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21 On the Father and Son in the Shang Dynasty Lin Chao Abstract During the Shang dynasty, the term for father ( fu ) was classificatory, referring not only to one s own father but also to all one s father s brothers. Likewise, the term zi could refer to one s brothers sons. Concomitant with such a father-son relationship was the Shang system of descent and inheritance, in which direct and lateral lines were not distinguished. According to the Book of History, between the sixth to the tenth generation, the royal Shang house experienced succession disputes nine times, with brothers and sons struggling against one another for the throne. Thus the Shang king of the eleventh generation decided to end the traditional system and undertook reforms. He first granted the title Di to the deceased kings who had enthroned sons. From the title Di, the royal house had developed the concept of di, i.e., direct (descent) and established a contrast with the concept of jie, i.e., lateral (descent). The Shang people also gave new meaning to the word kao, and turned it into a descriptive kinship term (able to distinguish direct and lateral lines) for father (deceased only). It took three generations and five kings to complete the reform. As a result, the descent and inheritance (succession) systems of the royal Shang no longer vacillated between brothers and sons. In comparison with the term fu, the term zi is harder to comprehend. * Lin Chao is a visiting professor in the Graduate Institute of Chinese Literature at Chinese Culture University.
22 21 1 This is because at the time the word was coined, the values for distinguishing between direct and lateral, male and female, son and daughter, young and adult were not given. Thus it is necessary to examine the word s syntagmatic as well as paradigmatic relationships with other words at different levels of language including at least the word, the morpheme, and the formant levels. The author takes the words zi and nü in a binary relation, for example, and discusses whether and when the word zi refers to an adult or a youngster, a male or a female, a son or a daughter. The author also analyzes zi s direct or lateral values in relations to the term duozi or jiezi, and zi s recognition and naming procedures, zi s seniority arrangement, lord and servant relations, and zi s becoming an honorable appellation as well as a title of rank for the feudal lords. Indeed, the changes in zi s referents enhanced the word s significance. Keywords: Shang dynasty, father, son, lineage rules, kinship terminology