Ps22Pdf

,,, ;,,,,,, 25-35 ( ) 1

, 10 % - 20 %,, 15%, ; 70% - 90 %,,, 70% - 90%,,,,,,,,,,, 2

,,,, 0.1,,, :,, 20, 7,, 10, 1, 1, 14, : 14100000.1 = 14000 ( ) = 14,,, 3

,,,,,,,, 1., 2.,, 3.,,,,, 4. 4

5., (1 ) 7, 8,, (2 ),, (3 ),,,, (4 ),, ;, (5 ),,,,,,, 2003 112.5, 2002 8.9, 5

191, 2002 58.2, 23.4 % ; 98796, 2002 19686, 19.9 %,,,, 15,,,,,,,,,,, 4A, ( 1000 ),,,, ;,,,,,, 6

, : ( 800 ),,,,,,,, : 154A, 1 6 7,,, ( ) ( ), ;,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,, 7

,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, 8

,,,,,,, 0.3% ;, 0.8% ; 1 % ; 1% ;,, 1., ;, ; ;, ;,, 2.,,, 3., 4.,, 9

, 5.,,,,, 6.,,,, 7.,,,, 8.,,,,, 9.,,,, 10.,, 10

1.,, 10,,,,,, 1-2,, 2,, ( ),,, 3-5, 3-4,,, 2.,,,,, 11

,,,,, 3.,, : (1 ), 3-4,, (2 ),, ( 10.7 ), 1/ 2, 1.5 3, (3 )1,,, 3, (4 ),, 0 ( 1.5-2 ),,,, (5 ),,, 1-2, 10 5-9, 12

5-35 (, ),,,, 10,,,,,,,, ; 1500,,,,,,,,, 1.,,, 2 3 ;, 1, 1, 13

2-3, 2.,,,,, 8-10 (2 ), 3.,, 20-30 (3-6 ), 8-12,, (,, ),,, 4.,,,,,, 14

5.,,, 5, 6-8,,,, 14-30, 6-8,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 6. 7-9, 35,,,,,,,,, 10,,,, 15

, :,, 1.:, 3,,, 2.:,,,, () 2, ( ),,, 3 3.:,,,, 2,,, 3,,,, ; 1,, 1 16

, ), 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,, ;, 17

1.,1997 5-7, (, ), 2.,,, 1, 20 3. 4, : 10-25 3-6 30-18

130-180, 30-50 40-60 50-70 60,,, 11 2-3, 2 4. 2, 3-4,, 4-6,, 40, 3-4,,,,, 75 5. 80-100,,, 100-120 50, 60, 19

, 20,,,,, 150, 30-40,,, (: ),, 4-5, 6-11, 300-500 6. 10, 5-6,,,,, 0. 5-1, 2,, : 20

,,,,,,,, 5-7 2., 23, 30,, 5-9,,,, 3.,, 5-10, 1000, 4.,, 20,, 4.5-5, 5.,,,, 6.30,,,,,,,, 21

,,, 1 ( ),, 40,,, 8.,,,, 9.,,,,,,,, :, ;, ;, 0.3 30, ; 22

0.5 1 ;,, 50, 2-7 ; 30, 4-5 ; 3-5% 20-30, ;,,,,,,,,,, :, ;,, ; 1 30 : 0.3-0.5 2PP M,, ; 1.6,, 100 7-10,,,, 23

, :,, 0.3 ;, ;, 0.2, 2-7 ( : ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;, :, :,,, 2 200, ; ; ;, ; 24

15-20 ;,,,, 0.5 24 ;,,,.,, : 1.,,, 25 2.,,, 3. 18 6 7, 1.5-2 ; 2.5, 25

,, : 1.,,,, 2.,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 26

,,,,, 6.5 65 80 90,,, 1 1 4-5 :, 9.5 5, 155,,, 24-30, 50 % - 70 %, 5%, 3 27

,, 1-2, 1.,, 1.2 0.8 0.4,, 2., 65 % - 70%, p H 6.5-735 - 40, 4-5 20-25, 20-25, 25-35,,,, 3. 24-30, 4-5, 20-25,,, ( 1 ),,,, ( 2 ),, ( 3) 28

