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1 香港運動場地之最佳草種選擇 Choosing the Best Turfgrass for Sports Turf Fields in Hong Kong Dr. Eric, Y.T. Lee 李賢祉博士香港中文大學生物系名譽高級研究員 Honorary Senior Research Fellow School of Life Sciences, CUHK 香港園藝專業學會會長 President Institute of Horticulture Science of Hong Kong 11, June 2011 何謂草坪草? What is turfgrass? 1

2 禾本科 Grass Family (Gramineae/Poaceae) 有花植物四大科之一, 僅次於菊科蘭科及豆科. One of the four largest families among the Flowering Plants. It is only second to Compositae, Orchidaceae, and Leguminosae 全世界共有約 635 属及 9000 多種 World wise, there are about 635 genera and 9,000 species 在香港則約有 100 属及 250 多種 In Hong Kong, there are 100 genera and 250 species 2

3 草坪草 Turfgrass 草坪草是用作地坡植物的草 Turfgrasses are grasses that act as a vegetative ground cover 草坪草由植物育種學家經過多年的經驗及實踐而篩選出來的 Turfgrasses are selected by plant breeders throughout years of experience and practice 分類學上這 40 (20+ & 10+) 多種草坪草是隨意地分佈於禾本科的各族內, 而它們彼此之間並無甚直接關係 ( 同屬者例外 ) Taxonomically, the 40 (20+ & 10+) some species of turfgrass are randomly distributed among the various tribes in the Grass Family, and they are not quite related to each other (Except those in the same genus) 草坪草的性狀 Characteristics of Turfgrass 耐經常及低剪 Tolerance to frequent and low cuts (mowing) 快促生長 Fast growing 快促恢復 Quick recuperating 具匍匐莖根莖及 / 或分蘖以助草皮之形成 With stolon, rhizome and/or teller to facilitate sod forming 3

草皮 Turfgrass Sods 草坪草之分類 Classification of Turfgrass 暖季型草坪草 Warm season Turfgrass 在氣温攝氏 27 度 ( 華氏 80 度 ) 或以上生長得最好 Grow best when temperatures are 27

4 草皮 Turfgrass Sods 草坪草之分類 Classification of Turfgrass 暖季型草坪草 Warm season Turfgrass 在氣温攝氏 27 度 ( 華氏 80 度 ) 或以上生長得最好 Grow best when temperatures are 27 degree C.(80F) or higher. 冷季型草坪草 Cool season Turfgrass 在氣温攝氏度 ( 華氏度 ) 間生長得最好 Grow best at temperatures in the degree C.(60 75F.) range 4

5 草坪草之生長規律 Growth Patterns of Turfgrass 暖季型及冷季型草坪草的其他不同特點 Other Differences between Warm season & Cool season Turfgrass Species 在生理學上 ( 光合作用的中間產物 ), 所有暖季型草坪草均屬 C4 而冷季型草坪草均屬 C3 系的草 Physiologically the Warm season species are known as C4 grass and the Cool season species C3 grasses 在解剖學上所有暖季型草坪草葉肉細胞的構造及排列與冷季型草坪草有明顯的不同 Anatomically there are visible differences in the cell structure of the leaves at microscopic level 5

6 C3 & C4 Photosynthesis Pathways Leaf Sections: C4 (Left) vs. C3 Plant 6

7 香港所見的暖季型草坪草 Warm season Turfgrass found in Hong Kong 百慕達草狗牙根 (Bermudagrass) * 雜交百慕達草天堂草等 (Hybrid Bermudagrass Tiftongrass, etc. ) 結縷草 (3) (Zoysiagrass) 地毯草 (2) (Carpetgrass) 假儉草 (Centipedegrass) 双耳草 (Hilograss) 粘人草 (Golden Spear Grass) * 聖奥斯丁草 (St. Augustinegrass) * 百喜草 (Bahiagrass) 海濱雀稗 (Seashore Paspalum Gras) also* * 蔓生狼尾草 (Kikuyugrass) 長花馬唐 (Long Flower Digitaria Grass) *Introduced species 地毯草 Tropical Carpet Grass 7

