( ) 7 5 1 5 3 1 7 5 ( ) 8 (8.3%) 4 8 10,000 30,000 3 40,000 50,000 6 3 3 4 7 2001 4000 20,001 40,000 40,000 4,000 4,000 3 ( ) 61.6% 63.9% ( ) 3 171
172 9 3 13.8% ( 94) (opportunity theory) (deterrence theory) ( )
3 (conservative approach) (liberal approach) (radical approach) ( 94 91 Schmalleger, 2002; Walker, 1998) 20 1930 1940 ( ) (social process, ) (Strain Theory) (Social Learning Theory) (economic institutions of a society) 1970 3 (crime control model) ( ) 173
( plea bargaining) (legal repression) ( ) 20 ( 94) 20 (dislocation) Vold Bernard(1986, p. 355) 1 ( ) ( ) 174
175 (Gilling, 1997) (Houston & Parsons, 1998) ( ) ( )
( ) Martin Romano (Martin & Romano, 1992) ( 91 88) ( ) 22% ( 100 ) (490,736 ) (8,545 ) ( ) (4,456,000 ) (4,851,600 ) 176
( ) 406,813 8.4 134,246 2.8 30,660 0.6 53,381 1.1 58,353 1.2 86,410 1.8 829,360 17.1 476,997 9.8 93,956 1.9 5,542 0.1 78,898 1.6 17,872 0.4 12,245 0.3 239,461 4.9 455,727 9.4 749,540 15.5 1,122,139 23.1 4,851,600 100.0 ( 2001 ) 177
(criminal cases known to the police) 490,736 8,545 4,456,000 4,851,600 ( 90 ) ( 2001 ) 178 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 ( ) ( ) ( KTV ) ( )
( ) 1 2 ( 5 20 ) 100 150 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 9 5 1 8 5 5 ( ) ( ) 8 2 6 ( ) 43.5% 13.8% 76.9% 1 1,500 ( ) 7 5 ( ) 179
8 (8.3%) ( ) 9 3 13.8% 9 ( ) ( ) ( ) 180
15 1 79 1 1 7 100 3 10 500 2 5 1,000 3 ( ) ( ) 衞 181
( ) 歩 ( 88) (2002) ( 2001 ) ( 90.1.1) 11 ( 86, 87, 88, 89) ( 94) ( 89) ( 91) ( 90, 92) 182
Abadinsky, H. (2003). Organized Crime. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Beare, M. E. (1999). Illegal Migration: Personal Tragedies, Social Problems, or National Security Threats? In P. Williams (Ed.), Illegal Immigration and Commercial Sex: The New Slave Trade (pp. 11-41). London, UK: Frank Cass Publishers. Chin, Ko-lin (1996). Chinatown Gangs. New York: Oxford University Press. Chin, Ko-lin (1999). Smuggled Chinese. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press Gilling, D. (1997). Crime Prevention: Theory, Policy and Politics. London, UK: UCL Press Limited. Houston, J. & Parsons, W. W. (1998). Criminal Justice and the Policy Process. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall Publishers. Martin, J. M. & Romano, A. T. (1992). Multinational Crime: Terrorism, Espionage, Drug & Arms Trafficking. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Muraskin, R. & Roberts, A. R. (1999). Vision for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Schmalleger, F. (2002). Criminology Today. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Shelley, L. L. (1998). Transnational Organized Crime in the United States. Kobe University Law Review, 32(1), 77-91. Vold, G. B. & Bernard, T. J. (1986). Theoretical Criminology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Walker, S. (1998). Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs. Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth Publishing Company. 183