(state) (the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force) 1 2 3 1 4 2 1 Max Weber, Economy and Society, University of California Press, 1978. p.54. 2 Anthony Giddens 2002 3 Christopher Dandeker, War and the Military Establishment, in War, ed. Lawrence Freedman, Oxford University Press, 1994. p.110. 4 78 69
1 2 3 4 5 5 6 (Foucault) 7 8 5 79-82 6 77 5 55 7 Michel Foucault, Dicipline and Punish, Penguin Books, 1977, p. 163. 8 Foucault, p.221. 70
9 1854 1866 1868 9 W. G. Beasley 71
1869 1871 1876 1876 10 1869 11 1877 12 10 Barrington Jr.Moore 11 Beasley 12 Meirion &Susie 83 31 72
1862 1867 13 1864 14 1878 1878 15 1880 13 Meirion &Susie 16-17 14 Meirion &Susie 14 15 75 194 73
1882 1877 1883 1894 16 1721 17 1868 1871 1972 18 (national population census) 1690 1801 19 16 Christopher Dandeker, The Bureaucratization of Force, in War, ed. Lawrence Freedman, Oxford University Press, 1994. p.119-120. 17 Edward O Reischauer & A. M. Craig, Japan: Tradition and Transformation, Harvard University Press, 1973. p.98. 18 91 96-97 19 Martin Van Creveld, The Rise and Decline of the Modern State, Cambridge University Press, 1999. p.147. 74
1872 1873 270 1883 20 1873 1875 1880 1883 21 1885 1880 22 20 194-5 21 103-106 22 Meirion &Susie 36 75
1931 23 1930 24 (in the saddle) 1875 25 1871 32 210 53760 1873 28% 1877 39% 1900 26 27 1880 23 Edwin O. Reischauer, in Japan 1931-1945: Militarism, Fascism, Japanism? Ed. Ivan Morris, D. C. Heath and company, 1963. p.3 24 Reischauer, Japan 1931-1945: Militarism, Fascism, Japanism?. p.4. 25 Meirion &Susie 39 26 48-9 27 109 76
1886 1890 28 29 1896 1875 30 1910 28 Meirion &Susie 40 29 R. J. Smethurst 83 1 30 2004 23,26 77
20% 1926 80% 800 400 100 1935 1943 16 20 80% 20% 1920 Smethurst 32 Smethurst 78
1918 1920 1929 1933 35 1922 1925 36 1926 37 1931 33 Smethurst 169 34 Leonard A. Humphrey, The Way of the Heavenly Sword, Stanford University Press, 1995. p.46-47. 35 41 36 & 80 285 37 70-71 79
1931 1866 165 38 (a Japanese company) (regimentation) 39 1926 (Ballila) 8 17 (formation) 1929 (pre-military) 1930 18 21 40 38 39 Edward R. Tannenbaum, The Fascist Experience, Basic Books, 1972. p.119. 40 Philip Morgan, Italian Fascism: 1919-1945, MacMillan Press, 1995. p.95, 110-111. 41 2002 11 80
(martial culture) 42 (lover) (fighter) 43 1884 1916 44 (the structure of meaning through which men give shape to their experience) 45 1873 1883 1994 42 Gwynne Dyer, War, Dorsey Press, 1985. p.105. 43 Tannenbaum, p.125. 44 48 45 Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Culture, Basic Books, 1973. p.312. 81
1880 1895 46 1905 7405 1915 1922 46 1996 38-39 82
47 1915 48 49 50 1915 51 1898 1890 47 2002 129.308 48 2001 6 170-171 49 162 50 1923 1924 88 158 51 2005 50-1 83
52 53 1922 1941 54 1917 21% 4% 1943 81% 61% 1944 99% 71.17% 83.38% 55 1915 1915 1931 52 2000 144 53 113 54 15 55 84
1919 1921 1922 1926 56 1929 1937 1941 56 2000 26 57 198 214 58 211. 214 85
1928 1930 1931 1940 59 2001 9 86
1937 1941 1941 61 62 330 280 64 1943 27 581 3522 65 60 61 544 62 63, 84-85 64 32 65 87
(tools of education) 66 67 1922-1923 1938 68 69 1937 70 66 Toshio Iriyani, Group Psychology of the Japanese in Wartime, Kegan Paul International, 1991. p.162. 67 68 69 64 70 85 220-2 88
(incremental rationality) 1941 ( 0.8%) 180 18% 520 52% 29.2% 71 72 19-23 16 24 73 1945 4647 (10.1%) 18033 (39.4%) 74 49.5% (selective conscription) 1945 15 60 17 40 80,432 126,750 75 71 88 97 72 171 73 74 75 438 89
. 77 78 18 1943 79 80 76 2001 8 77 19 78 96 79 131 80 20. 82. 105 90
