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,,,,,,,,,,,, /,,. :, 2004 6 ISBN 7-04 - 014461-1 G07 CIP 010-64054588 4 800-810 - 0598 100011 http:/ / www hep edu cn 010-82028899 http:/ / www hep com cn 787 960 1/ 16 23 25 430 000 1 29 00,

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/ (1) 1 / (1) 2 / (6) 3 / (10 ) / (20) / (20) / (23) 1 / (23) 2 / (25) 3 / (34) 4 / (43) 5 / (48) / ( 50) / ( 50) / ( 51) / (65) 1 / (65) 2 / (76) 3 / (80) / (89) / (89) / (91)

/ (98) 1 / (98) 2 / (110) 3 / (118) / (127) / (128) / (129) / (135) 1 / (135) 2 / (145) 3 / (157) / (168) / (168) / (169) / (175) 1 / (175) 2 / (193) 3 / (205) / (209) / (209) / (211)

/ (226) 1 / (226) 2 / (231) 3 / (235) 4 / (245) / (247) / (247) / (250) / (258) 1 / (258) 2 / (261) 3 / (271) / (285) / (286) / (288) / (301) 1 / (301) 2 / (309) 3 / (315) / (323) / (325) / (326)

/ (334) 1 / (334 ) 2 / (341 ) 3 / (349 ) / (354) / (354) / (356)

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1? ; ; ; 2?, 3? 4, 20 1 Cook, Ian, Crouch D, Naylor S, Ryan J R. Cultural Turns/ Geography Turns [ M]. London: Prentice Hall, 2000 2 Cosgrove, Dennis, Jackson P. New Directions in Cultural Geography [ J ]. Area, 1987 (19) : 95 101 3 Fellmann J D, Getis A, Getis J, Human geography: Landscapes of Human Activities [M], Boston: McGraw Hill. 1999: 69 4 De Blij. :.. :. 1988 5 Jackson, Peter. Maps of Meaning: An Introduction to Cultural Geography [ M]. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989 6 Jordan T G, Domash M, Rowntree L, The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography [M]. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, 1994 7 Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2003. 1993 2002 Microsoft Corporation 8 Don M. The lie of the Land: Migrant Workers and the California Landscape [M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1996 9 Don M. Cultural Geography [M]. Oxford : Blackwell, 2000 10 Peet R. Modern Geographic Thought [ M]. Oxford : Blackwell. 1998: 10 11 Williams, Raymond. Culture is Ordinary, in Ann Gray and Jim McGuigan, ( eds.), Studying Culture: An introductory Reader [ C ], London: Edward Arnold, 1993. ( Originally published in 1959) 12. [M]. :, 1999 13,. [M]. :. 1995 14... 1993 (1) 15. [M]. :. 1983 16. [M].. :,

2000 17. [M]. :. 1994 18. [M]. :. 2000 19... 1993 (2) 20,... 1994 (4) 21. [C]. :, 1997 22. [M]. :, 2000 23. [M]. :. 1995 24... 1998 (1) 25... 1997 (1) 26. [M]. :. 1991 27. [M]. :. 1995 28. [M].. :. 2003 29.. :. 1992 30,... 1999 (8) 31. [M]. :. 1993 32. [M]. :. 1991 33. [M]. :. 1995 34,,... 1996 (1) 35. [C]. :, 1990 36. [M]. :. 2000 37.. :. 1992 38. [M]. :. 1993 39... 1992 (3) 40. [M]. :. 1989 41,. [M]. :, 2000 42... 1994 (4, 5) 21

43... 1997 (1) 44.. :. 1995 45,.. :. 1995 46,. [M]. :. 1991 47,. [M]. :. 2000 48,. [M]. :. 1994 49. [M]. :. 1986 50. [M]. :. 1991 51... 1995 (1) 52. [M]. :. 2000 22

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22,,.. :, 2000. 172 185, 198 218 23.. :, 1989. 183 186 24.., 2000 ( 2 ) : 92 95 25,.., 1996 ( 11 ) S. I.: 62, 65 67 26.., 2001, 16 (2) : 93 96 27.., 1997, 27 ( 1 ) : 127 142 28,.. :, 1999a. 141 155 29,.. :, 1999b. 141 155, 167 30.. ( ), 1994, 22 (3 ) : 82 88 31.., 1991, 6 (3) : 28 30 32.. :, 1992 33. ( )., 1991, 21 (4 ) : 225 240 34. ( )., 1992, 22 (1 ) : 219 244 35.. :, 1998. 26 50, 51 106 36,.. :, 1984. 64 89, 166 167, 198 37.., 2001, 21 (1) : 89 93 38.. :, 2001. 427 432 91,,

,,,,,,,,,,, 92 ( ), (, 1998;, 1997) 1 2,,,, 19 ( Pavle Ivi, Cacute, 2000 ) 3,,, 20 90, ( cultural trait),,, ( ), ( ) 2002, 1999

, 1999 : (, 1999 ) 4,, (, 1999: 41 ) 5,,,, ( 3-1),, :,,, ;,,,, 93 3-1 6,,,,,,, z c s zh ch sh, z c s,, z tz, tz j q x 3,

, j q x z c s h w, h f, h, w f,,,,,, (, 2000: 134) 7 2000 (, 2000) 8, 15 18, 18 118, ( ), (, 1999;, 2002) 9 10 3-1 Tab.3-1 Thecategoryofvariablesinthestatisticsanalysis 94 sex 1( ),0( ) age 1( ),2( ),3( ) edu 1( ),2( ),3( ),4( ) to sxc to sh to nj to sw strength = ( ) 1, 2, 3, 4,, errno Q-Q Lilliefors, Lilliefors, Kolmogorov Smirnov 0 05 Q-Q, Q-Q,