8 長穗地毯草 Carpet Grass 双耳草 Hilo Grass 8

9 狗牙根 Common Bermudagrass 雜交百慕達草天堂草等 Hybrid Bermuda Grass (Tifton 419) 9

10 結縷草 Korean Zoysia Grass 溝葉結縷草 Manila Zoysia Grass 10

11 海濱雀稗 Seashore Paspalum 假儉草 Centipede Grass 11

12 粘人草 Golden Spear Grass 聖奥斯丁草 St. Augustine Grass 12

13 百喜草 Bahiagrass 蔓生狼尾草 Kikuyugrass 13

14 長花馬唐 Long Flower Digitaria Grass 香港所見的冷季型草坪草 Cool Season Turfgrass found in Hong Kong *Ryegrass(2) ( 黑麥草 ) *Bentgrass ( 剪股穎 ) *Blue Grass ( 早熟禾藍草 ) *Tall Fescue ( 高羊茅 ) * Introduced species 14

15 多年生黑麥草 Perennial Rye Grass 高羊茅 Tall Fescue 15

16 早熟禾藍草 Kentucky Blue Grass 剪股穎 Bent Grass 16

17 如何評估草坪草? How to assess a turfgrass? 葉片的粗細 Texture 剪草高度 Mowing Height 耐熱性 Hot Temperature Tolerance 耐寒性 Cold Temperature Tolerance 耐旱性 Drought Tolerance 耐踐踏 ( 磨損 ) 性 Traffic & Wear Tolerance 耐陰性 Shade Tolerance 抗蟲害性 Insect Resistance 耐病害性 Disease Resistance 耐鹽性 Salt Tolerance 成坪時間 Establishment Time 肥料需求量 Fertilizer Rate 葉片的粗細 ( 濶度 ) Texture (Width) 地毯草 (Carpet Grass) 雙耳草 (Hilo Grass) 百喜草 (Bahiagrass) 聖奧斯丁草 (St. Augustine) 黑麥草 (Rye Grasses) 粘人草 (G/Spear Grass) 假儉草 (Centipede Grass) 結縷草 (Zoysia Grass) 百慕達草 (Bermuda Grass) 海濱雀稗 (Seas Paspalum) 改良百慕達草 (Improved Bermuda) 剪股頴 (Bentgrass) 17

18 剪草高度 Mowing Height 百喜草 (Bahiagrass) 聖奧斯丁草 (St. Augustine) 雙耳草 (Hilo Grass) 地毯草 (Carpet Grass) 黑麥草 (Rye Grasses) 粘人草 (G/Spear Grass) 假儉草 (Centipede) 結縷草 (Zoysia Grass) 百慕達草 (Bermuda Grass) 海濱雀稗 (Seas Paspalum) 改良百慕達草 (Improved Bermuda) 耐熱性 Hot Temperature Tolerance 結縷草 (Zoysiagrass) 改良百慕達草 (Improved Bermuda) 百慕達草 (Bermuda grass) 海濱雀稗 (Seashore Paspalum) 雙耳草 (Hilo Grass) 地毯草 (Carpet Grass) 聖奧斯丁草 (St. Augustine) 百喜草 (Bahiagrass) 粘人草 (G/Spear Grass) 假儉草 (Centipede Grass) 黑麥草 (Ryegrasses) 18

耐寒性 Cold Temperature Tolerance 黑麥草 (Ryegrass) ----------------------------------- 結縷草 (Zoysiagrass) 海濱雀稗 (Seashore Paspalum) 百慕達草 (Bermuda Grass) 改良百慕達草 (Improved Bermuda) 百喜草 (Bahiagrass) 假儉草