82 84 85 86 1920 87 1920 1943 15 24 1940 120 1920 81 1997 37 82 170 83 161 84 61 85 86 224 87 226 91
88 1906-1906 1930-1939 89 1902 1942 1920 90 1937 91 88 Stanley Frank, How Far is the Draft?, in Universal Conscription for Essential Service, ed. Wilson Marx, The H. W. Wilson Company, 1951. p.53. 89 64 67 90 68 368-369 91 92 Philip K. Lawrence,. Modernity and War, NY: St. Martin s Press, 1997. p.15. 92
(to get prepared) (Be prepared) 1943 80% 80% 93 M. Foucault, Technology of the Self in his Essential Works, New Press, 2000. p.35. 94 8-9 95 (1941-1945) 85 1218 96 93
(communal) (associative) (feeling of belonging together) (polar types) (consequences) 1938 101 (discipline) 97 1222-1225 98 Iritani, p.184. 99 Weber, p.42. 100 Arthur Marwick, Problems and Consequences of Organizing Society for Total War, in Mobilizing for Total War, ed. by N. F. Dreisziger, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1981. p.12. 101 2002 437 94
(procedure) (scattered technologies) (to live dangerously) 1928 (disintegration) 105 (local militarization) 1916 106 102 Michel De Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, University of California Press, 1988. p.46. 103 Quoted from Danniel W. Conway, Nietzsche and the Political, Routledge Press, 1997. p. 61. 104 Conway, p.77. 105 Lloyd E Eastman, et. al The Nationalist Era in China: 1927-1949, Cambridge University Press, 1991. p.1. 106 John K. Fairbank, The Great Chinese Revolution: 1800-1985, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1987. p.161. 95
107 108 109 107 1993 17-18 108 67 244-5 109 & 2005 192 96
110 111 1902 1905 1906 1907 112 1911 16 16 110 74 215.229.128 111 1944 48 112 1994 414-415 97
1905 1910 670 113 (in politics) 114 1911 113 77 74-75 114 A. Vagts, The Military and Politics, in War, ed. Lawrence Freedman, Oxford University Press, 1994. p.126. 98
1916 1917 1928 115 116 115 69 63 116 Jonathan D. Spence 2001 373 99
1924 1920 1925 15 38 1928 1 2 3 1925 117 117 76 100
118 1928 140 230 1928 6 6 3 1929 15 119 50 1930 120 121 1928 118 87 119 Eastman, p.10-11. 120 Eastman, p.9.12-3. 121 75 67 101
1931 122 (context) 123 122 91 43 123 Reihard Bendix, Kings or People, University of California Press, 1978. p.15. 102
124 (militarization of politics) 125 126 127 129 1929 1930 1930 1934 124 Edward A. Mccord, The Power of the Gun, University of California Press, 1993. p.310. 125 Mccord, p.308. 126 671 127 58 128 129 103
1935 130 (initiation) 1928 131 1937 132 1928 133 1936 24 14 7 175 130 71 159 131 Eastman, P.32. 132 Spence 588 133 Spence 610 104
60 43 134 1949 35 65 35 44 (country) 135 136 134 24 135 James E. Sheridan, China in Disintegration, New York: The Free Press, 1975. p.105. 136 1 105
137 138 1944 139 1941 12 1942 13 1943 22 50 100 140 137 Eastman. p.138. 138 Christopher Dandeker, The Bureaucratization of Force, in War, ed. Lawrence Freedman, Oxford University Press, 1994. p.123. 139 Gianfranco Poggi, The State, Stanford University Press, 1990. p.71. 140 Eastman. p.139. 106
1947 65 141 1947 1948 1949 1950 6 1954 142 143 60 1948 1950 57 144 141 76 86 658 142 143 144 107
60 1950 1949 1950 145 146 1955. 1930 1950 147 1950 145 83 205 146 76 147 77 127 108
1948 148 1951 1952 1952 149 150 1945 148 1984 149 211-2 150 109
1947 151 1950 152 1952 1951 1949 20 153 151 206-7 152 1995 68 153 2000 22 110
