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1 小風英文教室小風編輯

2 版權聲明本投影片唯能用在非營利教學用途之上本投影片歡迎轉載, 但不得修改後轉載轉載請註明出處有任何錯誤, 建議, 請聯絡作者小風英文教室 by Scott Deeann Chen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. 作者信箱 :awea.ther.star.craft ( 小老鼠 ) gmail ( 點 ) com Facebook:

3 基本動詞

4 三個基本英文動詞英文文法中, 有三個基本常見的動詞 : be have do 此三動詞皆可作為主要動詞或助動詞

5 BE be 做主要動詞時表示 : 存在存續 Our class is at ten p.m. Let it be. 表示其補語描述其主詞補語為名詞時, 意近中文的是, 補語為形容詞時, 對應中文的表態句 ( 天空很藍 ) I am a student. The sky is blue. be 做助動詞時可作為進行助動詞與被動助動詞 : 進行式 :be + 現在分詞 He was singing when I entered the room. 被動態 :be + 過去分詞 He was hit by a car.

6 HAVE have 做主要動詞時表示 : 擁有經歷 I have a book. Have a good time. Tom had a car accident last week. have 做助動詞時為完成助動詞 : 完成式 :have + 過去分詞 I have been to New York.

7 DO do 做主要動詞時表示 : 執行做 Do your best. He did his homework. do 做助動詞時, 在三個情況下使用 : 否定問句強調 I do not know it. Do you know it? I do know it.

8 否定用法

9 為什麼需要否定? 沒有一個動詞可以表達沒做的意思並不是所有的形容詞, 都有反義的形容詞否定表達 : 被否定的敘述不為真範例 : Tom is smart. Tom is stupid. Tom is not smart. Criticizing the government is legal. Criticizing the government is illegal.

10 否定的類型子句否定 : 最常見的否定, 否定整個子句部分否定 : 僅否定部分內容

11 子句否定以下用法通常表達子句否定 : 將第一個助動詞後加上 not, 亦可想成否定動詞使用否定字 not 否定子句之元素使用其他否定字如 :no, never, neither, nor 使用否定意思的字

12 否定動詞來否定子句將第一個助動詞後加上否定字 not, 亦可想成否定動詞表達否定該句陳述之內容現在簡單式與過去簡單式無助動詞, 必須引入 do 於動詞前, 做為助動詞 do 後接動詞原形, 而 do 本身依據時態人稱變化範例 : He can drink tea. He can not drink tea. He drinks tea. He does not drink tea. I love you. I do not love you. I did my homework. I did not do my homework.

13 否定動詞來否定子句特別注意! 若主要動詞為 be, 則不引入 do, 且 not 不加於其前, 而加於其後 I am sleeping. (O)I am not sleeping. I am a student. (X)I not am a student. (X)I do not be a student. (O)I am not a student. The sky is blue. (X)The sky not is blue. (X)The sky does not be blue. (O)The sky is not blue.

14 助動詞與 NOT 之縮寫為什麼要縮寫? 縮寫通常為連讀的結果縮寫宜在正是文章中避免 be is not = isn t are not = aren t was not = wasn t were not = weren t have have not = haven t has not = hasn t had not = hadn t

15 助動詞與 NOT 之縮寫 do does not = doesn t do not = don t did not = didn t 情態助動詞 : should not = shouldn t could not = couldn t would not = wouldn t will not = won t cannot = can t can not

16 否定動詞來否定子句以下整理否定動詞的方式一般而言 : not 加於第一個助動詞後現在簡單式過去簡單式, 主要動詞不為 be 時 : 引入 do 做為助動詞, 而 do 做時態人稱變化, 其後接原型動詞 be 為主要動詞時 : 將 not 接於 be 後虛擬語態時不使用 do, 直接將 not 加於主要動詞前 I suggest that he not drive after drinking.

17 使用 NOT 否定子句元素 not 否定子句元素而表達子句否定 : 否定程度 :not all, not every, not many, not much, not often 否定數量 ( 完全沒有 ):not one, not a, not a single 以下兩個用法亦為否定全句, 在此一併列出 : not + 名詞構成無動詞子句 not + that 名詞子句 /not that + 有限子句

18 使用 NOT 否定子句元素範例 : Not all people enjoy playing games. He donated not a single penny. Not a gifted programmer, Tom spends more time than others practicing programming. That was just my suggestion. Not that you have to do it.

19 其他的否定字除 not 為否定字以外, 亦有其他否定字使用其他的否定字時, 亦否定整個子句這些否定字亦有其所對應之肯定型與不肯定型以下我們將討論整理肯定型不肯定型否定型的對應僅表格內之單字為此分類的範疇, 其餘單字並不適用, 也不必擔心此分類問題備註 : 否定型之單字即為否定字

20 限定詞 SOME some 為一個限定詞, 表示某些的意思, 其語意肯定所形容的名詞的存在此為肯定型 I saw some squirrels. 在否定範疇中或是問句中, 由於我們並不知道所描述之事物是否存在, 此時表示某些的 some 則因語意而替換成表示任何的 any 此為不肯定型 I didn t see any squirrels. 建構否定句時, 除了使用 not 以外, 亦可使用否定型來表達否定的意思表示某些的 some 所對應的否定型是為 no, 表示沒有 I saw no squirrels.