,, ;,, (rank), :,,, ( ) 1 2 - Independent Samples, Mann Whitney U K-S Mann Whitney U ; K-S, Asymp. Sig. < 0 05 3-2 Tab.3-2 The sample test for two gender groups Tests of Normality Kolmogorov Smirnov ( a) 95 Statistic df Sig. 338 48 000 315 60 000 351 48 000 397 60 000 425 48 000 432 60 000 486 48 000 409 60 000 387 48 000 315 60 000 152 48 007 155 60 001 a Lilliefors Significance Correction

96 2 Spearman Kendall s Spearman : r s =1- (6 D 2 )/ [n (n 2-1)] D, n Kendall : rk = (Nc - Nd )/ [n(n-1)/2] Nc, Nd, n r 1, 0 r 1, -1, 0 :,,, ;,, Mann Whitney U ; K - S ( ) 3-1, Kendall, ( 3-3),,,,, 3-3 Tab.3-3 The Correlation Analysis of Out home Rate and other Variables Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2 - tailed) 087 124 387 ( ) 314 ( ) 224 ( ) 434 ( ) 1 000 261 095 000 000 003 000 :,,,, 0 027, P =0 844, 1,

,,,,,,, (, 1998;, 1997) 11 12,,,,,,,, 1, [J]. ( ), 1998 (4) : 75 79 2, [J]., 1987 (1 ) 3 Pavle Ivi, Cacute. Dialect atlases. Encyclopaedia Britannic Online 4, [J]., 32, 1999 (4) : 73 77 5. [M].. :, 1999 6 Harvey D. Explanation in geography. London: Edward Arnold, 1969 7.. [J], 1998 (10),. [M]. :, 2000 8,,. [N]., 2000. 4. 30 9, SPSS [M]. :, 1999 10.SPSS11, :, 2002 11. [J]., 1998, 17 (3) : 90 91 12. [J]. ( ), 1997 (4 ) : 69 77 97

1 98,, E H 19 70, 1955, J H, (, 1987), (, 1997 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,

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( 4-3),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1996 ),,,,,,,,, 103 4-2

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124 4-8,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,, 300,, (, 1994),, (1946),,,,

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126, ;, (, 1946),,,, (, 1994 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1994),, 1972,, ( Aldo Leopold),,,,,,,, (, 1999 ),, 1987, (WCED),,,,,,,,

1? 2? 3? 4? 5?? 6? 7 :,,,,,, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, (, 1999) (1),? (2)? (3),,? (4)?? 8, (1),,? (2) 9? 127

128 1.. :, 1982 2. :., 1996: 11 (1) 3.. ( ), 1999 (1 ) 4.. :, 1999 5.., 1996 (1) : 21 26 6... :, 1994 7.., 1997, 12 (3) 8... 1995 (4) : 1 9. ( ). :, 1978 10.., 1999, 19 (1) 11.., 1995 (4) : 299 305 12.., 1995 (4) : 36 39 13.. :, 1987 14.., 2001, 16 (5) 15.. :, 1985 16. :. :, 1988. 174 179 17.., 1997 ( 1) : 44 47 18.. :, 1990 19.. :, 1994 20.., 1995 (2) : 62 66 21.... :, 1987. 59 84 22.... :, 1988. 23 39 23.... :, 1987. 154 166 24.. :, 1987. 340 341, 126,

404 412 25... :, 1997. 74 214 26.. :, 1995 27.. :, 1992. 79 84, 233 285 28.., 1996, 11 (1) 29.., 1995 (7) : 24 28 30.., 1992 (3) : 50 56 31... :, 1937. 689 32.. :, 1994 33.. :, 1991 34.., 1997, 12 (1) 35.... :, 1987. 23 43 36.. :, 1987 37.., 1973 ( 2 ) : 224 256 38 Buckle H T. History of Civilization in England. London : Longman 1972 Ed, 1972. 1 39 HJ :.. :, 1988 40 James P.. :, 1982 129,,,,,,,,,,

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132 limit), 80 % ; 1 200mm, ;,,,,,,, ;,, (1546 ) ; : ( ),,,, ( 990) ( 1730 ), : (1207),,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ( rural landscape),,,,, ; (1282),,, ;, ;, ( ) (1836),,,,,,,, ( ) (1560),,,,, ;,, ( ) (1647 ),, ;,,,,,,,,,, ( )

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,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 2002) 168 1?? 2?? 3?? 4? 1 Blij, Harm J. Human Geography: Culture, Society, and Space [ M]. New York: Wiley, 2003 2 Shao X M, Zhang H Y. On arable land changes in Shandong Province and their driving forces [ J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2001, 7 ( 11), No. 3: 329 335 3 Spencer J E Thomas W Jr. Cultural Geography [ M]. New York : John Wiley & Sons, 1969 4 Walsh S J, Evens T P, Welsh W F, Entwisle B, Rindfuss R. Scale dependent relationships between population and environment in Northeastern Thailand [ J ]. Photogram metric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 1999, 65 ( 1) : 97 105 5 Wheeler J O Muller P O Economic Geography [M]. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1986 6 Zha X C, Tang K L. Eco environment Change and Soil Erosion Process in the Reclaimed Forestland of the Loess Plateau [ J ]. Chinese Geographical Science. 2003. 13 (3) : 232 237 7. [M]. :, 1990

8. [J]., 2002 (6): 86 88 9. [J]., 2003 (2) : 50 54 10,. [J].,. 1997 3 (7), No. 1: 7 11 11., [M]. :, 1998 12. [J].. 2000 (5) : 11 12 13,,. [J].. 1999, 11 (54), No. 6: 481 486 14.. [M]. :, 2000 15. [J]. :, 2001 (4), 17 24 16. [M], :, 1986 17.. [M]. :, 1989 18. [M]. :, 1995 19. [M]. :, 1994 20 21. [M]. :, 1990 22. ( ). [M]. :, 1986 23. [M]. :, 1993 24. [M]. :, 1991 25. [N]. NEWS.SOHU.COM.2003.9.20. 26,,,. [J].. 2001 11 ( 17), No. 4: 76 80 27. [J].. 2003 (1 ) : 58 63 28. 3, :, 1994 29. [M]. :, 2000 169,,

,,,,,,?,,? 170,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, (www. tibetinfo. com/ / )

