13 90 88 Roberton Halverson1984 1 2
14 3 82 80 87 73 65 75 78 85 72
15 80 Warrell1988 A System to Establish Playground Safety in the School public awareness
p.139 2 2 A System to Establish Playground Safety in the School, Warrell,1988, p.140. almost perfectly Gabbard, Lablanc & Lowy,1987;Kirchner,Cunningham & Warrell,1970;Warrell,1988 1. 16
17 2. 3. 4. safety roll 5. safety council Bruya & Beckwith,1985;Warrell,1988 83
18 71 71 89 75 83 91 80 89a 72 (77 87 77 86a86bBrophy & Good,1986; Harvey & Hergert,1986; Holt,1990; Sadker & Sadker,1982; Sanders,1997)
19 Klein(1985) (two-edged sword)... 89 83...... 89b 3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
20 () (user) (time) (space) (behavior) 3 - - 89b 26
21 91 91 1. 2. 3. 4. Beckwith1988 Bukatko Daehler1992 Johnson1986 75 7476
84 89a 90 6-12 79 1977-1988 11 2 12 5 87 7-12 122.1-150.2cm 24.9-44.3kg 121.0-151.4cm 23.7-44.2kg 10-12 22
75 Piaget Bruner Vygotsky Ceci,1993 1960 1980 metacognition Piaget neopiagtian Piaget Piaget situated cognition cognition apprenticeship cognitive constraints 23
84 90Case,1985; Ceci,1993; Keil,1990; Rogoff,1990; Saxe, 1991; Siegler,1983 Frost,1988 Piaget 7-11 11 78 90Piaget Piaget Frost,1988 Piaget Genetic Epistemology 1932 The Mord Judge of Child anomy heteromy 24
autonomy 88 6-10 Piaget heteronomous stage 10-11 Piaget autonomous stage Shaffer,1999 Kohlberg Piaget Kohlberg 1969 9 preconventional level of morality punishment-obedience orientation instrumental-relativist orientation 10-20 conventional level of morality good boy/nice girl orientation law and order orientation 25
social development 90 Baron, Graziano & Stangor, 1991; Campbell & Frost, 1985; Gibbs, 2002; Sondell, 200291 Bandura 1986 modeling model 26
27 Berg Landreth1998 emotion 80 1. 2. 3.
28 4. 5. Zellner2002 the Laboratory for Learning Environments Gore
29 90 90 90 76 91 90 87 71 89 91
30 90 86 1 2 3 4 5 91b 1. 2.
31 3. 82 87 4
32
33 Spranger 4 92 110
34 DukeGriesdornGillespie Tuttle1998 Earthman Lemasters1998 87 80 62 2330 65
35 72 75 80 80 87 89a 1 2 3 4 5 91
36 77 89a 80 1. 80 multicriteria evalution
37 2. 91 91 80 400 200 91 PU PP 200 74 87 89a
38 PU 83 90 86 91c 921 60 80 90 91 91 80
39 74 87 64.4 53.4 44.8 34.8 23.9 80 62 2330 1171 1159 91
40 91b 91 89a 72 80 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 6 1 7-24 1-2 25-48 2-3 49 2-4 7-8m
5m 7m 18-20m 9-10m 5 24-26m 12-13m 26-28m 13-14m 8m 10m 6 21-26m 12-24m 5 70 633 6 70 636 41
91a Bowers, 1988 egalitarian relationship Kottman, 2003 Klein Sutton-Smith Isaac Frost,1988 (Brewer, 2001) White & Coleman,2000 91 80 89 1. 1886,, Frost,1988 91a 42
8791a ; Frost,197819881992 1,,,, Bowers,1988 jungle gym merry-go-round exercise play gross-motor play 8791a,,,,,, Frost,1988Campbell, Frost, Hayward Strickland,,,, Frost, 19881992 2 the designer s playground 43
linked play zones 8791a 3 Sorensen 1943 Emdrup waste material playground Allen,1968 London Adventure Playground Association Frost,1988,, 1/3 2.5 dens climbing structures, p.15 scrap building material playleaders 8791a Frost1988 Dewey ;Piaget ;Keats ;Whitehead ;Schiller 44
45, 4 8791a Campbell & Frost,1985, Strickland, 1979 88 137 8791a 91a
2. 88 Bowers1988,, Frost1988,,, the National Elementary School Playground Equipment Survey chinning bars 16%,swings 13% overhead ladders 10% flat slides 9%,fireman s pole 9% balance beams 8% monkey bars 8% see-saws 6% parallel bars 5% geodesic domes 3.5% sand play 1.3% water play 1% Frost,1988 70 87 90.2% 46
88.9% 73.4% 70.7% 56.8% 51.7% 33.0% 31.4% 3 89a Bowers1988,,,,, 77 78 7475 82; Bruya,1985,1988 1973,,, Bowers,1988 Bowers (1977), Bowers1988, 47
48 Bowers1988 1,,,,,,,,, 2 Bowers (1977) 18 3, 45,,,, 4,,,,,
49 5 Fowler, Bowers,1988,,, Nicholson Theory of Loose Parts,,,, Bowers,1988 6,,,, Shaw,, Bowers,1988 7,, 88 8789a91a 80 1
50 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 CNS 10 11
51 Cohen 2001 shelter indoor physical education room 89a 80 9091 80 Gyure2001 80
52 Huddleston2001 Steinbach2001 durability flexibility ease of installationrittner-heir2001 91 89a 80 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
53 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 26~32m 18~22m 12. 2.5 91 91
89 4018 112 269 381 9.48% Ephron Bishop2001 recirculation filtration dehumidification Fawcett, 2000 ; Ishmael, Begleiter, & Butler, 2002 85 91 80 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 54
55 7. 0.8 1.2 25 8 50 8 8. V 10cm 9. 10.
