第二章文獻探討1.doc

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1 Roberton Halverson

3 15 80 Warrell1988 A System to Establish Playground Safety in the School public awareness

4 p A System to Establish Playground Safety in the School, Warrell,1988, p.140. almost perfectly Gabbard, Lablanc & Lowy,1987;Kirchner,Cunningham & Warrell,1970;Warrell,

5 safety roll 5. safety council Bruya & Beckwith,1985;Warrell,

6 a 72 ( a86bBrophy & Good,1986; Harvey & Hergert,1986; Holt,1990; Sadker & Sadker,1982; Sanders,1997)

7 19 Klein(1985) (two-edged sword) b 3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

8 20 () (user) (time) (space) (behavior) b 26

9 Beckwith1988 Bukatko Daehler1992 Johnson

10 84 89a cm kg cm kg

11 75 Piaget Bruner Vygotsky Ceci, metacognition Piaget neopiagtian Piaget Piaget situated cognition cognition apprenticeship cognitive constraints 23

12 84 90Case,1985; Ceci,1993; Keil,1990; Rogoff,1990; Saxe, 1991; Siegler,1983 Frost,1988 Piaget Piaget Piaget Frost,1988 Piaget Genetic Epistemology 1932 The Mord Judge of Child anomy heteromy 24

78 90Piaget Piaget Frost,1988 Piaget Genetic

13 autonomy Piaget heteronomous stage Piaget autonomous stage Shaffer,1999 Kohlberg Piaget Kohlberg preconventional level of morality punishment-obedience orientation instrumental-relativist orientation conventional level of morality good boy/nice girl orientation law and order orientation 25

punishment-obedience orientation instrumental-relativist orientation 10-20

14 social development 90 Baron, Graziano & Stangor, 1991; Campbell & Frost, 1985; Gibbs, 2002; Sondell, Bandura 1986 modeling model 26

15 27 Berg Landreth1998 emotion

16 Zellner2002 the Laboratory for Learning Environments Gore

18 b 1. 2.

20 32

21 33 Spranger

22 34 DukeGriesdornGillespie Tuttle1998 Earthman Lemasters

23 a

24 a multicriteria evalution

25 PU PP a

26 38 PU c

28 40 91b 91 89a m

29 5m 7m 18-20m 9-10m m 12-13m 26-28m 13-14m 8m 10m m 12-24m

30 91a Bowers, 1988 egalitarian relationship Kottman, 2003 Klein Sutton-Smith Isaac Frost,1988 (Brewer, 2001) White & Coleman, ,, Frost, a 42

31 8791a ; Frost, ,,,, Bowers,1988 jungle gym merry-go-round exercise play gross-motor play 8791a,,,,,, Frost,1988Campbell, Frost, Hayward Strickland,,,, Frost, the designer s playground 43

32 linked play zones 8791a 3 Sorensen 1943 Emdrup waste material playground Allen,1968 London Adventure Playground Association Frost,1988,, 1/3 2.5 dens climbing structures, p.15 scrap building material playleaders 8791a Frost1988 Dewey ;Piaget ;Keats ;Whitehead ;Schiller 44

33 45, a Campbell & Frost,1985, Strickland, a 91a

34 2. 88 Bowers1988,, Frost1988,,, the National Elementary School Playground Equipment Survey chinning bars 16%,swings 13% overhead ladders 10% flat slides 9%,fireman s pole 9% balance beams 8% monkey bars 8% see-saws 6% parallel bars 5% geodesic domes 3.5% sand play 1.3% water play 1% Frost, % 46

35 88.9% 73.4% 70.7% 56.8% 51.7% 33.0% 31.4% 3 89a Bowers1988,,,,, ; Bruya,1985, ,,, Bowers,1988 Bowers (1977), Bowers1988, 47

36 48 Bowers1988 1,,,,,,,,, 2 Bowers (1977) 18 3, 45,,,, 4,,,,,

37 49 5 Fowler, Bowers,1988,,, Nicholson Theory of Loose Parts,,,, Bowers,1988 6,,,, Shaw,, Bowers,1988 7,, a91a 80 1

38 CNS 10 11

39 51 Cohen 2001 shelter indoor physical education room 89a Gyure

40 52 Huddleston2001 Steinbach2001 durability flexibility ease of installationrittner-heir a

41 ~32m 18~22m

42 % Ephron Bishop2001 recirculation filtration dehumidification Fawcett, 2000 ; Ishmael, Begleiter, & Butler,

43 V 10cm

45 school size 89a / / / / a

47 59 ( ) 80 8

49 U L L

51 37 27% 64 46% 16 12% 20 15%

53 Lyons 2002 DeutschNewell2001 motor performance 79 L

54 L L H

55 L L H 13 Smith Pillari,1988 Altman1975 Gifford

56 68 density Gifford,1987; Weinstein,

57 : (1) ; (2) ; (3) ; (4) ; (5) ; (6) ; (7) ; (8) %

59 PU

60 Laverdure Laverdure1991 3mg/L 0.8mg/L Lindholm Lindholm 1995 Barbour Barbour1999

61 73 Kun-Te Kun-Te2000 Rosandich Rosandich % 20% Lundberg Lundberg2002

62 74 Ramirez Ramirez

63 Preiser,Rabinowitz & White,1988 assessment measurement pilot group 90 Zeisel1975 a model of the design cycle programming (design) (construction) (use) (evaluation) 14 Inquiry by DesignTools for Environment-Behavior Research, J. Zeisel,