19 耐寒性 Cold Temperature Tolerance 黑麥草 (Ryegrass) 結縷草 (Zoysiagrass) 海濱雀稗 (Seashore Paspalum) 百慕達草 (Bermuda Grass) 改良百慕達草 (Improved Bermuda) 百喜草 (Bahiagrass) 假儉草 (Centipede Grass) 聖奧斯丁草 (St. Augustine) 粘人草 (G/Spear Grass) 雙耳草 (Hilo Grass) 地毯草 (Carpet Grass) 耐陰性 Shade Tolerance 聖奧斯丁草 (St. Augustine) 結縷草 (Zoysia Grass) 地毯草 (Carpet Grass) 雙耳草 (Hilo Grass) 粘人草 (G/Spear Grass) 黑麥草 (Rye Grasses) 假儉草 (Centipede Grass) 百喜草 (Bahiagrass) 海濱雀稗 (Seas Paspalum) 改良百慕達草 (Improved Bermuda) 百慕達草 (Bermuda Grass) 19

20 耐旱性 Drought Tolerance 結縷草 (Zoysia Grass) 海濱雀稗 (Seas Paspalum) 百慕達草 (Bermuda Grass) 改良百慕達草 (Improved Bermuda) 百喜草 (Bahiagrass) 假儉草 (Centipede Grass) 聖奧斯丁草 (St. Augustine) 粘人草 (G/Spear Grass) 雙耳草 (Hilo Grass) 地毯草 (Carpet Grass) 黑麥草 (Rye Grasses) 耐鹽性 Salt Tolerance 海濱雀稗 (Seasshore Paspalum) 聖奧斯丁草 (St. Augustine) 結縷草 (Zoysia Grass) 百慕達草 (Bermuda Grass) 改良百慕達草 (Improved Bermuda) 地毯草 (Carpet Grass) 20

21 耐踐踏 ( 磨損 ) 性 Traffic /Wear Tolerance 結縷草 (Zoysia Grass) 改良百慕達草 (Improved Bermuda) 百喜草 (Bahiagrass) 百慕達草 (Bermuda Grass) 海濱雀稗 (Seashore Paspalum) 粘人草 (G/Spear Grass) 假儉草 (Centipede Grass) 聖奧斯丁草 (St. Augustine) 雙耳草 (Hilo Grass) 地毯草 (Carpet Grass) 黑麥草 (Rye Grasses) 肥料需求量 Fertilizer Rates 百喜草 (Bahiagrass) 結縷草 (Zoysia Grass) 假儉草 (Centipede Grass) 粘人草 (G/Spear Grass) 聖奧斯丁草 (St. Augustine) 雙耳草 (Hilo Grass) 地毯草 (Carpet Grass) 海濱雀稗 (Seas Paspalum) 百慕達草 (Bermuda Grass) 改良百慕達草 (Improved Bermuda) 黑麥草 (Rye Grasses) 21

22 成坪時間 ( 由匍匐莖繁殖 ) Establishment Time (By Stolon) 改良百慕達草 (Improved Bermuda) 海濱雀稗 (Seas Paspalum) 百慕達草 (Bermuda Grass) 假儉草 (Centipede Grass) 地毯草 (Carpet Grass) 雙耳草 (Hilo Grass) 聖奧斯丁草 (St. Augustine) 粘人草 (G/Spear Grass) 結縷草 (Zoysia Grass) 百喜草 (Bahiagrass) 抗蟲害性 Insect Pest Resistance? 結縷草 (Zoysia Grass) 假儉草 (Centipede Grass) 百喜草 (Bahiagrass) 地毯草 (Carpet Grass) 雙耳草 (Hilo Grass) 海濱雀稗 (Seas Paspalum) 百慕達草 (Bermuda Grass) 改良百慕達草 (Improved Bermuda) 聖奧斯丁草 (St. Augustine) 22

