博物館中的文學聲景——試析聲音元素在文學展示中的角色與功能

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1 tsaichengia@ntu.edu.tw 2 chiali21@hotmail.com 3 jasmine0104@gmail.com 93

2 Webb, 1996 Frank Oppenheimer secondary oralityq u i n, Museums Association Howard Gardner 8 D a v i s and Gardner, 1993 I C L M Michael Stocker ICLM, 2008 p s y c h o a c o u s t i c s narrative d i a l o g u e ambient s o u n d - e ff e c t s 1997 Robert C. Webb

3 s o u n d s c a p e S c h a f e r, 1994: 3 t e x t s c a p e Lehmann, ( )

4 : :

5 2 d i e g e t i c / n o n - d i e g e t i c Gorbman, 1987: 3 Davis and Gardner, 1993 Wallbott and Scherer, 1986; Planalp et al., 1996 Juslin and Laukka, 2003 M i l l i m a n, Ronald Milliman 97

6 P h i l i p K o t l e r a t m o s p h e r i c s circumplex model M i l l i m a n, v a l e n c e arousal level Russell, 1980 processing capacity message enhancer Park and Macnnis, : 7 t e n d e r n e s s 7 3 c o n g r u e n c e 3. Cohen,

7 J u s l i n and Laukka, 2003 Webb, 1996 a l e r t i n g o r i e n t i n g e x e c u t i n gcacioppo et al., 2007: Milliman, 1982 n o v e l t y % s i g n i f i c a n c eb r a d l e y, 2009 Webb, : 131 Woltman,

8 high information-load music low information-load music K i g e r, 1989 Webb, 1996 Davis and Gardner, 1993 n a r r a t i o n a l numerical or quantitative f o u n d a t i o n a l m a s k a e s t h e t i c e x p e r i e n t i a l Webb, 1996 Saito et al., 2005; Degerman et al., Davis and Gardner, : /11/09 100

9 e n c o d i n g s t o r a g e r e t r i e v a l f o rg e t t i n g M a y e s, 1995 Falk and Dierking, 2001 Koelsch et al., Alpert et al., 2005 autographical memory Janata,

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12 roodo.com/poetwusheng/archives/ html 2009/12/ h t t p :// z h. w i k i p e d i a. org/wiki/ 2009/10/06 14 h t t p :// w w w. w r e t c h. c c / b l o g / f a n w e n s h a n / /10/

13 3 D : : c h a - c h a 105

15 Jane Austen h t t p :// w w w. n m t l - t a i w a n - l i t e r a t u r e. c o m / 04 m e m o / m e m o _ 08. p h p ( 2009/10/06) 107

16 attracting power h o l d i n g 3 D p o w e r 3 Miles, 1990 R. S. Miles

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20 1991 Stocker, M (2): Alpert, M. I., Alpert, J. I. and Maltz, E. N., Purchase occasion influence on the role of music in advertising. Journal of Business Research, 58: B r a d l e y, M. M., Natural selective attention: Orienting and emotion. Psychophysiology, 46(1): Cohen, A., Music as a source of emotion in film. In: Juslin, P., and Sloboda, J. (Eds.), 2001, Music and Emotion: Theory and Research, pp Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G. and Berntson, G. G., Handbook of Psychophysiology, pp Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 3rd edition. Davis, J. and Gardner, H., Open window, open doors. In: Hooper-Greenhill, E. (Ed.), 1994, The Educational Role of the Museum, pp London: Routldege. Degerman, A., Rinne, T., Pekkola, J., Autti, T., Jaaskelainen, I. P., Sams, M. and Alho, K., Human brain activity associated with audiovisual perception and attention. Neuroimage, 34: Frith, S., Music and identity. In: Hall, S. and Gay, P. D. (Eds.), 1996, Questions of Cultural Identity, pp London: Sage. Gorbman, C., Unheard Melodies: Narrative Film Music. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ICLM, Retrieved December, Janata, P., The neural architecture of music-evoked autobiographical memories. Cerebral Cortex, 19(11): Juslin, P. N. and Laukka, P., Communication of emotions in vocal expression and music performance: Different channels, same code? Psychological Bulletin, 129: K i g e r, M., Effects of music information load on a reading comprehension task. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69: Koelsch, S., Kasper, E., Sammler, D., Schulze, K., Gunter, T. and Friederici, A. D., Music, language and meaning: Brain signatures of semantic processing. Nature Neuroscience, 7: Lehmann, H. T., Postdramatic Theatre. London & New York: Routledge. Mayes, A. R., Memory and amnesia. Behavioural Brain Research, 66(1-2): Miles, R. S., Audiovisuals, a suitable case for treatment. Visitor Studies, 2(1): Milliman, R. E., Using background music to affect the behavior of supermarket shoppers. Journal of Marketing, 46(3): , The influence of background music on the behavior of restaurant patrons. The Journal of Consumer Research, 13(2): Park, C. W. and Macinnis, D. J., The differential role of characteristics of music on 112

