Abstract The highly stigmatized marginal culture of tattoo artists have been undergoing an obvious process of professionalization in Taiwa

2010 12 57-106 * ** Sentimentalism and Fright Gender and Class Shifts in Contemporary Taiwanese Tattoo Culture by Josephine HO Keywords: tattoo, professionalization, narrativization, gentrification, class, gender, sentimentalism, body modification, feminization, subculture 2009 3 16 2009 9 12 Received: March 16, 2009; in revised form: September 12, 2009. * 93-2411-H-008-003-BH 2009 3-4 ** 320 300 E-mail: sexenter@cc.ncu.edu.tw

058 2010 12 Abstract The highly stigmatized marginal culture of tattoo artists have been undergoing an obvious process of professionalization in Taiwan through the formation of professional community and its code of conduct as well as crafted management of media representation. Public presentations of tattoo are increasingly framed in narratives that seem to describe the unique creativity of individual tattoo consumers but are always couched in mainstream sentimentalism and emotional scripts that feature women as central agents. This feminization of tattoo not only brings forth changes in clientele, design, body area, and taste, but also helps make tattoo palatable for the general public through narrativization, sentimentalization, and beautification. Even the strictly masculine fright-oriented tattoos are also changing their class aura through a

059 penchant for artistic presentation. Obscured in this process of upward mobility and mainstreaming are the traditional tattoos associated with crime and deviance. This essay attempts to investigate the development of this diversification and the shifts in gender and class position therein.

060 2010 12 1990 body modification 1 2 3 4 SM PVC 5 Pitts, 2003: 3-4 1 18 29 36% 48% 2006 6 12 24% 1 2006 6 12 1990 2 scarification Pitts, 2000: 299 3 2003 2003 5 14 4 25 2005 8 29 Erik Sprague 400 http://www.thelizardman.com/ Hewitt, 1996 2 2008 11 9 5 PVC

061 Turner, 1996, 1997, 1999: 2 Giddens 1991: 99 Hebdige 1979: 2 6 Halnon Cohen gentrification 2006: 35-36 2006: 37 Halnon 2002: 511; Halnon & Cohen 2006: 47-48 Halnon Cohen 6 Time 1970 10 Tattoo Renaissance http://www.time.com/time/magazine/ article/0,9171,904617,00.html 1990 Pitts, 2000: 3

062 2010 12 7 8 9 7 Hebdige triumph Hebdige, 1979: 3 8 9 Lees et. al., 2008: 9 Halnon 2002: 511

063 2003 1500 10 11 12 Anthony Giddens Pitts 2003: 28 2006: 14 personal identity construction 10 2004 13% 10 4.6% 2004 5 28 11 2003 4 15 12 2006 2007

064 2010 12 Atkinson 2003: 5 13 13 2003 4 19 2008 3 28 2007 9 25 2006 2007

065 14 14 2006 10 22 T 2006 Tattoo T

066 2010 12 Gay & Whittington, 2002: 23-25 17 18 DeMello, 2000: 47-49 20 Gay & Whittington, 2002: 35 DeMello, 2000: 63 15 1960 Gay & Whittington, 2002: 37; DeMello, 2000: 67 15

067 DeMello, 2000: 75-77 16 desirable 16

068 2010 12 17 subjugated knowledge 18 17 http://www.mnd.gov.tw/publish.aspx?cnid=109 18 Foucault, 2003: 7

069 19 20 2000 21 19 1990 1987 2000 20 21

070 2010 12 0.3 mm 0.4

071 mm 22 22

072 2010 12 1990 23 23 1999 8 30 2000

073 24 24 [ ] 2005 3 22

074 2010 12 20 99 2000 25 2000 7 22-23 25

075 26 9 2002 9 2007 27 28 26 27 2007 12 8 28

076 2010 12 2002 OK Halnon Cohen modern primitives 2006: 49-50 29 2003 TATTOO 30 2005 29 DeMello, 2000: 8 30 DeMello, 2000: 97

077 2006 31 2003 SARS 32 2004 2009 31 2005 101 MADE IN TAIWAN http://www.newtaiwan.com.tw/bulletinview.jsp?bulletinid= 22808 2006 http://blog. roodo.com/chinpao1020/archives/1825638.html 32 2003 4 20

078 2010 12 33 2002 2004 RAP 2006 6 34 2007 35 36 33 2 1 2009 2 23 34 Ettoday 2006 6 11 35 2007 36 2008 2008 TATTOO TATTOO TATTOO Christ Garver Matthew Amey

079 37 37

080 2010 12

081 2007 38 38 2007 12 8

082 2010 12 39 39

083 40 41 42 40 41........????.........< >??!!....??..!!.......................... < >..........!!..!!.....!!...........!???..!!........... < >.. < > http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/jw!srj8grgbgw4lm5pkj9s0bdb_ Ph7w/article?mid=578&prev=582&next=564 42 http://www.taiwan-tattoo.com.tw/club_aim.asp 2004