23 抗病害性 Disease Resistance? 百喜草 (Bahiagrass) 改良百慕達草 (Improved Bermuda) 百慕達草 (Bermuda Grass) 海濱雀稗 (Seas Paspalum) 假儉草 (Centipede Grass) 結縷草 (Zoysia Grass) 粘人草 (G/Spear Grass) 地毯草 (Carpet Grass) 雙耳草 (Hilo Grass) 聖奧斯丁草 (St. Augustine) 黑麥草 (Rye Grasses) 香港體育場地常用的草坪草 Common Turfgrass Used on Sports Fields In HK 地毯草 + 雙耳草 : 例如旺角體育場小西灣體育場跑馬地中場足球場, 等等 Carpet Grass + Tilo Grass: e.g. Mok Kok Sports Grounds, Shiu Sai Wan Sports Grounds, Happy Valley Infield Sports Grounds, etc 雜交百慕達草 : 例如政府大球場香港大學何鴻生慱士運動場聯校教育學院體育學院將軍澳晒草灣體育場, 等等 Hybrid Bermudagrass: e.g. Hong Kong Stadium, Dr. Stanly Ho Sports Grounds, HKU, Joint University Sports Ground, Education College Sports Grounds, Tseung Kwan O Sports Grounds, Sai Tsao Wan Sports Grounds, etc. 結縷草 : 例如香港中文大學的二個體育場 Zoysia Grasses: e.g. Two Sports Grounds, The Chinese University of Hon Kong 海濱雀稗 : 尚未用於體育場 Seashore Paspalum: Has yet to be used in any non golfing sports fields 23

24 香港常用五種體育場地草坪草的比較 1 Comparison of the 5 Commonly Used Turfgrasses for Sports Field 1 地毯草 (+ 雙耳草 ) Carpet Grass (+Tilo Grass) 雜交百慕達草天堂草 419 號 Hybrid Bermudagrass Tifton 419 結縷草 ( 朝鮮草 ) Korean Grass 溝葉結縷草 ( 馬尼拉草 ) Manila Grass 海濱雀稗 Seashore paspalum 草枝密度計算實驗 Shoot Density Experiment 24

25 草柱的面積 = πr2 = x (5.25mm x 5.25 mm) = x 27,5625 mm2 = mm2 Area of the of Core = mm2 草柱所包括的草枝 = 96/86.6 mm2 No. of Shoots/Core = 96/86.6 mm2 垂直葉莖 Vertical Shoot 25

26 地毯草 - Carpet Grass 天堂草 419 Tifton

27 結縷草 Korean Grass 結縷草 Manila Grass 27

419 Zoysia japonica Zoysia matrella 葉片濶度 Texture (Leaf Width) 十分寬濶 Very Coarse 幼細至中等 Fine to medium 中等 Medium 幼細至中等 Fine to medium No. of Shoot/Core (Data derived from 2 Samples Only) 42/86.

28 海濱雀稗 Seashore Paspalum 香港常用五種體育場地草坪草的比較 2.1 Comparison of the 5 Commonly Used Turfgrasses for Sports Field 2.1 草種名 Grass Species 地毯草 Carpet Grass 天堂草 419 Tifton 419 結縷草 Korean Grass 溝葉結縷草 Manila Grass 學名 Scientific Name Axonopus Compressus Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaarensis cv. 419 Zoysia japonica Zoysia matrella 葉片濶度 Texture (Leaf Width) 十分寬濶 Very Coarse 幼細至中等 Fine to medium 中等 Medium 幼細至中等 Fine to medium No. of Shoot/Core (Data derived from 2 Samples Only) 42/86.6cm2 191/86.6cm2 96/86.6cm2 212/86.6cm2 匍匐莖 Stolons 粗壯但較小 Strong but few 眾多 Many 眾多 Many 眾多 Many 根莖 Rhizomes 短及少見 Short & rarely seen 眾多 Strong & Many 眾多 Strong & Many 眾多 Strong & Many 海濱雀稗 Seashore Paspalum Paspalum varginatum 幼細至中等 Fine to medium 247/86.6cm2 眾多 Many 眾多 Strong & Many 28