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1 ( ) ;,,,,, 20 80,,, (Cavalli - Sforza L L, Feldman M W, 1981) -,,, ( ) 3 : Lumsden Wilson -, - 175

176 (Lumsden, Wilson, 1981) Boyd Richerson -, ( Boyd, Richerson, 1985) Cavalli - Sforza Feldman Boyd Richerson -, Cavalli - Sforza Feldman, ( Laland, Kevin N, 1993 ) Cavalli - Sforza Peldman (1981), :,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,, Cavalli - Sforza Feldman, 3 : ( 1 ), ( 1 ) ( 1 ), ( 1 ),, 4 : 4, Cavalli - Sforza Feldman 3 :, ;,,

,,,,, Cavalli Sforza Feldman (, 1993) ( ) (cultural diffusion),,,, ( relocation diffusion ), ( expansion diffusion) ( 6-1),,,,,,, 177 6-1 1

178, 2 ( contagious diffusion ) (hierarchical diffusion) ( stimulating diffusion) (1),,, 19 20,,,,,,, (2),,,,,,,,,,,, (3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

,,,,,,, ( ) (Hechter M), (The Diffusion Model), (Hechter, 1957),, (Theory of Cultural Diffusion) ( Theory of Social Structural Diffusion), (Hechter, 1975: 22 23),, (core periphery) ;, (Hechter, 1975: 22 ), (Integration of Societies) (Hechter, 1975: 22 23),,,,,,,,,, ( );,, 179,,

180 (Hechter, 1975: 23) (acculturation),, ( Social Mobilization ),,, (Hechter, 1975: 25), (A National Political Culture) ( Hechter, 1975: 25),,,,,, (techniques of mass persuasion ) (Hechter, 1975: 25),,,,, ( Filters Down ) (Hechter, 1975: 26 ),,, ( ),,,,,, ( Hechter, 1975: 27 28 ),,,,,,

,, (, 1997: 219),, 1952, 1952,, (, 1997: 182 ), ( ), (, 1997: 184 ),, (, 1997: 189 ),,,,,,, :,, ( ), (Diffusion Industrialization Model) ;,, (Diffusion Supply Model) (, 1997: 223) ( ) ( ), ( )?,, ; 181

182,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 2000) ( ), 1959, (Edward Hall) (The Silent Language ),,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ), ( ) :

1 ( BMIC, the Behavioral Model of Intercultural Communication) BMIC 20 50 60, : emic etic emic,, ( Donal Carbaugh ) (Knstinc Fitch) ( Tamar Katriel ), (Philipsen G),,,, etic etic,,, (Hoisted G) : (Culture s Consequences International Differences in Work Related Values ) 13 (,, ), : ; ; ;, ( Beyond Culture ) ( high context ) (low context ),,,,, ;,,,, 183

184 (miscommunication),?, ( Spitzberg B),,,,,,,, ( ) (,,,, ), 2 ( CMIC, the Cognitive Model of Intercultural Communication), : (1) (2) (3), (4 ) ( ) (5),, (6),,, (Charles Berger), ( Stephen), 20 80,,,,,,,,

( Sunnafrank),,,,,, (host culture) (Kim),,,,,,,,,,?,, ( ),,,, 3 ( IMIC, the Interpretive Model of Intercultural Communication), : ( Constructionism) (CMM), (Cronen V) (Chen V) (Pearce W), 185

186,,, : (1) (2) (3) (4) (5), (6),,,, 1984 (Liberman K B),,,,,,,,,, (, 2003) ( ),,,,,,,,,,

, (Movius H),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, (,, 2001) ( ),, 20 80 Cavalli Sforza Feldman ( Cavalli Sforza L L, Marcus, Feldman W, Chen K H, Dombusch S M, 1982),,,, ( ),,,,,,, 203 6 41 6 :,, 187

188,, 6, 10, ; 31, Cavalli - Sforza Feldman, 1 013 7 52 7 :,,, (Chen K H, Cavalli Sforza L L, Marcus, Feldman W, 1982),,, ( ) 20 90,,, 10,, (Zeng Y, Tu P, Gu B C, Xu Y, Li B H, Li Y P, 1993) Feldman,,,,,,,,,,, (,,, 1999) -

,,,, (Laland et al, 1995),,,,,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,,,,, ( ), : ;,,,,, 1,,,,, ;,,,, 189

190,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,, :, :, :,,,,,,, :,. [C]...1983.,.

,,, :,,,,,, (, 1987),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, (, 1983 ),,,,, ( ),,,, (, 1987),,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 2003) ( ) 191

192,,, (, 2000), 211,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,, 17, 607,, 645, ( ),,, 672,,, (, 1997), (613 ),, (, 1997) (684 ),,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2 ( ) (media),,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;, 20 60, ;,,, 20 20 30,,, 193

194,,,,,,, 1000 3 000,, ;,,,,,, 21,,,, ;, ;, 20 90, (internet), 1998 5,,, 10 20,,, 1969 ( Arpanet ), 1989 ( ) Internet,, 1993, 200 18 000, 10, 2000, 4, 1999 146, 400, 9 900 (, 1999) 2001, 2 650, 2 1% (, 2002),, :, ;,,,,

,,,,,,,,,, 1969,,, ;,,,,,,, TCP/ IP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( ), ( 6-2),,,,, 195

,,, 196 6-2,,,, (, ), ( ),, :,,,,,,,, (887 ),, 1833, (, 2002) 20 80, 2 000 9 000 306 369 2002, 770, 9 857 ; 93 3% 94 6%,

:,,, 1950 2000, 10, 2002 369,, 38,,, 8, 156, ;,, 38,, 1958 7 1,, 130 250, 3 000,,, 20 90,, 2 000 ;,, 21, 2005, 4 000,, 15% 197

198 21,, 2001,,, 2001,,,, 2002 3,, ( ), :,, ;,,,,, 90% 1997,, 0 1% 0 05%, 0 1%, 85% ( ),,,,,,, ; ;,, ( )