21 其他的否定字許多的肯定不肯定否定型皆由 some, any, no 衍生而來其單字的選用根據其語意而定按照規則的衍生如 : somebody, anybody, nobody something, anything, nothing 較不規則衍生如 : sometime, ever, never somewhat, any, no 其他字組如 : too, either

22 肯定不肯定否定型文法用途肯定型不肯定型否定型限定詞 some any no 限定詞 either one or the other either neither 代名詞 some any none 代名詞 one or the other either neither 代名詞 something anything nothing 代名詞 somebody anybody nobody 代名詞 someone anyone no one 過程副詞 somehow in any way in no way 地方副詞 somewhere anywhere nowhere 地方副詞 *someplace *anyplace *no place 星號者為美式非正式用語

23 肯定不肯定否定型文法用途肯定型不肯定型否定型時間副詞 sometime/sometimes ever 時間副詞 always *anytime never 時間副詞 already yet 時間副詞 anymore no more still 程度副詞 any longer no longer 程度副詞 to some extent at all 程度副詞 somewhat any, any the no, none the 附加副詞 as well, too either * 為美式非正式用語

24 使用 NO 否定名詞 no 否定名詞 : I see no clouds. She is no teacher. no 否定名詞時, 有兩種意思 : 否定其名詞的性質, 此用法表達不具該名詞特質的意思 She is not a teacher. She is no teacher. 否定其名詞的存在 I see no clouds. There are no people.

25 使用 NO 否定形容詞 no 否定形容詞比較級 : He is no better. Mary is no more beautiful than Jane. 注意! 有以下特例 : The game was no good. The new principal is no different.

26 NO 衍生的否定字被 no 否定之名詞之代名詞為 none none 可獨立使用 I ate all of the candy. No candy is left. I ate all of the candy. None is left. 由 no 衍生出之否定字, 通常為 no 與另一字相拼 Nobody wants to be unhappy. No one wants to be unhappy. Nothing is more important than being happy. Nowhere can I find him.

27 其他否定字 never 表示從不, 是為時間上的否定 I never talk to him. neither 表示也不, 否定時使用 nor Either Tom or Mary is lying. Neither Tom nor Mary is lying.

28 有否定意思的字有些單字, 並非否定字, 亦無對應的肯定字或不肯定字, 但語意上仍有否定的意思, 可構成否定句以下單字有否定的意思 : seldom, rarely scarcely, hardly, barely little, few 當句中使用以上字詞時, 該句為否定句 I seldom go to bed early. I can barely speak English. I slept little last night. He has few friends.

29 否定的範疇否定子句時, 被否定的範圍從否定第一次出現到 not, no, 至句尾, 但不一定包含句尾的副詞範例 : I totally did not see the suspect. I did not totally see the suspect. Nobody likes him anymore, however. I didn t go to some of the places. I didn t go to any of the places.

30 否定範疇中使用不肯定字由於在否定範疇中, 所描述之事物並不一定存在, 故當使用以上表格中之單字時, 因其語意選用不肯定型 I didn t go to some of the places. I didn t go to any of the places. I ate something. I didn t eat anything. I have finished my homework already. I haven t finished my homework yet. 如要強調否定的確定性, 口語上非正式時全用否定字 I did not see nothing.

31 否定句的倒裝在正式的用法中, 有時會將被否定的元素提前至句首, 而剩下的句子則再將助動詞提前, 至被否定的元素後, 主詞之前範例 : Hardly did I know about the fact. Never will I do it again. Not until now did I make up my mind.

32 部分否定有些情況之下, 否定字 not 僅表示部分否定用 not 否定有否定意思的字首的形容詞或副詞, 否定負面的字, 表示中性以上, 但又不足正面的意思 She is a not unfriendly person. I exercise not infrequently. not 否定表示意外或有否定字首, 表示說者對句子評論的副詞 : Not surprisingly, she went to bed early. Not unnaturally, we didn t accept his deal.

33 部分否定 not 否定程度副詞 : He is not very aggressive. The food was not totally terrible. not 否定時間或距離的程度 : The department store is not far from where I live. Tom left not long ago.

34 部分否定 not 否定 a few 或 a little, 或較正式時 no 否定 little. He has not a few family members with the genetic disease. I heard not a little noise from the construction site. I heard no little noise from the construction site. not 或 no 否定 more, less, fewer,no 比 not 強調 : It takes not/no more/less than thirty minutes to get there.

35 部分否定用 not two, not three, 表示不到某個數字的數量 I graduated not three years ago. not even 表示就算連也不 ;not only 表示不只是 Not even Tom liked the movie. Not only Tom liked the movie, but Mary also liked the movie.

36 部分否定述語否定僅在否定表達許可的情態助動詞時出現注意, 此時助動詞 may 之意並未被否定 They may not go home. He can not follow the procedure. 此情況下時,not 否定其後的述語, 但否定整句時, 則使用 cannot 或 can t, 此時 can 不表示許可, 而表示可能性或能力 He cannot follow the procedure 情態助動詞的否定, 請參閱小風英文教室 (8)

37 參考資料 Betty Schrampfer Azar, Understanding and using English grammar, Third Edition, 2006, Longman Sidney Greenbaum, The Oxford English Grammar, First Edition, 1996, Oxford University Press Randolph Quirk et al., A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, 1985, Longman Group Limited

Unit 3 Unit 2 43

Unit 3 Unit 2 43 and or but so for after before when since because although though even though and My name is Avery, and her name is Phoenix. Avery Phoenix My name is Avery. And her name is Phoenix. 44