,,,, 29

?, : 1.,, 30

,, 2.; ; ; ; 3., 25%, ;,, (, 15 ), :,, 15 %?,,,,, 31

40%,,,,,,, 959 ;, 15.94%,,,, 6,,,,, :,,, 4,,,, 10, 32

, 0. 5-0. 75 100-150 10-11 /, 16% - 17%, 30%, 12% - 16%, 0. 2%,, 3,, 4-5, 18,,,,,,, 30,,, 4-5,,,,,, 33

,,,,, 5-7,, 150, 1%, 45,,,, 1.,,, 2.,, 30 %, 3.,,, 8-10, 4., 34

,,, 6.,,,,,,, 20 7., 3-5, 8.,,,,,, : 1., ;, ;,,,, 110, : (1.5-2.5 ) ; ( 1.5 ) (2.5 ) 35

,,, 2. VE VA VD,,,,, 14 % - 15 %,, VE VA VB ;,, 3. 30,,,, 40-50, 90 ;,,,, 5,,, 4., 36

,, : 5-10, 1, 2-3 ;, ;,,,, (2 ), VA VE,,,,, :,, ;, 1, 1-2, ; ; (3 ),,, :, 50, a3( 3 ), 2-5,, 5 37

,,, 60,,, 1. (1 ) 130-250, 1.5-1.7, 65-80, 10-16,,,,,,, 5 (2 ), ;,,,,,, ; 38

), ( 11 (3 ) 4-5, 5-6 6-8, 7-10 ; 6-8, 1-3, 6 15, 30-40 2. (1 ) 12-14 3.532, 5050, 10-15,,, 60 1,,, 10 5, 20 15 12, (2 ) ; : 12% 75 % 7%, 6% 10 % 39

5%, 6% 40. 58%, 4%, 35%, 6% 11%, 2.8 %, 0.55%, 0.065% 50 %, 10%, 10%, 15%, 5%, 5%, 5% 5 50%, 16%, ( ) 20 %, 3%, 10 %, 1% 10 50%, 20%, 15%, 10 %, 3%, 1%, ( ) 0. 75-1.5, 0.5-0.75, 100-150 4-7 2.5-3, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1, 120-180 8-10 3.5-4, 0.25-0.5, 0. 25 kg 3, 4 (3 ) (3 )1 ) 5-8,,,,, ( 3-5 ),, 40

12-4, 2 ), 3 ) 1-3,,,,,,, 1,,, 4), 70-250,, (10-30) 2. (0-6 ),, 1 1,, 3. (6-3 ), 1.5,,, 41

, 3. (1 ),,,,,, (), 3, ( 100 3 ),846 (100 2-5 ) (100 0.7-1.0 )( 100 0.5-0.7 ) (2 ),,,, 3 2, 12-15,, (3 ),,,, 42

, 1-2cm),,, 3cm 2cm, 3 : ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),, 3 2, 5-7 2, 3 1, 2 1, (5 ),,,,,, 1 43

, 40-45,,,, 100,, 4-10, 6-9,, ( 1-5 ),, 25-32, 5 1209040,, 2-4,,, 2-5,, 44

, 2, 4-10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 25140.3,,,,, 1 : 0.5 5 1 48 2 : 10 0.5 48 45

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 800 1800,,,,,, 46

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,, 47

1. : 35-40, 2%,,,, 2.: 8, 3 4, 1-2,, 2-3, 8-10, 10-12 48

: 2,,, : 4-7,,, 20 4. :,, 1,,, 15-35 ( ) 40 ( ) ( ) ( ) 10-14,, 40, 5-6,,,, -,, 20, 25 12 49

/,,,,,,, 1 3,,,,,,, 1.: 24,, 5 % - 8%, 3 0.01%, 0.1%, 6-8,, : 3 3-4, 5 5-7, 7 9-11, 11 13-15, 15 16-18 2. : 0-4,,,, 50

, 1.,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. 12-13, 1020-1030 3.,,,,,, 51

: 15-25,, ; 15,,,,, 90-100 ( 5-10 );,, 12-14 30-40 1 40, 2, 2,,, : 15% 10% 52

54% 3.5 % 1.5% 1%, AB D,,, 25 12.5 7-14 2 % - 3%,, ( 100 20 ), 7,, 1,,,,, 2, 5, 0.005%, 10, 5, 5,,,, 53

, 1.,,,, 2.,,, 3. 100, 3, : 1.(),, : (1 ),,,,,, 10-13,, 54

,,,,,,,,,,, 2.5, 10.5-12.5,,,,, 10-15 65-70%,, 7, 14,,, 10-15, 70%, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 55

