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2005 3 21 22 Günter Hörmandinger 1

HC CO NOXPM 4

6 (vignette)

2000 9

2001 93 13

http://europa.eu.int/comm/taxation_customs/taxation/other_taxes/passenger_car/index_en.htm 14

1999 1999 Study on vehicle taxation in the Member States of the European Union, http://europa.eu.int/comm/taxation_customs/resources/documents/vehicle_tax_study_15-02-2002.pdf 15

1999 16

32 31 1990-99 18

(EU 15) 120 CO2/ 1995 2008/9 140 / 19

105 100 95 90 85 80 ACEA JAMA KAMA EU-15 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20

1993 2001 (1993-2000) (1995-2000) (1993-2000) (1993-2000) (1993-1996) (1993-2000) (1993-1998) 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 1993 2001 21

12 14 22

SEC(2005) 43 PM 5/ 23

LDV 3 4 24

: 2005 7 PM 5 / 300 5 / 150 2005 7 300 PM 5 / 600 2006 5 / 350 250 25

Communication COM(2002) 431 http://europa.eu.int/comm/taxation_customs/taxation/other_taxes/passenger_car/index_en.htm 27

2003/96/EC 359 /1000 302 /1000 2010 330 2007/8 245 /1000 29

2004 1 800 /1.0002004 1 COM 750 700 600 500 470 2004 302 1993 245 400 300 200 389 403 368 368 222 238 240 245 245 253 282 290 294 300 312 314 319 322 335 349 351 154 163 100 0 LV EE PL MT CY LT GR LUX A B E P CZ Sl FIN NL HU S SK IRL DK FR IT D UK 2004 EU-15 30

21 1986 = 100 31

http://www.upi-institut.de/benzinpreise.htm 32

1. 2 50 ppm S 2. 3. 2 3.. 33

COM(2002)410 359 /1000 34

Eurovignette COM(2003) 448 25% 10% Brenner Pass / http://europa.eu.int/comm/transport/infr-charging/charging_en.html 35

2005.3.21 JARI Kiyoyuki Minato

70 7400 2

NOx HC PM (CO 2 ) 3

/ (ITS) (ITS) 4

/ CO 2 5

CO 2 CO 2 2010 2010 1990 21% 1990 年 2010 年 1990-6% -21% -0.5% CO 2 1990 () 甲烷 -2.0% CFCs +2.0% -3.9% -1.6% 9.8%! (2002 ) 15%! 7

CO 100 50 0 60% 50% 45% 5% (10 10-15) 1.6% (0.8%) HC 100 50 0 75% 59% 48% 8% (10 10-15) 2.6% (1.3%) NOx 100 * IW 1,000kg IW > 1,000kg 70% (10 10-15) 50 27% 39% 20% 8% 2.6% (1.3%) 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 * 100% = * IW = 10

0.06 ( ) 0.05 2005 NMHC (g/km) 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 NOx (g/km) 11

SO2 ( ) ppm 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 NO2 (NOx, ppm) NOx (, ppm) 800 400 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 12 1990

~ \ \ \ 14

: 75% : : 15

Prius 215 241 21 Estima Hybrid 335 338 24 Civic Hybrid 212 23 16

2005 3 21 Yasuhiro Daisho

* * * *

SPM (2001 2 28 23 )

2009 2010 (2005 ) NOx: 0.7 g/kwh, PM: 0.01 g/kwh NOx, NMHC: 0.08 g/km, PM: 0.005 g/km

2009 PM NOx NMHC CO 0.005 0.08 0.024 0.63, g/km -62% -43% 0% 0% *, g/km 0.005 0.08 0.024 0.63 (G 1.7 t) -62% -43% 0% 0% * 1), g/km 0.007 0.15 0.024 0.63 (1.7 t <G 3.5 t) -53% -40% 0% 0% * 2), g/kwh 0.010 0.7+ 0.17 2.22 (3.5 t<g ) -63% -65% 0% 0% 1) 1.7 t <G 2.5 t, 2) 3.5 t<g 12 t: 2010 +:, 2008 0.233 g/kwh

PM g/kwh 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.013 09? 2010 NOx:0.7-0.233 PM: 0.01 EURO5 08 07 05 03 04 (NOx+HC) EURO4 05 0 0 0.27 1 2 3 4 NOx g/kwh NOx PM