( ) 20,, 1909,,,,, 20,,, (, 2001), ( ),, 1928,, 4,,,,, 1932 6,, :,,,,, 1932 11,, 5, 199

200 ( ),,,, :,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, H,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,,,,, 1943 7,

,,,, 20 90,,,,, EC - 130,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 2001) 201

202,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :

,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 203

204,,,,,,, :,,, (, 1998),, ;,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,, (, 1998),, 3,,,,

,,,,,,,,, (, 2000) 3,,, ( ), ( ),,, 205, : :, ;,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,

206,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1972),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 207,,,,,

208 (,, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 21,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, (, 2003) 1 2,? 3,? 4? 5? 6? 209 1 Boyd R, Richerson P J. Culture and the Evolution Process. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1985 2 Cavalli Sforza L L, Feldman M W. Cultural Transmission and Evolution : A Quantitative Approach. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981 3 Cavalli Sforza L L, Feldman M W, Chen K H, Dombusch S M. Theory and Observation in Cultural transmission [ J]. Science, 1982 (218 ) : 19 27 4 Chen K H, Cavalli Sforza L L, Feldman M W. A Study of Cultural Transmission in Taiwan [ J]. Human Ecology, 1982, 10 (3) : 365 382 5 Hechter M. Internal Colonialism [ M]. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1975 6 Lumsden C, Wilson E O. Genes, Mind and Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1981 7 Laland, Kevin N. The Mathematical Modeling of Human Culture and its Implications

210 for Psychology and the Human Sciences [ J ]. British Journal of Psychology, 1993 (84 ) : 145 169 8 Zeng Y, Tu P, Gu B C, Xu Y, Li B H, and Li Y P.Causes and Implications of the Recent Increase in the Reported Sex Ratio at Birth in China [ J ]. Population and Development Review, 1993, 19 ( 2) : 283 302 9. [J]., 1999 (1): 9 13 10. [M]. :, 1997 11. [J]., 2000 ( 27 ) : 93 98 12. [J]. ( ), 2003, 17 (3) : 100-10 - 3 13,. [J]., 2001, 8 (2) : 17 14,,. [J]., 1999 ( s) : 27 34 15. [J]. :, 1987 ( 3) 16. [M]. :. 1983 (25) 17. [J]., 2003, 181 (1) : 105 109 18. [J]. ( ), 2000, 2 (7) : 124 127 19. [M].. :, 1999 20. [M]. :, 1997 21. : [J]., 1999 (6): 82 85 22. [ J ]. 2001 ( 5).. [J]., 2002, 4 (3) : 82 85 23. [J]. ( ), 2001, 22 (5) : 95 99 24. [N]. 2001.4.10: 6 25. [M]. :, 1998 26. [M]. :, 1998 27. [J].. 2000 (12) 20 23 28. (1) [C].. 1972. 684

29. [J]., 2003, 21 ( 2 ) : 9 12, ( Cavalli Sforza ) (Marcus W. Feldman),,,,,,,,, ; 211 (Li et al., 1997 ),, Y y, Y p, Y, y p, y, y, p, y p,, y p,,,, 1999

212, y, p, y, p, p 1990 10%, 1989 114, 1995 1%, 1995 0 5 117, 121, 121, 119, 115 114 1980, 2, 5 y ( ), p ( Warren, 1985; Poston et al., 1997), 1989, 225 157, 1989, 1990, 1991 1992 112, 117, 113 114 ( Park and Cho, 1995), p 1989, GNP 360, 4 400,, (Das Gupta et al., 1997);, p, p,, p ( Cavalli Sforza, Feldman, 1981; Kumm et al., 1994 ) ( ), p, p, yi p,,,,,

,,,,,,, p 1 p 1 (Cavalli Sforza, Feldman, 1981; Kumm et al., 1994), : 1:, 45 t : n1 (t) 0 14, n2 (t) 15 29, n3 (t) 30 44 f1 (t) f2 (t) f3 (t) N ( t +1) = p 1 0 0 N ( t) (1) 0 p2 0 N ( t) = (n1 (t), n2 (t), n3 (t)) fh (t) h, p1 p2, n ( t) n2 (t) (1), n (t) n ( t+ 1) = f1 (t-1) n ( t) + p1 f2 (t-1) n ( t -1) + p1 p2 f3 (t-1) n ( t -2) (2) (2), f h (t),,,,, fh (t) fh (t),, p, 0,, y 213

214 p N =1- p (3) : 2:,,,,, t t -1 ( 2 ), f 1 (t-1) n ( t) (t-1) t, [t-1, t) (t+1), [t-1, t), p ( t) t A (A17 ), S ( S O f2 + p ( t) y1 )/ (F2 - p ( t) y1 ) SO ( ), F2, y 1, A ( A14 ) F2/ (1+ s) = (F2 - p ( t) y1 )/ (1+ so ) (4) [ t -1, t) f 1 (t-1) =0 5 l2 (F2 - y1 )/ ( 1+ so ) + [0 5 l2 y1/ (1+ so )] p N (t) (5) l i i c 11 =0 5 l2 (F2 - y1 )/ (1+ so ), c21 =0 5 l2 y1/ (1+ so ) (6) f 1 (t-1) = c11 + c21 p N (t) (7) p 1 f2 (t-1) = c12 + c22 p N (t -1) (8) c 12 =0 5 [ ( l2 F2 + l3 F3 ) - (l2 y1 + l3 y2 )] / (1+ so), c22 =0 5 (l2 y1 + l3 y2 )/ (1+ so) (9) F3, y2, A (A15) p1 p2 f3 (t-1) = c13 + c23 p N (t-2) (10) c 13 =0 5 l3 (F3 - y2 )/ (1+ so ),