56 11. 87
school size 89a 78 190 13-24 24 21 22 / 25-48 37 18 / 49-72 34 14 / 73 20 10 / 87 24 2-5 24 90 140 2 6 89a 72 7 57
7 72 15-16 58
59 ( ) 80 8
8 80 20-22 60
74 122 16 9 U L L 33 22 2 36 11 6 4 8 61
9 74 130 88 137 10 62
37 27% 64 46% 16 12% 20 15% 10 88 86 91 11 63
64 11 91 27 74 12 59.76 61.54 62.03 63.55 64.76 64.78
4 18 43 32 39 48 10 59.76 62.03 61.54 64.78 64.76 63.55 60.60 5.63 4.97 5.95 5.20 4.13 4.99 3.05 12 74 35 Lyons 2002 DeutschNewell2001 motor performance 79 L 1 2 3 65
66 72 80 74 88 91 74 91 13 L L H
L L H 13 Smith Pillari,1988 Altman1975 Gifford1987 67
68 density Gifford,1987; Weinstein,1979 6 91 85 1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 5.01 3. 1. 2. : (1) ; (2) ; (3) ; (4) ; (5) ; (6) ; (7) ; (8) 89 1. 13.6% 2. 3. 69
90 0 1. 17 6 12 1 2. 17 312 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1-2 3-4 5. 6. 7. 8. 70
71 9. 91 1. 2. 3. 4. 91 921 1. 2. 3. 4. PU 91 1. 2.
72 3. 91 1. 2. 3. Laverdure Laverdure1991 3mg/L 0.8mg/L Lindholm Lindholm 1995 Barbour Barbour1999
73 Kun-Te Kun-Te2000 Rosandich Rosandich2000 80% 20% 15000 Lundberg Lundberg2002
74 Ramirez Ramirez 2002 1.4452 4580 2. 3.
Preiser,Rabinowitz & White,1988 assessment measurement pilot group 90 Zeisel1975 a model of the design cycle 1981 14 programming (design) (construction) (use) (evaluation) 14 Inquiry by DesignTools for Environment-Behavior Research, J. Zeisel, 1981. 75
(pre design research) (design process research) (post occupancy evaluation POE) 80 POE (Doidge, 2001)Sanoff, H. (n. d.) POE POE Bechtel,1980 POE 1960 Osmond,1966 ; Preiser et al,1988 77 POE 72 A 76
Primer on Postoccupancy Evaluation POE 80 POE ( ) 91 POE Duerk POE POE 83 Sanoff ( n. d.) POE White1986 POE Preiser 1988 POE 77
Rabinowitz POE ( Mason, 1999) Tarricone1999 POE POE Doidge( 2001) POE 1 factual building report 2 measurable parameters 3 non-recriminatory forums POE Zimring Fuller2001 POE occupants settle in POE stakeholders Enright2002 POE POE 78
79 POE POE 72 82 POE 1 2 3 4 POE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 83 POE 1 POE 2 3 POE 4
84 POE POE POE Zimiring Reizenstein 1980 POE 1 2 3 4 Kosecoff Fink1982 POE 1 2 3 4 5 White1986 POE POE Preiser et al,1988 1. 2. 80
3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Barrett1995POE Mason(1999) POE Jeffery (2000) POE 81
82 Andersson2001 POE Zimring Fuller2001 POE 1 2 3 4 5 6 Enright2002 POE 1 2 Enright POE 1 2 3 4 5 6 POE
Zimring Reizenstein (1980) generality POE breadth of focus application timing Preiser 1988 POE technical elements (fire safety) structure (sanitation and ventilation) (electrical) (exterior walls) (roofs) (interior finishes) acoustics (illumination) environmental control systems functional elements 83
(building security) (spatial capacity) access/egress (personal security) (parking) (utilities) (communications) (circulation) / (change/growth) (equipment) behavioral elements (symbolism) (social interaction) (density) (territoriality) Jerry(1995) POE process evaluation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Jerry POE 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 POE 72 POE 84
85 80 POE 1 1 POE POE 1. 2.