( 24 ) (12 ), 250, 125,,,,,,,,, 30, 720,,,,,, 44,,,, 7, 1008,,,,,,, 20%, 50-60 %, 2-2.5,,,,, ( ),,,, 2.,, 56

40 100-110g,,, ;,,, 21,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40,,, 4 5,,,,,, 100-150,,, 120-150,, 57

,,,, ( );,, 55 2,,, 30-1 ;, 2-3,,,, 100 40, 18.8, 9.8, 48.3 %, 38.5 %,,,,,,, 3.,, 20-40, 2-3,,,,,, 58

,,,,, 4, 10-15, 40-60,,,, 4., 30, 12,, 4, 20%,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 59

1.,,, 12 14, 2 2 ( ),,, 60 50 55,, 20 25,,,, 2.,,,,, : 15%, 20%, 20%, 27%, 2 %, 1% 60

, 70 %, 1, 40%, 60%, 500 : 35%, 30%, 5%, 20%, 10% 3, 3, 2, 1-2, 3-5 9-11,, 4.,,, 0.3 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 61

,,, 70%, 25 %, 5%, A B C,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 62

,,,,, 1. 3, (1 ) :,, ( 4 20, 5 20 ), (2 ) : 8, 9 ( 4-4.5 ), ( 4, 4-4.5, 60 ), 25 % - 30 % (3 ) : ( 11-12 ), 70%,, 10-15,,,,,,,, 2. 63

: 12, 6, 65 ; 5.5, 65 5, 63 ; 4.5, 60 (2 ) : 4, 7,,, (3 ): 5, 6,,,,,, 51-60 10-15,,,,, 1.,,,, 64

0.2-0.5, 0.05 % 0.1-0.5 2-3,,,,,, 2. 6-8 :, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 65

,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2-25,,, 45-60,,,, ;,,,,, 2-3,, 66

1.,, 11-12 6-7 3,, 2., ; 3.,,,,, 65 %, ;, 35%, A E B ; 4.,, 2,,,, 5., 52, 67

,,,,, 1., E,, 2. 6-7,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 4. E, E, 2 2, 2, E, 10, E 5 68

,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, 69

,,,, 2.,,,, 2,,,,,, 12, 3025,, : 70 40700,,, 3.,,, :,,,,, 1.5kg ;,,, 11, 3-4 70

,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,, 60, 2-5 ; 8-10,,,,, 30-50 4.,,,,, 50-60%, 30-50 g 10-20% ;, 10% - 20 %,, 1 5.,,, 71

,,,,,,,.,,,, 10-20 (2 ),,,,, 1, 2,2-3 (3 ),,,,,, 0.5m1, 2 (4 ),,,,,, 15,, 72

,,,,, 80-100, 50-60,,, :,,,,,,,, 73

,,,,,,,,,, 1 2,,,,,,, 1-2,,,,, 20 90, 74

,,,,,, 57.78 % 2.54% 17.36% 0.84% 0.05 % E, 2.,,,,,,,, ; ; ;, ;, 3.,,, 4.,,, 75

,,, 1., 3%,, 80-100 1 200,,,, 600,, 1/ 10,,,,,,,,, 2., 50 300 76

, 4000-5000, 4,,,,, 1.,,,, 2. - 8-35,,,,,, 3., 1, 3 1,, 1, 3 77

1 1 1 1/ 10, 200 4.1 20-30, 120-160,, 5.3 1 50-60, 1 1000, 6-10,, 4-6,,,,,,, ;,,,, 4 5, 200-300, 78

,,, :,, 40-60, 2.5-3,, 6, 1.5-2,,, : 10,, : 1. :,, 2. :, 98 % ( ) 3. :,,, 4, 6 8,, 1 20% 79

:,,,,,,, :, 4 5,4 1. :,, 2. :, 98 % () 3. :,,, 4, 6 8,, 1 20%,2,,, 80

,,,, 4 5, 4,,,,,,,,,,, 4-5, 200-300, 5,,,, 40-60, 2.5-3,, 6, 1.5-2,,, 10,, 81

,, 2.,, 98% () 3.,,, 4, 68,, 1 20%,2,,,,,,, 82

4-5, 4,, 4-5 1., ( ), 2., 5, 3.,, 83

5.,,,, 8, 1/ 3, 2/ 3,,, 2.5, 3-5, 1., 1-3 30-31,1 28 1-2 10, 3-4 6-8, 5-8 5 0.02%,, 3 % - 5 %, B 2. 60 84

30 10-12, 3%, 3., 6 (15 ) 2,, 5%,, 50, 18 % - 20 %, 11.70-12.54 / : 50% 8% 5% 10% 18 % 5% 4% : 40% 10 % 30% 3 % 10% 2% 1% 1% 2 % 1%, 3-8 22-24, 5, 30 / 5: 00-9: 00,,,, 85