(unified) (princely absolutism) 154 (early modern) (dependent) 155 (privilege) (monarchical court) 156. (charismatic legitimation) (warlord) (relief) 157 154 Weber Max Weber, Weber: Selections in Translation, ed. by W. G. Runciman, Cambridge University Press, 1978. p.342. 155 Michael Mann, States, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988. p.113-4. 156 Poggi, p.47. 157 Max Weber, Economy and Society, University of California Press, 1978. p.1141-2. 111
158 (cultural capital) 1950 158 A. Giddens 61 112
( public personage) (dynasty) (the French state) 159 161 39.3% 1923 270 159 Poggi, p.47. 160 MacGregor Knox 92 93 161 113
162 163 164 1928 1928 1931 1933 165 1935 1939 162 1988 593 609 163 69 65 164 James E. Sheridan, China in Disintegration, New York: The Free Press, 1975. p.82. 165 114
1944 166 1936 7 167 1936 36 5 6 1938 168 1939 18 45 1942 1035 166 79 318 167 168 115
1942 169 1943 170 171 172 173 1939 174 169 68 69 170 71 171 365-367 172 319-320 173 257 174 116
175 176 177 1940 1937 1941 178 1916 1916 9 120 1917 7 190 175 176 177 86 288 178 293 117
1918 179 (starvation) 180 1943 1800 68% 181 0.4% 1.3% 2.4% 3.8% 182 1943 167 44% 183 140 184 35.8% 179 Paul Kennedy 180 Theodore H. White & Annalee Jacoby, Thunder out of China, William Sloane Associations Inc. 1946. p.133. 181 75 156 182 149 183 Jonathan D. Spence 2001 633 184 151 118
185 186 187 1943 20 188 189 1870 185 Stanley Frank, How Far is the Draft?, in Universal Conscription for Essential Service, ed. Wilson Marx, The H. W. Wilson Company, 1951. p.50. 186 187 15 188 180 189 80 119
(A. Von Roon) 1866 190 1870 1943 1944 1945 191 1937 192 1944 193 190 Dennis E. Showalter 1840-1871 / 92 155-156 191 Gwynne Dyer, War, Dorsey Press, 1985. p.105. 192 42 193 120
194 195 1789 1 2 3 196 197 198 1 2 3 4 194 88 34 195 Dennis E. Showalter, Mass Warfare and the Impact of Technology, in Great War, Total War, ed. by R. Chickering & S. Förster, Cambridge university Press, 2000. p.83. 196 Knox, 96-99 197 Peter M. Blau, Bureaucracy in Modern Society, New York: Random House, 1967. p.38. 198 121
122 5 6 7 8 9 1940 (knowledge) (Junker) 199 (tasks) 199 1987 131-135
1948 201 202 203 200 201 202 34 203 123
1950 1958 1947 204 205 204 72 558 205 124
1400 206 1951 18 45 1954 207 1949 1951 1953 1956 208 1946 1952 1958 1953 71.7% 1958 93% 13% 2% 209 206 1931 302.309 207 329 208 324 209 578 125
210 1954 1958 1902 2 3 210 Sheridan, p.205. 126
1912-13 3 1920 1919 1922 212 6 3 3 1919 213 211 1994 210-212 212 215 213 Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1962. p.167. 127
1920 214 1928 1922 1929 215 214 85 215 60 279 128
216 1912 1926 1929 217 218 1932 1954 220 219 216 219 217 2002 11 218 13 219 68 120.145 220 73 28-9 129
1928 15 221 1931 1932 1935 1929 17.1% 1936 43.42% 222 34 1939 1944 223 1937 221 222 296 223 154-155 130
1940 1936 41,794 1937 27,728 1940 1944 104,456 224 1944 225 226 1943 1932 227 224 225 278 226 17 227 131
228 (political base) 229 15 16 25 230 231 1940 1941 1943 1946 133 16 20 52.56% 21 25 32.36% 85% 63% 228 229 Lloyd E. Eastman, et. al The Nationalist Era in China: 1927-1949, Cambridge University Press, 1991. p.129. 230 18 231 67 199 132
62% 232 233 62% 1940 234. 235 236 237 1947 232 233 83 234 1989 83 235 2003 240. 243 236 W. Richard Scott, Organization, Prentice Hall International, Inc. 1998. p.188. 237 (1941-1945) 85 1224 133
1935 1956 1951 1952 1953 1954 1958 12 238 238 134
1952 239 1952 1957 1952 129 387 1003 4012 240 45 51 79.67% 241 1960 1970 1950 79.98% 1960 95.59% 1950 128 1960 244 242 239 240 241 242 70 347.398 135
243 (informal) 244 1928 1950 1912 1949 245 1950 (Pax KMT) 1928 1947 1960 243 244 245 James E. Sheridan, China in Disintegration, New York: The Free Press, 1975. p.4. 136
137