c23 =0 5 l3 y2/ (1+ so ) (11) (6) - (11), (2 ) n( t + 1) = 3 [c h=1 1 h + c2 hp N (t - h+1)] n( t - h + 1 ) (12) h [c1 hn + c2 h p N (t- h +1)/ l2, p N, c0 h = c1 h + c2 h, h=1, 2, 3 (13) [t-1, t), s ( t) s( t) = (1 + so ) 3 h=1 c 0 hn( t - h + 1) 3 c h=1 1 hn( t - h + 1) + 3 c - h=1 2 hn( t - h + 1) p N (t - h+1 ) 1(14), h =1, 2, 3, p N (t- h +1) =1, s ( t) = so, p N (t- h +1) <1, s ( t) > so, p N (t- h +1) =0, s ( t), n ( t - h +1) = n y, y = (y1 + y2 ) T, T = (F2 + F3 ), (Li et al., 1997), (T so + y) / ( T - y) p N (t+1) p N (t+1), h =1, 2, 3, f h (t - h +1) ( 7) ( 8) (10) n ( t +2) (12) p N (t+1), n ( t+1) n ( t+1) p N (t+1) ( 2, ) 0,, n ( t+1), 0 215 3 c h=1 0 h n( t - h + 1 )p N (t - h+1), 0 Y,,,

0 Y, 0 ( ) Y y ( y i ), y 3 c h=1 0 hn( t - h + 1) pn (t - h+1) C v (0 Cv 1) 0, Cv, 0 Cv y 3 h=1 c 0 h n( t - h + 1 )pn (t - h+1) n ( t +1) 0 Y, n( t + 1) - y 3 h=1 c 0 hn( t - h + 1) pn (t - h+1) = 3 h=1 c 1 h n( t - h + 1 ) - 3 h= 1 c 3 hn( t - h + 1 ) pn (t - h+1) 216 = 3 n( t - h + 1 )[ c h= 1 1 h - c3 hpn (t - h+1)] (15) c 3 h = yc0 h - c2 h,h=1,2, 3 (16) 0 P N (t), PN (t) = 3 h= 1 l hn( t - h + 1) pn (t - h+1 ) 3 h= 1 l hn( t - h + 1) (15) 0 Co 3 h= 1 n( t - h + 1 )[ c 1 h - c3 hpn (t - h+1)] P N (t),0 Co 1 (17), Co 0 Y, Mo 0 ( 0 0, 0 ), Mo [1 - Co PN (t)]{ 3 h= 1 n( t - h + 1 )[ c 1 h - c3 hpn (t - h+1)]}, 0 Mo 1 n( t + 1) 0, n(t +1 )pn (t+1) pn (t) pn (t+1 ) = Cv y 3 h=1 c 0 hn( t - h + 1) pn (t - h+1 ) n( t + 1) +

[Mo + Co( 1 - Mo ) PN (t)] 3 n( t - h + 1)[ h=1 c1 h - c3 hpn (t - h+1)] (18) n( t + 1) Mo =0, 0 (18 ), Mo =0, h =1, 2, 3, pn (t- h +1) =0, pn (t+1) =0, p N 0< p N 1 (19) (1) Leslie, n ( t) pn (t) pn, n ( t+1) = n ( t) (20) (12) 1= G1 ( ) + G2 ( ) p N (21) (18) p N (t) p N p N = CvyG0 ( ) p N + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo ) p N ] [G1 ( ) - G3 ( ) p N ] (22) 217 Gk ( ) = 3 h= 1 ckh - h,k=0,1, 2,3 (23) 0< p N 1 pn [0, 1 ] 1 2 1 (pn ), (24) G 1 ( ) + png2 ( ) =1 (24) 2 (pn ), (25) pn = CvypNG0 ( ) + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo ) pn ] [G1 ( ) - G3 ( ) pn] (25) p N 1 (pn ) = 2 (pn ) (26) 10, 1 (pn ) pn =0, G1 ( 10) =1, G1 ( 1 (0)) = G1 ( 10) =1 (27) 11 = 1 (1 ), (13) G1 ( 11) + G2 ( 11 ) = G0 ( 11 ) =1 (28) (27) (28) G1 ( 10 ) > G1 ( 11), (23) 11 > 10 >0 (29) (24), Gh ( ) / < 0 (h=0, 1, 2, 3),

1 (pn )/ pn = - G2 ( ) / [ G1 ( ) / ) + ( G2 ( ) / ) pn] >0 (30) Mo >0, 2 (0) = 20 (25) G1 ( 20 ) =0 (31), 20 =,, 10 < 20 (32) 21 = 2 (1 ), (25) { (1- y) [ M o + Co (1 - Mo)] + Cv y} G0 ( ( 21) ) =1 (33) (1 - y) [ Mo + Co (1 - Mo )] + Cvy 1 (34) 21 11 (35) 218, 1 (pn ) 2 (pn ) pn [ 0, 1 ], (32 ), p N =0, 1 2, (35 ), pn =1, 1 2, 1 (pn ) pn [ 0, 1 ] 2 (pn ) 1 (pn ) 2 (pn ) pn (26 ), ( 26) ( 0, 1 ] (25) = 2 (pn ) pn 1- Co (1 - Mo )[G1 ( ) - G3 ( ) pn ] + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo) pn ]G3 ( ) C v ypn ( G0 ( )/ ) + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo) pn I( G1 ( )/ ) - ( G3 ( )/ ) pn ] (36) 1- C o (1- Mo )[G1 ( ) - G3 ( ) pn ] + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo) pn ]G3 ( ) = CvyG0 ( ) + MoG1 ( )/ pn + Co (1 - Mo )png3 ( ) >0 (37) CvypN ( G0 ( )/ ) + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo )pn ][( G1 ( )/ ) - ( G3 ( )/ ) pn ] CvypN ( G0( )/ ) + [Mo + Co(1 - Mo)pN][( G1( )/ ) - ( G3( )/ )] = {Cv ypn + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo )pn ](1- y)}( G0 ( )/ ) <0 (38) 2 (pn )/ pn <0 (39) (30) (39), M o >0, 1 (pn ) pn [ 0, 1 ], 2 (pn ) pn [ 0, 1 ] 1 (pn )