( : Japan (NOx, 2005) ( : Japan (NOx, 2009) 4 5 (FEV, 2003)

2009 PM NOx NMHC CO g/km 0.005 0.05 0.05 1.15 G 1.7t g/km 0.005 0.05 0.05 1.15 1.7t G 3.5t g/km 0.007 0.07 0.05 2.55 G 3.5 t g/kwh 0.01 0.7 0.23 16.0 * G: NOx, NMHC CO * NSR PM

Japan US Cal. US Cal. 99 01 03 05 07 09 2000 02 04 06 08 10 99 01 03 05 07 09 2000 02 04 06 08 10 NOx HC

GVW 3.5 t km/h GVW>3.5 t km/h 2005

(2004-2005) + 2010 2010 5% NOx HC 50% *25% * 20 NOx HC 75% * 减免 25% 的年度使用税 * 20 *50% * 30 +: 2005

VG DPF / NOx ERG EGR

Bosch)

NOx/PM HCCI PM HC 预喷射 TDC 速率调节

HCCI BDC TDC NOx PM HC CO EGR SI

OC: SCR: LNT: (NSR) OC OC OC OC -SOF -HC,CO -SOF -HC,CO -SOF -HC,CO -SOF DPF SCR OC DPF SCR OC -HC,CO -SOF -HC,CO LNT -PM -NOx -PM -PM OC -NH3 DPF -NOx -NOx : : OC -NH3 -HC

VG 涡轮增压器 DPR (Hino Motors,2003 年 )

* * * * * * HC SOF *

-SCR) DPF PM - 1,000

-SCR (2004 10 7 ) * Quon(GVW:20~24 ) * DPF * 1,000 ECU SRC

2003 DPNR

SCR LNT * / * SCR * * HCNO N 2 O NH 3 * LNT NOx NSR * * *

II 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 CO2

1.2% 100 ppm 50 ppm 10 ppm> 2005 05-08 2005 (S<10 ppm) 0.5% 500 ppm 50 ppm 0.2% 10 ppm> 2009 NSR (LNT) 1953 76 92 97 2003 05-07

25 20 2005-2006 CO2 km/l 15 10 5 0 140 g/km 120 g/km 2010 2005 2008 201X? [] [] []

: 10%< :5-10% :5%> Miller (SCV, VVT) CVT MT

GDI, 1995 NEO-DI, 1997 D4, 1995 i-vtec I, 2004

NOx g/km 0.28 0.25 0.14 0.08 0.05 0 - - 2002 (1978 ) 2005 2000 2009? 2005 5 10 15 20 25 30 CO2 % NOx-CO2 DI NOx

METI MLIT 2012 CO2

METI CO2

~ MLIT METI MOE ~ a) b) a) b)

轿车 & 轻型车辆 2 技术目标车辆类型重型车辆技术目标车辆类型

MLIT 发展下一代重型 EFV 的项目 (2002-2004) 车辆类型 (GVW) NOx PM CO2 () DME (20 ) Nissan Diesel 1/4 相当于柴油 CNG (25 ) Japan Gas Association 1/4 相当于柴油推广型混合动力公交车 (80 座 ) Mitsubishi 1/10 1/4 1/2 并混合动力车 ( 15 吨 ) Hino 1/10 1/10 1/2 (25 ) New ACE 1/10 1/2 10% NOx PM 2005 2010 1/10

(: %) PM NOx * -20 ~ -60 20 ~ 40-5 * 10 ~ 20-20 ~ -60 5 * -10 ~ -30 10 ~ 20-5 * -20 ~ -40 - - * -70 ~ -95-0 ~ 5 * NOx 5 - -60 ~ -90 0 ~ (* HCCI ) - -60 ~ -90 0 ~ 5 * -20 ~ -30-20 ~ -30-5

EGR NOx & PM NOx O2 : 280 kw (New ACE, MLIT, 2002-2004) 2004)

5 40 kw 90 kw*2 GVW 14 78 (MLIT, 2002-2004) 2004)

-DME - GVW 18 200 kw -CNG - GVW 25, 235-257 kw EF (MLIT, 2001-2004) 2004)