15, 11,,, 15,,,,,, 10: 00 5: 00,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 108 /, 26-28,5 37. 5, 65% - 70 % 25,, 37, 75% 80 /, 7, 30 86

1. : 2000,, 30 2. :,,,,, 3. :,, 4.: 22, 3 9, 30-50, 90,, : ( 1 ) 37-37. 5; ( 2) 60% - 75% ; (3 ), ; ( 4) 2 1, 90 ; ( 5) 1, 10-30 ; ( 6),9,21, 27, 28 87

:, 34, 0.3, 60-70%, 40-50,,,, 5-6 ; ; ;,,, 6. :,,, 1. :,, 2. :, (1 ): 1-20, 250 200, 80, 1.5 1.5, 20-60, 5 10,, 4,, (2 ):, 1/ 3, 5,, 20 / 100 88

10, : 12-15, 5 0-60, 1/ 5000 0-3 34, 0.3, 20-30 60% - 70% 40-50,,,, 20 7,, 61 2, 2, 8, 3-4, ( 2 ),, 13-14, 89

), ( 10% ),,, 5-7,, Pavo muticu s 140, 100,, 1,,,, 2000,,, 2,, 4-8, 5-6,, 27-30,,,,,,, 90

,,,,,,,, 12-14,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,, 2-3, (),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 91

,, 1, 8, 46 30 35, 12 5, ;,, 3.,,,, 10% - 20%,,,,,,,, 3 1, 1,,,,,,, 92

, 20-30,,,,, 3-4,, 2-6, 1,,,, 1,,,,,, 2,,, 25, 1,,,, 17-21, 6, 9-10, 93

,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 94

,,, ; ;, : 1 400, 1 5000, 1 100, 4000, 1000, 4000,,,,,,,,,,,, 1., 95

80 50 20, 50,,,, 1 40-50,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, 20,,,,, 96

,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,, 15 20,,, 3 5,, (, ) ( 1 ),,,, 97

, : 1. 2 2.5 1 1.5,,,,,, 2. 10 15,, 5 6,, 3.,,, 4.,, ;,,,, 2. 8 3. 1 2,, 3 98

; 2, 11 24,,, 5.25 %, 61.73%, 100 19, 58.56,,,,,,,,,, 3,, 17, 42. 2 %, 200000-200000000,,,,,,, 99

, 100

(7 ), : 1. :,,, 2. 5-10, 4 ; 11-18 101

,, 1 80-100,,,, 90 %,,, : 1.,,,,,, 2.30-60,,, 17-18,, 18 25,, 25, 3., 30 15 /, 5, 3, 5-10 6-8 /, 300 ; 11 3-4 /, 1.4-2.5 /, 100-200, 102

- 18, 1 /, 17, 40, 20-25 /, 2, 2-3 / 4. 55% - 60% ( ),, 5., 10, 5,,,, ( ) 1,,,,,, ;, ;,,,, 6. 1.25-1.3, 0.75-1,,, 103

,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. :, 3 %, 14, 14 28 36, 2. ; 104

1. 1 36.5-37, 2 36, 4-7 34; 2, 3,,,, 2. 65% 1-4,,,, 3.,, 1 50, 2 40, 3 5, 7 15 4.,, 105

,, 1 24, 2, 5., 1-2 28%, 3-4 24%, 5 20% 12,, 3% - 5%, 1 2, 1,,,,,,, 6., 2 1 14-16, 2 7-8,,, 1/ 2 1/ 3,,,, 106

7.,,,,,, 1-2,,,,, 60 1997,,,,, 65-75, 1.3-1.6, 107

45-55, 1.1-1. 4,10-11, 80-120,,, 30, 1: 4, 80% - 86%, 24-25,,,, : 1.,,,,,, 2.,, -,,, 108