2 (pn ),, (26 ) ( 0, 1] p N, p N =1 (1 - y) [ Mo + Co (1 - Mo )] + Cvy =1 (40) Mo =0,, ( 31) C v yg0 ( 20) + CoG1 ( 20) =1 (41), (32) (31),, p N >0 Co =1, Cv >0 (42) G1 ( 10) =1= Cv yg0 ( 20 ) + CoC1 ( 20) > G1 ( 20 ) (43) (32), Co, (41) ( 20 / Cv ) = - yg0 ( 20 ) C v y ( G0 ( ) / ) + Co ( G1 ( ) / ) Cv ( 32), p N >0 (44) >0 20 Co Cv, 20 (Cv, Co ) Cv > Cv mi n, p N >0 C vmin 20 (Cvmin, Co ) = 10 (45) 219, C o, Cvmin >1, Co Comin, 20 ( 1, Comin ) = 10 (46) Co < Comin, p N >0, Cv =1 : p N =1, Cv =1 Co =1 Mo =1 pn >0, Mo >0 ;, Mo >0, p N >0, Co Cv, Mo =0, p N >0 C o > Co min,, Cv, ( Cv min, 1], p N >0,, (Living with a son, LS),,, (Living with a son in law, LSL ),, : LS LSL, LS,

220,,, LS, LSL,,, LS LSL?, :, LSL,, : LSL, LS, LS LSL,,,,?, LSL LS LSL, LSL, LS, LSL, LSL, LSL,? LSL, p N, LSL y p N, y p N LSL, ( ) LS, LSL, p N, LS, y p N LSL, LSL LS p N 1996 (, 1997),,, LSL 1992, 45 100,

4 700 LSL, 10 4% LSL, 1995 473, 135 LSL ( 19 ) LSL 28 9%,,, y LSL, y p N, y, p N, 1, p,, p p N 6-1,,, 1995, 0 132, 5 132 0 137, 472 0 124, 0 307, 0 015 963,, LSL 6-1 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1 043 1 033 1 094 1 039 0 992 : 221, LSL?, ( ), (, 1997 ) 1996, 59%, 17%, 24% 30, 58%, 17% 25% LSL?,?,,, LSL, LSL, 20% (, 1995 ),

: A (Lietal., 1997), ( ) [, k) a, K {a [, k)}; C, R, D ( i) K i,, k ( k) i 222 F j T i (k) = k j (i) j= = Pr{ R = i a = } + Pr{ R i a = } Pr{(R= i a = +1) (R i a = )} + + Pr { R i a = k -1} Pr { ( R= i a = k) (R i a = k -1} = Pr { R = i K} (A1) (i) j i Pr { ( R = i +1 K) (R= i K)} = Pr { ( R = i +1 K) (R= i K)} = Pr { ( R = i +1 K) (R= i K)} Pr { R = i K} ( A2) (R= i +1 K) (R= i K) ( A3) Pr { R = i +1 K} Pr { R = i K} = Ti +1 (k) T i (k) = p i (k) (A4) ( A3 ) K = {a [x, k)}, x >,, i x [,, : 1: k k) Pr { ( R = i +1 K) (D (i) = i K) } = a i p i (k) (A5) ai k, a i 1 Pr { R = i +1 R = i}, Pr { R = i +1 (D (i) = i)} 1 Pr { R = i +1 (D (i) < i)} 0 a i D ( i) = i,, Pr { D ( i) = i K} = Pr { D ( i -1) = i -1 K} Pr { ( R = i i ) D ( i -1) = i -1 K} = [1/ (1+ s o ) ] Pr { ( R = i D ( i -1) = i -1 K)} Pr { D ( i -1) = i -1 K} = [a i - 1 p i -1 (k)/ (1+ s o )] Pr { D ( i -1) = i -1 K} = = i-1 j=0 a j Ti (k)/ (1+ so ) i ( A6), Y ( k), K k k,

, k, : 2 : K, K Y( k) = [(C=1 K) (D(0) =0 K) ] [( C=2 K) ( D(1) =1 K)] ( A7) B (B1 ) [( C= i +1 K) (D(i)= i K) ] [( C= j +1 K) ( D(j)= j K)] =,i j (A8), y ( k) y( k) = i=0 Pr{ ( C = i + 1 K) (D(i) = i K)} (A9) B (B8 ) y( k) = i= 0 [ i j= 0 aj/ (1 + so ) i ][ Ti+1 (k) - Ti+2 (k)(ai+1 +sobi+1 )/ ( 1 + so )] (A10) ( ) : K 1 = {a [, k 1 ) }, K 2 = {a [k 1, k 2 ) }, K 3 = {a [k 2, )}, k1 < k2, y (, k1 ), y ( k1, k 2 ), y (k 2, ) (A10) y (, k 1 ), y ( k 1 ) p y = Pr { Y} = 3 h=1 Pr{ K h }Pr{( Y) K h } 223 = 3 Pr{ Y K h } h=1 = 3 Pr{ Y kh }Pr{( ( Y Kh ))} h=1 (A11) {Y Kh }, p ( ), Pr { (Y K h )} p p y= p 3 Pr{ Y K h } = h=1 p 3 yh i=1 = p 3 Pr{ K h }Pr{Y K h } h=1 = p[( k 1 - ) Pr{Y K 1 }+(k 2 - k 1 )Pr{Y k 2 }+( - k 2 )Pr{Y K 3 }]/ ( - ) = p[( k 2 - ) Pr{Y (K 1 K 2 )} + ( - k 2 )Pr{Y K 3 }]/ ( - ) (A12), Pr { Y (K 1 K 2 )} = y ( k 2 ), y 3 = Pr{ Y K 3 } = ( - k 2 )Pr{Y K 3 }/ ( - ) = y - (k 2 - ) y(k 2 )/ ( - ) (A13) Pr { Y K 1 } = y ( k 1 ), y1 = Pr { Y K1 } = (k1 - ) y ( k1 )/ ( - ) (A14) y 2 = Pr { Y K 2 } = Pr { Y (K 2 K 1 )} - Pr { Y K 1 } = [ ( k 2 - ) y ( k 2 ) - (k 1 - ) y ( k 1 )] / ( - ) (A15) K h n