1.0 2.0 3.0 EV FCV EFV

METI NEDOA (FY2004-2008) 1. * : NOx: 0.2 g/kwh, PM: 0.013 g/kwh NOx: 0.05 g/km, PM: 0.007 g/km * : 10% : 2010 30% 2. GTL * GTL * GTL CN

( ) 3. * 1 4. * * PM 5 50

3% (2003-) CO2 500 600 kl 6% (100 /? 2010 E10

?? CO2 ETBE

- (2003-) CO2 BDF 5% SOF 乙醛 BDF

California s s Carl Moyer Program Carl Moyer Charlotte Pera Energy Foundation/ MOF/NDRC/CSEP March 21-22, 22, 2005/ 2005 3 21 22 22 Beijing, China/

Overview What is the Carl Moyer Program? Carl Moyer Founding concepts Program structure Results Revenue sources

What is the CMP? CMP? California incentive program to reduce pollution from diesels

What is the CMP? CMP? State investment: 154M USD (1.3B RMB) from 1998 to 2004 Up to 141M USD (1.2B RMB) per year from 2005 (State and local government) Copied in Texas; may be copied elsewhere

Why Use Financial Incentives? Mandatory standards for new products are most important, but are not enough Diesels last many years; older diesels pollute more; must address this source

Why Use Financial Incentives? Technologies make cost-effective clean up of some older diesels possible How do we use these technologies to reduce pollution from older vehicles?

CMP Founding Concepts (1) CMP- Government buys the pollution reduction on a project-by by-project basis Must be cost-effective Must be real, quantifiable, surplus, enforceable

CMP Founding Concepts (2) CMP- Program must be user-friendly so owners and technology providers participate Criteria set in advance, government advertises the program

Example Road Builders Inc. Applies for CMP funding to repower one loader, one scraper, and two graders Government determines project meets eligibility criteria; awards 200K USD

Program Structure (1) Partnership of state and local agencies State provides most $, sets program rules, certifies good technologies, audits local programs, reports to legislature

Program Structure (2) Local districts solicit good projects, disburse program funds, report to CARB

Program Structure (3) Equitable (environmental justice) 50% of $ used in low-income communities

Results: Cost Effective Benefits Through 2004, cut 18 tons per day NOx,, 1 tpd PM at low cost (3,000 USD/ton NOx)

Results: Good Mix of Projects Source: California Air Resources Board/

Results: Benefit-Cost Ratio 13:1 Prevent up to 340 deaths by 2012; other health benefits Billion RMB 20 15 10 5 0 Benefits 17 B RMB saved by 2012 2012 170 Costs Source: UCS/

Revenue Sources 1998-2004: several sources, approved yearly From 2005, dedicated annual funding: surcharge on annual vehicle registration fee, other small fees

Programs like CMP CMP can supplement mandatory standards to further reduce pollution (or oil use) can be targeted by source, region, etc. can provide big benefits at low cost

Programs like CMP CMP require careful design, implementation, and reporting work best with central oversight and local, user- friendly project management need an ongoing revenue stream

Thank You More information: www.arb arb.ca..ca.gov/msprog/ moyer/moyer moyer.htm www.ucsusa.org/clean_ vehicles/trucks_and_bus es/index.cfm

2005 3 21-22 22 Michael P. Walsh ÖL

? SO 2 CO HC NOx

PM 0.06 0.05 0.04 PM 0.03 PM / PM 0.02 0.01 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 PPM

2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 EPA /- 15 Caterpillar, EPA 98 NOx = 4.0 P = 0.10 Consent Decree 10/02 Cummins, Detroit Diesel, Volvo, Mack Trucks/Renault Navistar EPA 04 NOx = 2.5 P = 0.10 15 ppm EPA 07 NOx = 0.25 P = 0.01 EURO /- EURO III NOx = 5.0 P = 0.10 Combined EURO IV EURO V EURO III-IV NOx = 3.5 P = 0.02 NOx=2.0 P=0.02 50/10 ppm 10/05 10/08

150 PPM 60% 50% 40% 67% 500 ppm 800 ppm 70% 30% 20% 10% 33% 26% 74% 30% 0% CO/10 HC NOx EURO 3

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 94% 100% 350 ppm 500 ppm 45% 33% 16% 5% 0% HC NOx PM EURO 3

