Adam Smith, 1723-90 foundation approach // asymmetry of information 2 informed uninformed adverse selection 1 Adam Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence, (Great Britain: Oxford University Press,1978), report of 1762-3,p.5. 2 2001Joseph E. Stiglitz Margaret J. Miller, Credit Reporting Systems around the Globe: The State of the Art in Public Credit Registries and Private Credit Reporting Firms, in Margaret J. Miller, edited, Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy,Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press,2003, pp.26-7. 26
overindebted 3 4 2003 3 4 27
5 6 EquifaxTrans UnionExperian public credit registry 7 -- externalities 5 413 6 Ben Shalom Bernanke http://www.cna.com.tw2008317 7 Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, Public Credit Information: A European Perspective, in Margaret J. Miller, edited, Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy,Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press,2003, pp.91-2. KonsumkreditgesetzInformationsstelle für Konsumkredit) 28
8 external costsexternal benefits 9 Fair Credit Reporting Act see, FCRA, 602(a)(1) common lawright to privacycivil law Persönlichkeitsrecht 8 19958343 9 29
Datenschutzpersonal data protection 602 Credit reporting code of conduct Privacy Persönlichkeit die allgemeine Persönlichkeitsrecht Privatsphärenschutz privacy 10 Bundesdatenschutzgesetz European Union s Directive 95/46/EC/ on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (Recht auf informationelle SelbstbestimmungRight to Information Selfdetermination) 11 12 13 10 20049177180 11 1984OECD1980 Guidelines governing the Protection of Privacy and Transporter Flows of Personal Data 12 13 30
14 15 16 17 14 15 16 the individual s right to access his or own data1 23Rafael del Villar, Alejandro Díaz de León, and Johanna Gil Hubert, Regulation of Personal Data Protection and of Credit Reporting Firms: A Comparison of Selected Countries of Latin America, the United States, and the European Union, in Margaret J. Miller, edited, Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy,Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press,2003, p.411. 17 31
18 19 public credit registries private credit registries/ private credit reporting firms/ credit bureaus 20 1934 Evidenzzentrale für Millionenkredite Kreditwesengesetz - KWG 55a55b 56 18 19 20 See, Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, op.cit.,p.82. 32
the mandatory exchange of information 21 the compulsory and universal nature of participation 22 23 24 negative positive reciprocity 25 the purpose of credit granting 26 27 EquifaxExperianTrans Union Dun Bradstreet Inc. 28 29 Equifax ExperianTrans Union 21 See, Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, op.cit.,p.82. 22 See, Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, op.cit.,p.93. 23 See, Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, op.cit.,p.93. 24 See, Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, op.cit.,p.95. 25 See, Margaret J. Miller, Credit Reporting Systems around the Globe: The State of the Art in Public Credit Registries and Private Credit Reporting Firms, in Margaret J. Miller, edited, Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy, (Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press,2003), p.37p.41. 26 See, Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, op.cit.,p.93. 27 See, Margaret J. Miller, op.cit.,p.41-2. 28 Margaret J. Miller, op.cit.,p.35. 29 Rowena Olegario, Credit Reporting Agencies: A Historical Perspective, in Margaret J. Miller, edited, Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy, (Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press,2003), p.133. 33
30 Consumer Credit Protection Act The Fair Credit Reporting Act 31 32 30 Margaret J. Miller, op.cit.,p.35. 31 32 See,Margaret J. Miller, op.cit.,p.48. 34
CICCredit Information Center 19873CIC CRIN Credit Information Network 33 34 Die Schutzgemein-schaft für allgemeine KreditsicherungSCHUFA SCHUFA 35 36 20061220 33 19966210214 34 (1) (2) (3) 35 189 36 199011,2732003242,3572003 34,4278,897 児 済 実 20052 35
37 / / 1. Kreditwesengesetz Evidenzzentrale für Millionenkredite Konsumkreditgesetz Informationsstelle für Konsumkredit CIC Die Schutzgemeinschaft für allgemeine KreditsicherungSCHUFA Trans Union Experian Equifax DunBradstreet Fair Credit Reporting Act 37 国 会 関 会 読 6620074 36
37 38 2. 38 3. //
39 // 40 Trans Union DunBradstreet 41 42 39 40 41 42 38
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