86 Kun-Te, 2000 POE Preiser 1988 POE POE POE POE indicativepoe 1. 2. client
87 3. 4. client investigativepoe 160-240 diagnosticpoe
POE performance criteria POE Preiser 1988 POE 15 POE 15 POE Post-Occupancy Evaluation, Preiser et al.,1988, p.58. POE POE POE client 88
POE POE POE preliminary schedule 1. 1 POE parameter 2 POE 3 1 2 POE 3 POE 4 liaison individuals 5 6 89
7 8 9 10 POE 1 4 1 POE 2 POE 3POE 4 5 6 7 8POE 5 1 2POE 3 2. 1 POE 2 90
3 1 2 3 4 POE 5 4 1 POE 2 3 life-cycle 4 / 5 6 POE 7 8POE 9 5 1POE 2 3 4 5 91
3. 1 1 POE 2 3 4 5 6 2 POE 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 92
1 4 1 2 3 4 5POE 6 7 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 POE POE 93
1. 1 1 2 POE 2 POE? 1POE 2 3 1 2POE 3 4 5 POE 6 7 4 1 2 3 4 94
5 5 1 2 3 POE 4 5 2. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5POE 4 1 2 3 95
4 5 6 5 3. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 1 2 96
3 4 5 1 2 3 4 POE POE 1. 1 POE 2 3 1 2 3 4 97
5 6 4 1 2 POE 3 POE 4 5 6 5 1POE 2 3 4 5 2. 1 1 2POE 2 3 98
1 2 3 4 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 additional research 3. 1 life-cycle 2 POE 3 1 2 3 4 99
1 2 POE 3POE 4 5 1 2 POE POE POE 16 POE POE POE 1-1 1-2 1-3 16 POE Post-Occupancy Evaluation, Preiser et al.,1988, p.54. 100
POE 2 POE POE Baird POE (Sanoff, n. d.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 POE (the user) (experts) Zimring Reinstein POE 1 2 3 4 5 ( Mason, 1999) Zimring Fuller2001 California Department of General Services, DGS POE 1POE DGS 2POE 101
2 POE POE POE POE 102
3POE DGS 4 5POE POE Sanoff( n. d. ) POE POE Friedman Zimring Zube POE 1 direct observation 2. interview 3 simulation ( Sanoff, n. d.) Bechtel Srivastava POE 14 1 103
interviews,openended(2) interviews,structured 3 4 5 6 7 8 timelapse photography 9 motion-picture photography 10 11 12 13 archival data 14 80 Barrett1995 3 POE POE standardized questionnaires focused interviews structured observation tracing literature search study visit archival records simulation 104
105 3 POE 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Facilities Management-Towards Best Practice, Barrett, 1995,p111.
106 4
107 4 Facilities Management-Towards Best Practice, Barrett, 1995, p114-115.
108 POE HVAC
Preiser 1988 POE college dormitory 1960 Van der Ryn & Silverstein,1967 ; Hsia,1967 ; Preiser,1969 1960 1970 Field Tufts 1960 Markus Preiser et al,1988cooper1970, 1975 Rabinowitz1975 Columbus Indiana Goodrich1976 post-design evaluation 600 109
Friedman, Zimring Zube1978 POE 1980 POE practitioners POE POE Marans Spreckelmeyer1981 Building Research Board POE POE Preiser et al,1988 Dilanthi David1988 1990 POE 80 110
111 81 21 81 82 84
112 86 87 17 89 1. 2. 90
113 90 4 90 5 2 4 90
114 91 91 91
115 91 15 15 91 91
116 91 25 91 CO2 91 91 53
117 92 Pittillo Pittillo1990 3 Bassetti Bassetti1994Martha Lake James Stewart James Stewart1995 Alabama
118 Ornstein Ornstein1997 24 Andersson Andersson2001 5
5 Pittillo Bassetti James Ornstein Andersson Stewart Doidge (2001) POE POE 80 POE POE POE POE 119
POE Preiser et al.,1988 Kosecoff & Fink,19821 2 3 4 5 POE 82 1 2 3 4 5 6 POE Barrett,1995 1 2 3 POE POE POE POE 120
121 82 1 2 3 4 5 140 91 84 6 1 2 3 4 5 POE
122