21 high-and low-involvement consumers processing of ads. Journal of Consumer Research, 18(3): Planalp, S., DeFrancisco, V. L. and Rutherford, D., Varieties of cues to emotion in naturally occurring situations. Cognition and Emotion, 10: Quin, D. H., Nature by Design: Soundscape in the Museum. Ph. D. dissertation. The Union Institute. UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertation. dissertations/fullcit/ (2009/9/20) Russell, J. A., A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39: Saito, D. N., Yoshimura, K., Kochiyama, T., Okada, T., Honda, M. and Sadato, N., Cross-modal binding and activated attentional networks during audio-visual speech integration: A functional MRI study. Cerebral Cortex, 15: S c h a f e r, R. M., 1994., The Soundscape: Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books. Sterne, J., Sounds like the mall of America: Programmed music and the architectonics of commercial space. Ethnomusicology, 41(1): Wallbott, H. G. and Sherer, K. P., Cues and channels in emotion recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51: Webb, R. C., Music, mood, and museums: A review of the consumer literature on background music. Visitor Studies, 8(1): Woltman, R. M., A sense of place within the space. Visitor Studies: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6:

22 Literature Soundscape in the Museum: On the Roles and Functions of Sound Elements in Literature Exhibitions Chen-Gia Tsai* Chia-Li Chen** Chieh-Wei Lee*** Abstract Due to the close relationship between sound and literature, sound elements play important roles in exhibitions of the literature museum. Films and music are often played in the literature museum in order to enhance visitors learning experiences, and thus create a unique literature soundscape. This paper aims at analyzing the roles and functions of sound elements in the literature museum, with The Development of Taiwan Literature ( t h e permanent exhibition of the National Museum of Taiwan Literature) as a case study for exploring the implications and applications of sound elements. Drawing from examples of literature exhibitions, three relationships between the sound and the exhibition are distinguished: the sound itself as the exhibit, the sound combined with other elements as the exhibit, and the sound elements implying the exhibit context. Sound elements not only create the atmosphere of the exhibition but also change visitors temporal and spatial experiences. Vi s i t o r s emotions, attention, narratives and memories are also influenced by sound elements. In addition, concerts held by the museum achieve the literature soundscapes that are open to various interpretations, and thereby help promoting and popularizing literature works. Lastly, this paper offers some suggestions for the applications of sound elements in exhibitions from visitors perspectives. Keywords: literature soundscape, sound and cognition, applications of sound exhibition, literature museum * Assistant Professor, Graduate Institute of Musicology, National Taiwan University; E- mail: tsaichengia@ntu.edu.tw ** Correspondence, Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Museum Studies, Ta i p e i University of the Arts; chiali21@hotmail.com *** Graduate student, Graduate Institute of Museum Studies, Taipei University of the Arts 115

作主动追求知识获取技能, 在心理和生理上都非常积极的个体 (Zimmerman & Pons, 1986) 在此期间, 自我效能感 (self-efficacy) 自我控制 (self-control) 自我管理 (self-

作主动追求知识获取技能, 在心理和生理上都非常积极的个体 (Zimmerman & Pons, 1986) 在此期间, 自我效能感 (self-efficacy) 自我控制 (self-control) 自我管理 (self- 网络环境中英语学习者自我调控的个体特征研究 A Qualitative Study of Chinese EFL Learners Online Self-regulation * 1,2 郑春萍, 穆婕 2, 章僖格 2, 苑仁庆 2, 李芒 1 北京师范大学教育学部 2 北京邮电大学人文学院 * zhengchunping@bupt.edu.cn