, 1/ 4 3.,,,,,,, 4.,,,, 10 2, 30 300, 90-100 1, 100 3500,, 2, 3-4,, 109

( ostrich ), 2.1-2.5, 1, 2, 120-150,,,,,, ;, 1 2, 3 4, ;,, 30, 65, 60, 3-5, 40 ; 30-40, 20-25 ; 25-36,,,, 20-24,,, 110

( ) ; 1300-1800, 20-30, 40-70,, 42, : S.C.camelus S.C.massaicu s S.C.molybdop hanes S.C.australis S.C.syricancu s ( ) 1941, ( domestic ostrich, Struthio camelus var.demesticus) ( African Black ),,,,, 20,,,,,, ( ) ( X ),,,,,,, 111

,, 4 6,,,, ( ),,, 1. :,, 2. :,,,,,,,, 3.:,,,,,, (158.8 ) ( VF A), ;,,,, 112

139.9mM,,, ( ) 4. :,, 36 %, 90%, ( 4-1 ) 4-1 cm % a cm % cm % 512 36 315 88.5 61 90 94 7 12 3.3 5 7 800 57 29 8.2 2 3 a : ( ) % 5. :,,,,,, 6.:,,, 45 8.6, ( 1996 ), 9 ( 4-2 ),, ;,,, 113

a, g, cm 900 109 2600 611 780 177 ( ) 1290 900 a : 7.:,,,,,,,,,,,, 45 %, 47 %, 66% 39 % ;,3, 10 %,6 45%, 10 85%, 17 95% ; NDF, 3 6 10 17 120 6.5 27.9 51.2 58.0 61.6 % ( 4-3 ) 114

ME ( k cal/ kg ) NDF, %, % 1983 33.3 7 3 1731 a 6.5 a 44.4 a 6 2337 b 27.9 b 74.3 b 10 2684 c 27.9 b 85.7 c 17 2739 cd 58.0 d 91.1 d 120 2801 d 61.6 d 92.9 d SE 75 4.5 3.7 a b c d: p < 0.05, V FA,, VF A, VFA,, VFA 50 % V FA,,, ( alfalfa meal ) ME 1200 kcal/ kg, 2127 kcal/ kg, 1983 kcal/ kgme ( ),, 3 1731 kcal/ k g, 6 2337 kcal/ kg,10 2684 kcal/ kg,17 2739 kcal/ kg, 120 2801 kcal/ kg ( 4-3 ), ME 115

8.:,,,, 3, 44 50%, Angel ( 1993 ) 3 6 10 17 120 44.1 74.3 85.7 91.1 92.9% ( 4-3 ) 9. :, 36 48, 6.8 38, 48 48 ( Angel et al. 1995 ), ( emu s ), 5-6,, 7-10,,,,,,,, ( ),, (4-1) ;, 116

,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1,, 117

; 2, ; 3,,, 4-4 a, 10 30 100, kg ( Ib )/ d ay 0.11 (0.24) 0.29( 0.64 ) 1.2( 2.64 ), k cal/ g 3.08 2.63 2.39, % 1.20 1.00 0.86 +, % 0.80 0.68 0.57 a : 4-5 a,, kg( Ib ), %, %, kcal/ g 1-56 - 10( 22) 22.0 1.28 2.99 57-112 - 35( 77) 113-168 - 58 ( 128) 15.5 0.78 2.63 169-280 - 80 ( 176) 14.0 0.60 2.15 281-420 - 110 ( 242 ) 12.0 0.42 1.79 a : 4-6 Start er Grower Bree der Mai nten ance, % 17 28 17 24 15 24 10 20, kcal/ g 2.1-3.2 1.9-2.9 1.6-2.5 1.4-2.3 118

> 0.77 > 0.75 > 0.70 > 0.40, % > 0.38 > 0.36 > 0.34 > 0.28, % > 0.75 > 0.75 > 1.00 > 0.40, % > 4.00 > 4.00 > 6.00 > 8.00 4-7 ( ) > 1.0 > 2.5 : 1 Ca : P ( ) > 2.0 5-6 % > 0.60, % > 0.15, % > 0.12 4 %, % > 0.30, % > 0.07 0.60 %, m g/ kg > 100 2000 m g/ kg, m g/ kg > 80 2000 m g/ kg, m g/ kg > 80 1000 m g/ kg, m g/ kg > 20 500 m g/ kg, m g/ kg > 0.20 5 mg/ kg, m g/ kg > 0.40 50 mg/ kg 4-8 E ( / ), > 25, mg/ kg > 1500 I U/ kg E ( ), I U/ kg > 75, mg/ kg > 1.5 119