29 香港常用五種體育場地草坪草的比較 2.2 Comparison of the 5 Commonly Used Turfgrasses for Sports Field 2.2 草種名 Grass Species 學名 Scientific Name 耐低剪性 Mowing Height 耐中度磨損性 Tolerance to Medium Wears 耐鹽性 Salt Tolerance 耐陰性 Shade Tolerance 冬季顏色 Winter Colour 地毯草 Carpet Grass Axonopus Compressus Low Medium Fair Poor Fair Poor Fair 天堂草 419 Tifton 419 結縷草 Korean Grass Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaarensis cv. 419 Zoysia japonica Low Medium Low Medium Good Good Poor Poor Fair Good* *For new varieties Fair Good Very Good Good Fair 溝葉結縷草 Manila Grass 海濱雀稗 Seashore Paspalum Zoysia matrella Paspalum varginatum Low Medium Very Good Good Good Fair Low Medium Very Good Extremely Good Good Good 新近推出耐陰性強的百慕達草 Newly released Shade tolerant Bermudagrass CELEBRATION PATRIOT TIFGRAND 29

30 個案研究 Case Studies 草地跑道 : 香港賽馬會沙田馬場 Turf Track: Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong Jockey Club 草地跑道 : 星加坡賽馬會克蘭芝馬場 Turf Track: Kranji Racecourse, Singapore Turf Club, Singapore 其他 Others A. 將軍澳運動場 : 草地球場 Turf Pitch in Tseung Kwan O Sports Grounds. 香港賽馬會沙田馬場草地跑道草坪草之選擇個案 1.1 Turfgrass Selection for Sha Tin Turf Track Case 建造一長約 300 米濶約 15 米的試驗跑道 A 300 m+ long and 15 m wide trial track was built 2. 將試驗跑道分為六段, 每段長 60 米而在每段分種單一種的草坪草 The trial track was divided into six 60 m long sections and each planted with one type of turfgrass 3. 每段分別種上百慕達草, 天堂草 419 號, 結縷草草, 溝葉結縷草, 矮生狼尾草及多年生黑麥草 Turfgrasses tested were: Common Bermudagrass, Tifton 419, Korean Grass, Manila Grass, Kikuyu Grass, Perennial Ryegrass 4. 草成坪後, 定期派馬匹在試驗跑道上作慢跑及快跳等測試 Test runs by horses (both slow canter and gallop) were conducted at regular intervals 5. 每次測試後均記錄每段草的一般狀况, 馬蹄切入的深度, 日後恢復的速度, 再作定時評估. Test results including general performance, cut in depth of the horse hooves, subsequent recovery rate, etc. in each section of the trial track (i.e. of various turfgrass) were evaluated at fixed interval 30

31 香港賽馬會沙田馬場草地跑道草坪草之選擇個案 1.2 Turfgrass Selection for Sha Tin Turf Track Case 1.2 在評估試驗跑道每一段所種草的表現後, 選出了下列二種草的組合 After evaluating the performance of six different type of turfgrasses in the trial track, the following combination of turfgrass was selected 天堂草 419 號 ( 一種雜交百慕達草 ), 一種暖季型的草坪草被選作草地跑道基本用草 Tifton 419 (a Hybrid Bermudagrass), a warm season turfgrass, was selected as the base turfgrass for the track. 多年生黑麥草, 一種冷季型的草坪草則被選作為冬季加種在草地跑道上另一種草. 每年約在 11 月前進行 Perennial Ryegrass, a cool season turfgrass, was selected for the winter months and introduced by over seeding around November annually. 這一方法俟 1976 年開始一直沿用至今. This practice has been implemented since 為什麽要採用二種不同的草坪草呢? Why two types of turfgrasses were chosen? Sha Tin Racecourse 31

星加坡克蘭芝馬場草地跑選草坪草之選擇個案 2.1 Turfgrass Selection for Singapore s Kranji Turf Track Case 2.1 1. 建造一長約 400 米濶約 15 米的試驗跑道 A 400 m+ long and 15 m wide trial track was built 2.

