Ξ,,,, :, 1,,, 2, :,1868 1874,,,,,, 3,,,, 17,, 4 Ξ 1 International Red Cross Handbook, 12ed(1983), 2 The Efforts of ICRC in the Case of Violations of International Humanitarian Law, in International Review of the Red 3 International Court of J ustice,legality of the Threat of the Use or Use of Nuclear Weapons, (Advisory Opinion),J u2 4 Grotius H., The Law of War and Peace, Book,Larendon Press,pp. 653 656. 70 H1McCoubrey and N. D. White, International Law and Armed Conflict, (Dartmouth Publishing Company,1992),pp. 189 190. Cross(March2April,1981). ly 8,1996,para. 78.
,,,, 5,:,;, ;, 6,, 19,, 1899 1907 1868 1899 () 1859,318 15,,,,,, 16 1864 ( 1864 ), 1864,,,1868 1906,37,1906,,, 1864 1907 13, 1907 ( ) 5 Roussear,J.J., The Social Contract,Harmoudsworth, 1968,p. 56. 6 Ibid., p. 56. 71
2000 4 :,, ;, 7, 19, 20, 20 1907 1914, 1914 1918, 1907,,,,1906,,, 1907 23 5,,,1929 1929 1929 1906 1907 2 1929 25 :,,,, 1907,,,1925,,1929 1925 1936, 8 7 1907 8 :, 8 G. I. A. D. Draper,The Development of International Humanitarian Law,in International Dimensions of Humanitari2 72,,, an Law ( Henry Dunant Institute (UNESCO) ),1988,p. 79.
,, 1945 1946,,,3 :;,,,1948 1949 9, ( ) ( ) ( ),, 1949,,, 10 3 3 1949,,,,,3 1949, :,1945,,, ;,,,, 9 1949 1952 1958 1960 () International Red Cross Handbook,12 ed,icrc,1983. pp. 23-212 ;D. Schindler and J. Toman,ed., The Laws of Armed Conflicts :A Collection of Conventions,Resolutions and Other Documents,3 rd. (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1988) pp. 373-594.,,,,1990,1410-1510 10 1949 49 50 129 146 73
2000 4, 1949 ( ), 1949 ( ),,,, 3, 1974 1977 4,1977 1949 11,,1907, : ;; ; ;, 1949 3,3, ( ),15, 3,,, ( ),3, 1949 (),1949 1977 11,, ( ),,1993, 74 1493-1542
: 12 111925, 1972 1972 ( ),1925, 211954, 1974 1977,, 311977, 411980 1974, 1977 :, (),,1949 1977 13 : 11 1949 1977 ( ;),, 2 3 :,,,2,, 1 :, ; 12H. McCoubrey and N. D. White,International Law and Armed Conflict,Cartmouth Publishing Company,1992,p. 222. 131977,, 75
2000 4, 3, :, ; ; ; 4,, 3,, 14,, 15,1949 (),, 62 63 142 158,,,, 21 16 ( ), 6 7 :,,7 8 :, ( ) 31, 17,, 3 141949 46 47 13 33 20 51 56 15G. I. A. Draper, The Geneva Conventions of 1949,114 RCADI,1965,p. 71. 16, (,1997 ),95-96 17G. Abi - Saab,The Specificities of Humanitarian Law,in C. Swinarski,ed., Studies and Essays on International Hu2 76 manitarian Law and Red Cross Principles(Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1984),pp. 269-270.
,,, 4. 1 : :, () 18,, :,,,; 19 51 1969 53 :, 53,, ; 20,,, 6. 1899 1907, 21 1949 22,, 63 64 142 158,, 18J. Pictet,Commentary ( ICRC,1960),p. 18. 19ICJ. Rep. 1970,p. 32. 20 1995 12 21,1949 186 ; 1991 2,1977 100, 90 : 21D. Schindler and J. Toman ed., The Laws of Armed Conflict,ed., 1988. p. 70., 19 221949 63 62 142 158 77
2000 4,,, 23,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, () : 11 1 :,,,,,,1977 80,,;,,,; 24 23,1949 154 1977 96 241949 48 49 128 145 84 78
25, 1,,,, 26, 21 1949,,,, 27 1977 83 ;,, 1977 83 2 :,, ; 31 1977 87 1 3,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 251949 49 50 ;50 51 ;129 130 ; 146 147 ;85 91 F. Kalshoven and Yves Sandoz,ed., Implementation of International Hu2 manitarian Law (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1989),pp. 109-124. 26Yves Sandoz,Implementing International Humanitarian Law (1995),p. 26,up2dated reprint from International Dimen2 sions of Humanitarian Law ( Henry Dunant Institute,Martinus Hijhoff Publishers,1988). 271949 47 ;48 ;127 144 79
2000 4 28 29 1977 11 4 85 3 4,91 :,,,, 86,, () 11 1929 86 :,, 1949 8 9,,,,,,,, 1949, (), 21 10 11,, 1,,,,, 1977,5,5, : ; 2849 50 129 146 29,50 51 130 147 80, ( ) 1977,,
,,,,,,, 3.,,,,( ),,,,,,,1949, 41 1977 90,,, 30,,,, 31,, 30Yves Sandoz,Implementing International Humanitarian Law,1995,p. 19,up2dated reprint from International Dimen2 sions of Humanitarian Law ( Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva).,,99-100 31 1994 12 31,135, 41 81