A I U/ kg > 8000, m g/ kg > 75 D3, ICU/ kg > 1500, mg/ kg > 14 K, mg/ kg > 2, m g/ kg > 5.5 B12, mg/ kg > 0.01, m g/ kg > 4.0, mg/ kg > 0.2, mg/ kg > 2.0 4-9 ( ), kg, kg / 0-2 18 24 21 3-4 45 51 2.51 5-6 65 93 41 7-10 95 246 6.51 11-14 110 300 141,, 3 30-35, 3 12-14 100-110 ;,, 2 ; ( 0-8 ; 18 ), 22% ; ( 8 16 ; 18 45 ), 20 % ; ( 16 6 ; 45 65 ), 16 % ; ( 6 10 120

65 95 ), 14%, 110, 10-12 % 10 14-15%, 2-3,, ( X ), ( 16% ),,, 8,,,,, 4-6 24, 45%, 48 67%, 31 % ( Levy et al., 1990 ), Degen et al., ( 1991 ) ( ) 1.8 2.6,, 2 3.5,,,, (1 ) :, ( 2 ) :,,, 4 5%, 121

,,, 55%, 20 % ; 40%, 40 50 % ; 25 %, 70 %,95, 90 % 90 %,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 122

,,,,,,,,,,,, 50%, 17 ( C18-2 ) 2.5, (),,,, 123

,,,,,,,,,, ( 50 ), 5, 100 / kg,,,,,,, ; 10%, 53.5% ( 50-60% ) (),,,, 2.25-2.5, 5-16 124

1., 3.5, 2.5,,, 1.5,,,, 1.2,, 2. : 22% : 30% : 5% : 22 % : 20 % ( ) : 15-40 : 0. 5% : 0. 5% 3. (1 ): 5,, 3-4, ( 230-50 ), (2 ) : 180 2 ( 75 ), 5 2,,, 125

: 4,, 3-5,,,,,,,,, 1000,,,,,,,,,,, 126

,,,, 1. : 15-20, 30, 2 1, 20 2. : 70% ;, 3. :1-10 40 /, 11-20 30 /,21-30 25 / 20, 50-100 4. :,,, 127

:1-10, 20 8 / 11-20,, 21 6. : 12,, 0.1%, 10, B 7. : 2-3,,, 1-10 7, 2 ; 11-20 5, 1 ; 21 4 8. :1, 2, 1, 10-20 10 31-60, 60,, 1. :,, 6 4 2.5, 123 10-15 / 2.: 50,, 128

2 2,, 3. :,, 3, ( 5% ),, 15%, 30-40 55 % - 70%, 20% - 30%, 10% - 15 %,, 4. :,,,,, 5. : 40,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 170,, 120 129

:,, 1.25, 1 1-2 2. : 15-110,, 3. : ;, 4 2-3, 15, ;, 7 4. :,,,, 2, 2,,,,,,,,, 8-10 /,,,, 130

,,, 80-90,, : 1.,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,7,,, 3. 30, 1% 7.54,, 15% - 20%,, 100,, 131

,, 18%, 10.89,,,, 4. 60-70,,,,,, :, ;,,,, 5. 65,,, 80, 1 132

1.1-7,,,,,,,,, 10%,6-7,,,,, 10,,, 1,,,,,, 2.8-14 1,, 10,, 133

,,, 3.15-21 15,, 400-500,,,,,,,, 4.22-30,,,,,,,,,,,, 134

,,, (21 ) : 16-22, 1 147, 2 378, 3 446,4 607, 30 610 : 19, 1 152, 2 363, 3 462, 4 545, 4,10, : (1 ) (0-1 ),,,,,, ;, ( ), (2 ) (), 4-5,,, 135

;,,, (3 ),,,,,, 6-7,,,,,, (4 ), 10 1,, 50%, 1 3,,,, 1 1 1 1,, 1 136

,,, : 13-15,,,,, 2, (5 ),, 5, 1, (), 10, 2, 2-3,,,, (6 ) 1-2,,,,,,,,, (7 ) 22-30,, 137