PM ( ) Without Weather influence With (<50 ppm) Automobile tunnel Iogi Tunnel (Loop 8) (Emissions reduced per vehicle) Carbon(E C) -49% Cancercausing agents Up to - 58% Osakabashi Air Monitoring Station Carbon (EC) -30% Roadside Meguro St. roadside (By Prof. Uchiyama of Kyoto University) Cancercausing agents -36% Comparison of two two-day periods Mar. 11-12, 2001 (Left bars, black and yellow) Nov. 9-10, 2003 (Right bars, black and yellow) Comparison of two twomonth periods Sept.-Oct. 2001 (Left bar) Sept.-Oct. 2003 (Right bar) Comparison of two six-day periods Sept.-Oct. 2000 (Left bar) Oct.- Nov. 2003 (Right bar) Daisho

/ / /

(FCC) Naph 30 Naph Complex 4 44 100 MBPD C D U V D U 12 18 VGO 25 H D S LPG F FCC Naph C C FCC LCO TR Diesel ALKY P R O D U C T S 32 17

C D U P R O D U C T S 100 MBPD Naphta 30 12 18 5 47 42 2 HDS V D U TR Diesel Naph Complex ALKY F C C VGO 25 FCC Naphta FCC LCO C O K E R H K R Naphta Naph

(HDS) HDS HDS

(FCC) 1,000

FCC

FCC FCC

/ 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 10 50 250 350 500 1,000 3,000 0 Enstrat International

4.0 6.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 4.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 - - 05-2 Euro2 05-3 Euro2&3 05-4 Euro3 05-5 Euro2&4 08-6 Euro3&4 10-7 Euro3 10-8 Euro3&4 10-9 Euro3&4 10-10 Euro3&5 10-11 Euro4 10-12 Euro5 / / / / 5.0 /

6.0 5.0 / / / 4.0 / 3.0 2.0 1.0-05-2 Euro2 05-4 Euro3 10-7 Euro3 10-11 Euro4 10-12 Euro5 Yamaguchi

2005 2.8-3.2/ 2008 4.04 / 2010 4.7 /EURO5 5.2 /

European Tax Incentives Schemes To Encourage Low Sulfur Fuels National Tax incentives For 50ppm sulphur fue ls National Tax incentives For 50ppm & 10 ppm sulphur fuels (and or availability) 4.5Ec/l 50ppm Petrol (2000), Diesel (2001) 10ppm Diesel Available (2000) 0.3Ec/l 50ppm Petrol (2001) 5.7Ec/l 10ppm Diesel (2001) 3.9Ec/l Diesel (2000) 10ppm Petrol (2002) 10ppm Diesel (2002) 2.5Ec/l 50ppm Diesel (1993).076Ec/l 50ppm Petrol (2000), Diesel (2001) 1.5EC/l 10ppm Petrol/Diesel (2003) 1.5Ec/l 50ppm Petrol/Diesel (2001) 2.4 Ec/l Diesel (1999) 3.1Ec/l 50ppm Diesel (1993) 4 Ec/l Petrol/Diesel (2001) 2 Ec/l Petrol/Diesel (2001) 50ppm Diesel Available (2000) 10ppm Petrol/Diesel incentive (2004)

50 ppm 10 ppm / $0.70 $0.61 2 3 $0.60 $0.50 $0.40 $0.29 $0.29 $0.30 $0.20 $0.11 $0.10 $0.00

( 10 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 ; 1994$) 1 2001 2020 0 30 ppm

3 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 2030

2 110 1750 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 10 2030

2006 2000 2005 2005-9 Class 1 2003 2004 2005 2006 2005 2006 2010 2004 2006 PPM 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

99% :

2005 3 21

85% 2090 1100 255 2003 9000 2004 1.2 41% 3

% CO HC NOx 63.4 73.5 46.0 87.0 97.0 74.0 85.8 36.6 86.3 98.6 69.7 70.0 20.0 10.0 88.7 48.5 83.0 81.0 55.0 62.0 70.0 45.0 84.1 25.7 4

60% 7

1 17 2 22 2.2L 8% 1.0L <2.2L 5% <1.0L 3% 2.4L 5% <2.4L 3% ( 22 ) 2.0L 5% <2.0L 3% 8

4, 60~320 16~60 20~60 32~80 9

5 10

II 30% 18