n F h+1 = n j K h F i (j) (A16) i=1 F h +1 h, n p y h K h, n ( s o F h +1 + p y h ) / (1+ s o ) 224 so, n ( F h +1 - p y h ) / (1+ s o ) s = (s o F h +1 + p y h ) / ( F h +1 - p y h ) (A17) B A 2, {K} ( ) i, (R i) (R i +1) j >1 (C= i +1 D( i) = i) (C= j +1 D( j) = j) = (R i +2 R = i +1 D( i) = i) (R j +2 R = j +1 D( j) = j) (R j +1 R = j +1) ( R= i +1 D( i) = i R j +2 D( j) = j) = (B1) ( ) Pr{ C = i +1 D( i) = i} = Pr{ R i +2 R = i +1 D( i) = i} = Pr{ R = i +1 D( i) = i} Pr{ R i +2 (R= i +1 D( i) = i)} = Pr{ R = i +1 D( i) = i} (1 - Pr{ R = i +2 (R= i +1 D( i) = i)}) = Pr{ R = i +1 D( i) = i} - Pr{ R = i +2 D( i) = i} = r{ D( i) = i} ( Pr{ R = i +1 D( i) = i} - Pr{ R = i +2 D( i) = i}) = { T i [1/ (1 + s o )] i i-1 a j=0 j }(a i p i - Pr{R = i + 2 D( i) = i}) (B2) ( ) (D(i)= i) = (R= i +1 D( i) = i) + (R i +1 D( i) = i) (B3) Pr{ R = i +2 D( i) = i} = Pr{ R = i +1 D( i) = i} Pr{ R = i +2 (R= i +1 D( i) = i) } = a i p i Pr{ R = i +2 (R= i +1 D( i) = i) } (B4) (R= i +1 D( i) = i) = (D(i+1) = i +1 D( i) = i) + (D(i+1) = i D( i) = i) (B5) Pr{ R = i +2 (R= i +1 D( i) = i) } = Pr{ D( i +1) = i +1 D( i) = i} Pr{ R = i +2 (D(i+1) = i +1 D( i) = i) } +

Pr{ D( i +1) = i D( i) = i} Pr{ R = i +2 (D(i+1) = i D( i) = i)} = [1/ (1+ s o )] Pr{ R= i +2 (D(i+1) = i +1 D( i) = i)} + [so/ (1+ so )]Pr{R= i +2 (D(i+1) = i D( i) = i)} = [1/ (1+ s o )] Pr{ R= i +2 D( i +1) = i +1} + [s o / (1+ s o )]Pr{R= i +2 D( i +1) < i +1} = [1/ (1+ s o )] a i +1 p i +1 + [s o /(1+ s o )] b i +1 p i +1 (B6) Pr{ R = i +2 D( i) = i} = ai [ai +1 + sobi +1]pi pi +1/ (1+ so ) (B7) ( ) ( ) ( ) Pr{ C = i +1 D( i) = i} = ( i j= 0 a j )[ T i+1 - ( a i+ 1 + s o b i+1 )T i+ 2 / (1 +s o )]/ (1 + s o ) i (B8) 1..1997... :, 1997 2.., 1995. (5) 3 Das Gupta, M. et al. Family system, economic factors and son preference in China, South Korea and India. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of Population Association of America, Washington, D. C, 1997 4 Li N, Feldman M W, Tuljapurkar S. Sex ratio at birth and son preference. Working paper series No. 72, Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies, Stanford University, 1997 5 Cavalli Sforza L L, Feldman M W. Cultural Transmission and Evolution. Princetion University Press, Princeton, 1981 6 Kumm J, Lalaud K N, Feldman M W. Geneculture coevolution and sex ratios : The effects of infanticide, sex selective abortion, sex selection and sex biased parental investment on the evolution of sex ratios. Theoritical Population Biology, 1994, 46 : 249 278 7 Park C B, Cho N H. Consequences of son preference in a low fertility society : Imbalance of the sex ration at birth in Korea. Population and Development Review, 1995, 21: 59 84 8 Poston D L, Gu B, Liu P P, McDanial T. Sonpreference and the sex ratio at birth in China: A provincial level analysis. Social Biology, 1997, 44 (1 2): 55 76 9 Warren M A. 1985. Gendercide. Roman & Allanheld, New Jersey 225

,, 1 226, (, 1985;, 1989;, 1990), (, 1983; 1987, 1988 ), (1993 ), (1995a), ( 1998), (2000 ) (, 1999),, (, 1998;, 2000;, 1995 ), (, 1998), (, 1999),,,,.. 1998. 250 266. :

1895, 1922,,,, (, 1993), ( ) 20 80,, : ( cultural system),,,,, ( 1986 ), :,,,,,,,,,,, (1989),,,,, (, 1990 ),,,,, (,, 1991),,,, ( ) (, 1999) 227.., :, 1984. 219 220

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2,, (William Norton, 2000),,,,,, (, 1984), (Sapper K), :, 12, :,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1988),,,,, (Kendall H M) ( 7-1),, (Kendall H M, 1986) 231 :,, ;,,,,

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,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 247 1?? 2? 3? 4, 1 Kendall H M..,., 1986 ( 1 ) : 83 85 2., :. :. 1999 (15) : 202 218 3.., 2001, 16 (4) : 89 92 4.. :. 1983. 1 22.., 2001.93 104

248 5.. :. 1948. 107 110 6.. :. 1993. 173 7. : 21 8.., 9.. :, 1997. 54 56 10.., 1998, 13 (1) : 1 7 11,,.. :. 229 244 12.., 1995, 15 (4) : 299 305 13.. :, 1999. 538 551 14,.. :, 1997. 5 28 15.., 1992 (1) : 37 42 16,.., 1996. 11 (1): 7 11 17.. :. 1984. 219 220 18.. :, 1985. 130 147 19,.., 2001, 16 (1) : 75 78 20.., 2001. 93 104 21.. : (16). :, 2000. 157 165 22.. :, 2001. 1 8 23... (5). :, 1987. 152 175 24... (6). :, 1988. 160 185 25.. ( ), 1986, ( 3 ) : 11 18 26.. :, 2001 27.. :, 2001. 304 309 28.. :, 1993. 409 453