,, 4% - 6%, 1. 1-4 : 50% 35% 5% 5% - 142% 1% 1% 1%, 1 5-7 : 40 % 25% 20% 5% 5 % - 14 2% 1 % 1% 1%, 1 8-10 : 15% 50 % 20 % 5% 4% - 14 3% 1 % 1% 1 %, 1 11-15 : 10% 65% 10% 5% 3% - 14 4% 1 % 1% 1%, 1 16-24 : 5% 80 % 5% 3% - 14 4% 1% 1% 1 %, 2 25-30 : 5% 85 % 3 % - 14 4% 1% 1% 1 %, 2 2. : 55 % 20 % 5% 15% 5% 3. : 45 % 27 % 5% 15% 8%, 138

) 4. : 30% - 70% 10 % - 15 % 10% - 30% 10 % - 20% 3% - 5 % 1.,,,, 15%,,, 3,, 3 12, 2,,, 2 1,, 4,,,,, 139

,,, 5-8,, 4-5 0.2% 0.1%, 1.,,,,,,, 2-3,, 1,,, 2. (1 ), 140

5 10,,, 10 % (3 )17 18,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,, 3. 1, 1-2,,,,,,,,, 6% - 8%,,,,, 141

,,,,,,, 85% - 89% 550-1100,,,,,,, 142

1. 3-45, 20-30, 28-31,15, - 5,1,,,, : 2. 1-1.5,, 10 % - 20 %,,,,, 40 45, ;, 1 1-1.5,,, 2-3, 1510E - 6-2010E - 6 1-2 3. (1 ) 1 ( 1 2 ) 3 143

10-20,,, (2 ) 1,, 2, 9 40%, 60%,, 150,,,,,, (3 ),20-50 1, 2-3 6-7 1, 10-20,,, 20-30 1010E - 6, (4 ) 80 1/ 5,,,, 45 (5 ) 5, 5 2kg,4-5 9-10, 5-8,, 30-120, 2-3, 11-50 : 80 50 80,, 5, 5 144

( ), 5,, 1,,,, 65-75, 93% - 96 %, 30, 80% - 90 %, 50-60, 98%,,, 200 10 E - 6 5, 4.,,,, ; ; ; 15,,, 20, 1. 145

,,,, 2., 10-30,,,,, p H 6.6-8.1,,, p H, 6.6 3. 1 m, 3 ; 2m 6 ; 0.5m 2,, 4. 12, 13,, 11,,,,,, 146

5.,,,,,,,,, 6. 39-41 % 1.2% 1.1% 1% 1%,,,,, 7.,,,,, 3% ( ),, 2 8.,,,, 2,, 147

3-12,, 13-14,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 148

,,,,, ; 1,,, 25, 1-2, 2-3 2,,,,,,,,,,,, 149

, 100 1, 3, 2, - 1963,,, 78.5 1, 1005, E, 3.5 % 23.5-196, - 50, 7800 /, 80, 23.2,,,,,,,,,,, 150

,,,,, : : 100 16.5 1.0 1.6, V A VB1 VB2,,,,,,,,,,,, 151

,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 152

,,,,,,,,,,, 117, 50,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 153

,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,,, 154

,,,,,,, ( Penaeus japonicu s ) ( P. monodon ) ( Metapenaeus monoceros ) ( p. semisulcatus ),, :,,,, ( 3-5 9-10, 6-9, 3-10, 2-8 ),,,, 155

,, 0. 25-0. 32,,, 80-100, 30, 70-90% 27-29 C 34%, 12-14 ( Nauplius ), 0. 32 ( 5-1 ),,,, 90%, 1000,,,, 5-1 ( ) 0. 25 0. 31 0. 34 0. 37 0. 39 0. 44 0. 50 156

0. 92 1. 30 1. 53 1. 97 2. 24 2. 50 2. 83 3. 34 4. 30 ( ), 6 (Zoea), 0. 9,, ( SKeletonema Costatum Nitzschia Closteriu ), 30-50 %, 5,, ( 5-2 ) 6, 5-2 5 6 7 9 10 12 1 + 1 1 + 1 2 + 2 4 + 4 6 + 6 7 + 7 ( Skeletonema Costatum), 157

KNO3 100, 12 H2 O 10, Na2 H PO3 ( Na2 SiO3 ) 10 FeCl3 5, 1-2,, 50-100103 /, 5-103 / ( My sis ), 3, 2. 7-4. 5,,, ( Brine shrimp), ( Copepoda), ( Rotifera) ( Post larva), ( P1, ) 5,, P5 - P7, Annelida Nematoda, 20,, 28-29 ( 27 C )20, 0. 01,,,,, 100,, 158