32 星加坡克蘭芝馬場草地跑選草坪草之選擇個案 2.1 Turfgrass Selection for Singapore s Kranji Turf Track Case 建造一長約 400 米濶約 15 米的試驗跑道 A 400 m+ long and 15 m wide trial track was built 2. 將試驗跑道分為六段, 每段長 65 米而在每段分種單一種的草坪草 The trial track was divided into six 60 m long sections and each planted with one type of turfgrass 3. 每段分別種上百慕達草, 天堂草 419 號, El Toro 結縷草, 溝葉結縷草, 海濱雀稗及大葉草 Turfgrasses tested were: Bermudagrass, Tifton 419, El Toro Korean Grass, Manila Grass, Seashore Paspalum and Carpet Grass 4. 草成坪後, 定期派馬匹在試驗跑道上作慢跑及快跳等測試 Test runs by horses (both slow canter and gallop) were conducted at regular intervals 5. 每次測試後均記錄每段草的一般狀况, 馬蹄切入的深度, 日後恢復的速度, 再作定時評詁. Test results including general performance, cut in depth of the horse hooves, subsequent recovery rate, etc. in each section of the trial track (i.e. of various turfgrass) were evaluated at fixed interval Kranji Racecourse, Singapore 32

33 星加坡克蘭芝馬場草地跑選草坪草之選擇個案 2.2 Turfgrass Selection for Kranji Racecourse Turf Track Case 2.2 在評估試驗跑道每一段所種草的表現後, 選出了單一種草坪草 After evaluating the performance of six types of turfgrasses in the trial track a single species turfgrass was selected El Toro 結縷草, 一種快速生長的結縷草 (Zoysia japonica cv. El Toro) El Toro, a fastest growing Zoysia (Z. japonica) 為什麽只採用單一的草坪草呢? Why only one type of turfgrass was chosen? 結論 Conclusion 對體育場地而言, 究竟那一種是最好的草坪草? Which is the best turfgrass for sports fields? 並無一標準答案, 一切均要因時制宜. There is no standard answer for it. Make the best possible choice of turfgrass which is suitable to the particular time and circumstance. 選擇適當的草種只是邁向未來成功的第一步. 以後草地場的建造及護養才是真正的挑戰. Selection of the suitable turfgrass for sports field serves as the first step to safeguard the success of the turf sports facility in the future. Challenge remains on its subsequent establishment and maintenance. 正如其他園藝工作一樣, 成功的黄金定律是三分種植, 七分護養. Same as other horticultural practices, the golden rule for turf management remains that 30% for establishment and 70% for maintenance. 除此之外, 作為一個老一輩的專業人仕我經常要加多一點, 這就是對工作的熱情及將你的心投入. As an old fashion professional, I always wanted to add in another factor, i.e. a passion or a heart in you job! 33

34 Turf Pitch Sai Tso Wan Sports Ground 謝謝 Thank you! 34

35 您的選擇 Your Choice 跑馬地中場內之草地球場 2011 Infield Happy Valley

36 跑馬地中場內之草地球場 1992 Turf Pitches in Infield Happy Valley in 1992 人造草球場香港足球會 Artificial Turf Pitch HK Football Club 36

37 Natural Grass & Artificial Turf: Separating Myths & Facts Artificial Turf: Separating Fact from Fiction 37

康樂及文化事務署新聞公告二七年二月二十四日 ( 星期六 ) 第三代人造草地足球場滿足需求配合足運發展為滿足市民對草地足球場的殷切需求, 同時配合足球運動發展, 康樂及文化事務署 ( 康文署 ) 最近開放五個第三代人造草地足球場供市民使用康文署署理助理署長 ( 康樂事務 ) 黃達明表示, 鑑於市民對使用第三代人造草地足球場的反應理想, 康文署將陸續提供更多第三代人造草足球場