084 2010 12 43 TATTOO 44 20 2006 2007 2007 12 8 2010 2 21 43 2006 http://www.tattoosno1.com.tw/index.htm 44 Tattoo Burst

085 Atkinson, 2003: 45; Hewitt, 1996: 73-74

086 2010 12 V. Vale & Andrea Juno, Modern Primitives 1990 Ripley s Believe It Or Not National Geographic Discovery

087 2003 Queer Eye for the Straight Guy 2005 7 Travel and Life Miami Ink 2005 Inked 2007 L. A. Ink London Ink L.A. personal legends

088 2010 12 45 46 DeMello, 2000: 12 45 2005 Do Not Resuscitate 2005 2 19 46 2004 2004 4 27

089 2005 19 47 2006 48 2007 47 2005 1 6 2005 4 29 48 2006 8 13

090 2010 12 49 2008 2 4 70 50 49 2007 10 29 50 2005 7 2005 7 2

091 DeMello, 2000: 61 2005 3

092 2010 12 51 2006 52 53 2007 120 54 51 2005 3 22 52 2006 4 29 53 2007 7 25 54 2007 4 5

093 2005 55 62 55 2005 3 18

094 2010 12 56 2005 57 58 2005 59 56 1960 1970 Favazza, 1996: 270 57 2005 5 19 58 2008 3 28 59 2006 10 29

095 60 16 60 2007 9 16

096 2010 12 61 61

097 Pitts, 2003: 2 62 magical Freud, 113 spiritual territory Hewitt, 1996: 11 62

098 2010 12

099 1970 Hewitt, 1996: 73; DeMello, 2000: 84 63 108 63

100 2010 12

101 64 64 http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/fright-tattoo/

102 2010 12

103 2009 2 [ ] 65 social oppression 2009 9 11 65 2 1 2009 2 23

104 2010 12 66 9 11 67 2007 2008 8 21 http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/jw!cgu6mxqwgryebhsj5eh PAPDr4-/article?mid=102 0&prev=1035&next=1013 2003 11 24 Accessed 2008 12 15 http://mypaper4.pchome.com.tw/news/milo0325/3/4518997/2003 1124235338/ 2006 2003 Atkinson, Michael.Tattooed: The Sociogenesis of a Body Art.Toronto, Buffalo, London: U of Toronto P, 2003. DeMello, Margo.Bodies of Inscription: A Cultural History of the Modern Tattoo Community. 66 Now News 2009 9 11 67 2009 9 10 2009 9 11

105 Durham and London: Duke UP, 2000. Favazza, Armando R.Bodies Under Siege: Self-Mutilation and Body Modificiation in Culture and Psychiatry.Second Edition. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins UP, 1996. Foucault, Michel. Society Must Be Defended : Lectures at the College de France, 1975-76. Trans. By David Macey. New York: Picador, 2003. Freud, Sigmund. Animism, Magic and the Omnipotence of Thoughts. Totem and Taboo. New York: W.W. Norton, 1931. 94-124. Gay, Kathlyn & Christine Whittington. Body Marks: Tattooing, Piercing, and Scarification. Brookfield, CN: Millbrook Press, 2002. Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1991. Goffman, Erving. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963. Halnon, Karen Bettez. Poor Chic: The Rational Consumption of Poverty. Current Sociology 50 (2002): 501-516. Halnon, Karen Bettez & Saundra Cohen. Muscles, Motorcycles and Tattoos: Gentrification in a New Frontier. Journal of Consumer Culture 6.1 (2006): 33-56. Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London & New York: Methuen, 1979. Hewitt, Kim. Mutilating the Body: Identity in Blood and Ink. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State UP, 1996. Lees, Loretta, Tom Slater, & Elvin Wyly. Gentrification. New York, London: Routledge, 2008. Pitts, Victoria. In the Flesh: The Cultural Politics of Body Modification. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Tattoo Renaissance. Time Magazine. Dec. 21, 1970. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/ article/0,9171,904617,00.html Turner, Bryan S. The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory. Second Edition. London: Sage, 1996, 1997, 1999. 24% 1 2006 6 12 2009 9 10 2005 2 19 Now News 2009 9 11 2006 8 13 2007 4 5 1999 8 30 2007 12 8 2005 8 29

106 2010 12 2004 4 27 2004 5 28 2007 9 16 2009 9 11 2005 5 19 2006 10 22 2008 3 28 2005 7 2 2005 3 22 2006 10 29 2007 10 29 2003 5 14 2005 3 18 2003 4 20 2004 7 31 2003 5 9 http://www. southcn.com/sports/gossip/tattoo/200305090616.htm 2007 8 13 2 2009 2 23 2006 6 11 2005 1 6 2 1 2009 2 23 2005 4 29 2007 7 25 2003 4 19 2003 4 15 2008 11 9 2006 4 29