,,,,,,, 1. : 15-25 75-80,,, 3-4, 5-10, 200-250,, 2. : 10-15 50,, 100-150 /, 1.5 /, 25-35, ph 8.0 1. : 159

,, 10,,, 2, 1-1.2, 2. :, 500-1000 / 2 ( 1000, 500 ), 50, 3-5, 1.5 /, ( 5-10, ), 7-10,,, 4, 5-10 /, 5-6, 20-30 %, 7-10 1.5-2.5, 5-6, 1. : 22-35,,,, 20,, 160

2:,, 3.5-4 /, 5-8 / 1.1985,, 2.1995,, 6-7 ; 1996 5 ; 1997, 2-3 3.1998,, 6-8, 2 50-60, 4.1998 1999 2,,, 2 5.1999,, 6-3 - 1.3-1, 1. 23-32, 18-30, 18,9 2. 5-4, 10-25, 161

3.P H 8.0 + - 0.3, ph 7.0 4. 4PPm, 2PPm 5.5-30ppm 6.35 + - 5 7. 8.0.1-0.3mg/ L 2.0mg/ L 0.4mg/ L 9.103-4 1., 2.40-150 3. 1.5-2.0, 10 4.20 H P 5. 10-30%, 10 60-100%, 17-20, 7, 50-100 6. 2-4, 70-80 %, 20-30%, 8 50% 7., 1.6-1.8 8.FCR 0.85-1.6, 162

1-1.5 10 6. 4%, 15 4 %, 20 3.2% 10.2 9-12, 8-10, 3 15-18, 2 11. 15, 20 ( ),,, IH H- N V N H P,,,,,,,, O,,,, 163

, t,, 1. ( ), 2. 3. 1998,, 10, : 1.,,,,,, 1.5 2., 4, 0.5, 2.5, 5 20,, 3 4, 3., 164

- 20,, 1/ 2, 10-15, 1/ 4,,,,, 4., 5 50 100,,, 6,, 40 %, 4, 60%, 80%, 20% 30,,,,, 1 5.,,,,,,,,,, 6.,,, 165

, 1.,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, 166

3.,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, 4-5, 667 75, 2. 32-35,, 15,,, 35,, 167

3.,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,, 667 10, 0.5, 4-5, 5. 5, 7-9,,,,, p H 7.0-8.5,, ; ph,,,, 168

, 6.,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, 30,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 169

1.,,,,, 4,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 170

,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 171

, 11, 3, 4,,, 4,,, ;,,,,, ;,,, ;,, 0.5 0.1 %,,,,, 1.1-1.4, 172

1 3-4, 0.8, 1-1.5,,, 40 ;,,,,, 0.6 ;,, ;,,,,,, 1, 3, 1000,, 1,,,,,,, 10-30, 20-30cm, 70,,,,,,, 173

20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 174

,,, 1-5, 1-1.5,,,, 5,, 2.,, : ;, ( ),, 1000,,, 3.,,,,,,,, 35%, 24, 2 175

,,,,,,,,,, ph 7-9, 7.5-8.5, 5 /, 5 /,, 2 /,,,, 40,, ;,,,,,,, 400-700,, 400-600,, 176

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1-3,, 5 : 1.,,, 177

,,,,, 3., 4.,,, 5.,,, 2,,, 14, 1.5 : 1.,, 2. 3.,, 4.,, 5.,,,, () () :,,,,, 178

, ( ), : 1.,,, ;, 2. 5-10, 3., ( 8 ) 4.,,,,,, ;, 2002,,,,, 179

,,,,,,, 2001,,,,, WTO,, 180

2002 5 21,,,,, 5,,, 2002 2001 20% - 30%,, 2003,,,,,, 181

200,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 182

,,,,,,,, WTO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 183

,, 1.,,,, ;, 2.,, 20-34, 26-32, 18, ; 12,,, 28% 32% 3.,,, (3-4 ) 4, 0.6, 3-4, 3 4-9, 184

1-10, 1.2-2m; 4 5, 18, 5-10, 1000-2000, 2000-3000 ;, 2, 3-5% 2., 100-200 ( 5-10 ), 3. 4 4 2 5 5 2, 25-45, 8-10 100-150 /, 28% - 32%, 1.,, 5,, 2-3, 3% - 5 %, 2., 185

,,,,, 20ppm, 2 186