38 康樂及文化事務署新聞公告二七年二月二十四日 ( 星期六 ) 第三代人造草地足球場滿足需求配合足運發展為滿足市民對草地足球場的殷切需求, 同時配合足球運動發展, 康樂及文化事務署 ( 康文署 ) 最近開放五個第三代人造草地足球場供市民使用康文署署理助理署長 ( 康樂事務 ) 黃達明表示, 鑑於市民對使用第三代人造草地足球場的反應理想, 康文署將陸續提供更多第三代人造草足球場五個新投入服務的第三代人造草地足球場分別位於跑馬地遊樂場黃竹坑遊樂場摩士公園和九龍仔公園, 全部由天然草地足球場改建而成, 分別於上月底和本月開放供市民使用黃達明表示, 康文署已計劃逐步將部分現有的天然草地球場改建成第三代人造草地足球場, 並會在新落成的場地中提供更多的這種人造草地足球場他說 : 第三代人造草地足球場更能切合市民對草地足球場的需求和足球運動發展的需要由於它不受天氣影響, 加上耗損較少, 每月可供使用的節數比天然草地足球場多出四倍黃達明闡釋, 天然草的生長易受客觀因素如天氣日照和降雨量等影響, 加上使用後會造成耗損, 故現時每個天然草足球場每月最多只可以開放約六十節, 以維持草地的質素相對人造草地足球場因不受天氣影響, 每月可用場數多達二百七十節他說 : 相對於真草足球場, 人造草地足球場的損耗較少, 故維修費用更便宜 ; 加上無須使用殺蟲劑除草劑或化學肥, 故更為環保第三代人造草地是把人造草植入特別纖維基底, 並加入沙粒和橡膠粒, 不論在質感足球回彈和速度方面都與天然草很接近這種人造草皮十分適合足球運動, 並符合國際足協人造草地足球場的標準, 不少歐洲國家都開始使用作為足球訓練和比賽場地康文署經諮詢香港足球總會的意見, 建造第三代人造草地足球場, 確保符合足球運動發展和訓練的需要現時康文署在全港共有十一個第三代人造草地足球場首個改建的第三代人造草地足球場為九龍仔公園一號球場, 於二三年五月開放使用, 現時平均使用率接近九成, 繁忙時間更高達百分之一百黃達明說, 康文署正計劃改建七個天然草地足球場, 工程預計於年底陸續展開 Latest News: All the Turf Pitches will be converted to Artificial Turf Pitch in the very near future. 38

39 中华人民共和国国家标准 GB/T 天然材料体育场地使用要求及检验方法第 1 部分 : 足球场地天然草面层 Technical requirements and test methods for natural material sport fields Part 1: Grassed surface for football fields 5.10 根系层渗水速率 - - 采用圆筒法合格值应为 (0.4~ 1.2) mm/min, 最佳值应为 (0.6~ 1.0) mm/min - - 采用实验室法合格值应为 (1.0~ 4.2) mm/min, 最佳值应为 (2.5~ 3.0) mm/min 同一场地应采用一种检测方法, 当检测结果有分歧时以实验室检测法为准 5.11 渗水层渗水速率实验室法应大于 3.0 mm/min 5.12 有机质及营养供给根系层要求应有足够的有机质及氮 (N) 磷 (P) 钾 (K) 镁 (Mg) 等 5.13 环境保护要求不应使用胶带有危险的或是散发对人土壤水空气有危害污染的物质或材料 5.14 叶寛度 Width of the Leaf Blade 叶寛度宜不大于 6mm, 可根据各地区具体情况, 选择合适的草种 Width of the leaf blade not exceed 6 mm, should base on the actual condition of the area in question to choose the suitable turfgrass 5.8 茎密度 Vertical Shoot Density 单位面积内向上生长茎的数量, 合格值应为 (1.5~ 4) 枚 /cm2, 最佳值应为 (2~ 3) 枚 /cm2 Number of upward shoot per unit area: Passing Rate( pc./ m2); best rate should be (2 3 pc./ cm2) 再一次謝謝 Thank you again! 39

A VALIDATION STUDY OF THE ACHIEVEMENT TEST OF TEACHING CHINESE AS THE SECOND LANGUAGE by Chen Wei A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School and Colleg

A VALIDATION STUDY OF THE ACHIEVEMENT TEST OF TEACHING CHINESE AS THE SECOND LANGUAGE by Chen Wei A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School and Colleg 上海外国语大学 SHANGHAI INTERNATIONAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY 硕士学位论文 MASTER DISSERTATION 学院国际文化交流学院专业汉语国际教育硕士题目届别 2010 届学生陈炜导师张艳莉副教授日期 2010 年 4 月 A VALIDATION STUDY