29.. :, 2001. 1 5 30.. :, 1990. 235 269 31.. :, 2001. 106 110 32.. :, 1989. 9 13 33,.. :, 2000. 32 35 34.. :. (1). :, 1986.57 68 35.. :, 1992. 227 313 36. 124, 37.., 1997, 12 (4) : 25 30 38.., 1996, (3 ) : 10 15 39.., 1994, 9 (3) : 41 47 40.. :, 1998. 28 48 41.. 1998. 250 266. : : 42., 1995a, 50 (1) : 59 66 43.. :, 1995b. 189 208 44.. : (16). :, 2000. 182 193 45.. :, 1988. 345 348 46.., 2000, 15 ( 3 ) : 317 321 47,.. : 6 249 48.. : (13). :.55 67 49.. :, 1998 50. [J]., 2001c, 16 ( 3) : 44 48 51,.., 1998, 1: 4 8 52,.., 1999, 19 (4) : 338 343 53,.., 2001a, 20

( 4) : 464 470 54,.. 2001b, ( cultural realms ),,, 250,, ( ),,,, ( ),, : ( ) ( ), (2001c)

,,,, ( ),,, (1) (2) (3) (4) ; (5) 1, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 251 124,

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256,,,, :,,, 89 ( ) ( 1990 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :.. :, 1997. 54 56

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,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1997 ),,,, ;,,,, (, 2000),,,,,, 261

262,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1998 ),,, ( ),,,,,,, (, 1998 ), ( 8-1), ;, ;, :,,,, (, 1998)

, 8-1,, ;,,, (, 1997),,,,,, ; ;,, ( ), 263 ( ) ( perception) ( ) (, 1997) ( space perception ) ( spatial

264 cognition), ( images), ( schemata) (D. J., 1988 ) (space behavior),, ;,, Walmsley D J,,,,, ( ),,, ( ), Gold J R,,, (Gold J R, 1980),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 8-1)

8-1 :. [J]., 1998, 13 (4) : 10 14,,, ( ) ;,,, ;,,, ( ),, (, 1998), ;, (1998 ), 9 75, 9 11, 8 09 ; 10 62, 9 11, 9 69,,,, ( ),,, 265

266,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1995),,,,,, ( ) (Durkheim E) (collective representation ),, (, 1990),,

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,,,, 20 50,, 80, 1981 1984, Z (, 1995),, (, ); (, 1994 120 132),,,,,, (, 1998),,,,,,,, :, ;,,, ;,, 100 (, 1998) 279

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284,,,, (, 1994 185 ),,,,,,, ; ; ; ; (, 1993 5),,,,,, (, 1996 127), ( ),,,,, (, 1999),, 1997 5, 2,,,, 1997 1998, ( ), 140, 100,,,,,,,,, ( 8-7),

285 8-7,, 1 2 3?? 4?? 5?? 6? 7? 8??

9 10?? 11?? 286 1 [M].. :, 1991 2 [M].. :, 1982. 48 3. [N]., 1997-8 - 13, 2 4., : [M]. :, 1994 5. [J]., 2001, 16 (4) 6. [M]. :, 1995. 44 7. : [J]., 1998 (9) : 12 14 8. [M]. :, 1994 9.. :. 1985 10. 21. : [M]. :, 1990. 1 4 11.. : [Z]. :, 1993. 5 12. [M]. :, 72 73 13,. [M].. :, 1988. 422, 420, 392 14. [M]. :, 1996 15. [N]..1998-5-28, 7 16. 17.. : [C]. :, 1998 18. [N].. 1998-7 - 14, 2 19. [M]. :, 1996.

127 20. [M]. :, 1987 21.. : [M]. :, 1994 22. [M]. :, 1988 23. : [N]..1997-7-8, 2 24.. 9-25., [N]..1997-8-16, 1 26. [N]..1998-7-22, 1 27. [J]., 1998 (9) : 36 37 28.. [M]. :, 1997 29. [J].. 1998 (2) 30. [M]. :, 1995 31. [M]. :, 1992. 378 32. [N]. 1 33.. [N].1999-3-12 34. [M]. :, 1997 35. [M]. :, 1991 36. [N]. 1 37. [M]. :, 1989 38. [N]..1999-2-7 39. [N].. 1997-9-20 40. [N].. 1998-11-15 41. [J]., 1997 (1) : 77 85 42. [J]., 1998, 13 287

(4): 10 14 43. [M]. :, 2000 44. [M]. :, 1997 45 D.J.. [M].. :, 1988 46 Durkheim E. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life [M]. New York : Collier, 1961. 47 Gold J R. An Introduction to behavioral geography [ M]. Oxford University Press, 1980. 42 57 288,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,, (, 1989: 106, 109 ) 1 2000, 9 :,. : [J]., 2003, 23 ( 2) : 72 78.

, (, 1993: 115) 2,, (, 1984: 180) 3,,, (, 1988: 23 24) 4 ;, ( linear hamlet or string village) ( cluster village, round village or walled village ) ( tessellated village) ( Fellmann, 1999: 400 ) 5 ;, (, 2001) 6 ( public space), (Habermas J) ( public sphere ) (Habermas, 1989) 7,,,,,, :, ( Habermas, 1984: 86 ) 8, (, 1985: 5 ) 9,,,, ;,,, ;, (, 1997: 389 414) 10,, 289

290, (, 2000: 19) 11,,, (, 1988: 174 ) 5,,,,,,,,, 7 9 ( 8-8), 8-8,, 9 19,

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20) 4,,,,,,, ;,, 19,,,,,,,,, ( 8-9),,,,, 3,,, 8-10,, 8-10 I, II, III IV V, 5, II, 8-10 III V 293