64 (pre design research) (design process research) (post occupancy evaluation POE) 80 POE (Doidge, 2001)Sanoff, H. (n. d.) POE POE Bechtel,1980 POE 1960 Osmond,1966 ; Preiser et al, POE 72 A 76

65 Primer on Postoccupancy Evaluation POE 80 POE ( ) 91 POE Duerk POE POE 83 Sanoff ( n. d.) POE White1986 POE Preiser 1988 POE 77

66 Rabinowitz POE ( Mason, 1999) Tarricone1999 POE POE Doidge( 2001) POE 1 factual building report 2 measurable parameters 3 non-recriminatory forums POE Zimring Fuller2001 POE occupants settle in POE stakeholders Enright2002 POE POE 78

67 79 POE POE POE POE POE 1 POE 2 3 POE 4

68 84 POE POE POE Zimiring Reizenstein 1980 POE Kosecoff Fink1982 POE White1986 POE POE Preiser et al,

69 Barrett1995POE Mason(1999) POE Jeffery (2000) POE 81

70 82 Andersson2001 POE Zimring Fuller2001 POE Enright2002 POE 1 2 Enright POE POE

71 Zimring Reizenstein (1980) generality POE breadth of focus application timing Preiser 1988 POE technical elements (fire safety) structure (sanitation and ventilation) (electrical) (exterior walls) (roofs) (interior finishes) acoustics (illumination) environmental control systems functional elements 83

72 (building security) (spatial capacity) access/egress (personal security) (parking) (utilities) (communications) (circulation) / (change/growth) (equipment) behavioral elements (symbolism) (social interaction) (density) (territoriality) Jerry(1995) POE process evaluation Jerry POE POE 72 POE 84

73 85 80 POE 1 1 POE POE 1. 2.

74 86 Kun-Te, 2000 POE Preiser 1988 POE POE POE POE indicativepoe client

75 client investigativepoe diagnosticpoe

76 POE performance criteria POE Preiser 1988 POE 15 POE 15 POE Post-Occupancy Evaluation, Preiser et al.,1988, p.58. POE POE POE client 88

77 POE POE POE preliminary schedule 1. 1 POE parameter 2 POE POE 3 POE 4 liaison individuals

78 POE POE 2 POE 3POE POE 5 1 2POE POE 2 90

79 POE POE 2 3 life-cycle 4 / 5 6 POE 7 8POE 9 5 1POE

80 POE POE

81 POE POE POE 93

82 POE 2 POE? 1POE POE POE

83 POE POE

85 POE POE 1. 1 POE

86 POE 3 POE POE POE

87 additional research 3. 1 life-cycle 2 POE

88 1 2 POE 3POE POE POE POE 16 POE POE POE POE Post-Occupancy Evaluation, Preiser et al.,1988, p

89 POE 2 POE POE Baird POE (Sanoff, n. d.) POE (the user) (experts) Zimring Reinstein POE ( Mason, 1999) Zimring Fuller2001 California Department of General Services, DGS POE 1POE DGS 2POE 101

90 2 POE POE POE POE 102

91 3POE DGS 4 5POE POE Sanoff( n. d. ) POE POE Friedman Zimring Zube POE 1 direct observation 2. interview 3 simulation ( Sanoff, n. d.) Bechtel Srivastava POE

92 interviews,openended(2) interviews,structured timelapse photography 9 motion-picture photography archival data Barrett POE POE standardized questionnaires focused interviews structured observation tracing literature search study visit archival records simulation 104

93 105 3 POE Facilities Management-Towards Best Practice, Barrett, 1995,p111.

94 106 4

95 107 4 Facilities Management-Towards Best Practice, Barrett, 1995, p

96 108 POE HVAC

97 Preiser 1988 POE college dormitory 1960 Van der Ryn & Silverstein,1967 ; Hsia,1967 ; Preiser, Field Tufts 1960 Markus Preiser et al,1988cooper1970, 1975 Rabinowitz1975 Columbus Indiana Goodrich1976 post-design evaluation

98 Friedman, Zimring Zube1978 POE 1980 POE practitioners POE POE Marans Spreckelmeyer1981 Building Research Board POE POE Preiser et al,1988 Dilanthi David POE

100

101

102

103

104 CO

105 Pittillo Pittillo Bassetti Bassetti1994Martha Lake James Stewart James Stewart1995 Alabama

106 118 Ornstein Ornstein Andersson Andersson2001 5

107 5 Pittillo Bassetti James Ornstein Andersson Stewart Doidge (2001) POE POE 80 POE POE POE POE 119

108 POE Preiser et al.,1988 Kosecoff & Fink, POE POE Barrett, POE POE POE POE 120

109 POE

110 122

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untitled 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-1 (development)(santrock, 2006) (hyperplasia) (hypertrophy) 1. (Fetal Stage) (zygote) 266 2. (Neonatal Stage) 28 3. (Infancy) 28 1 4. (Toddlerhood) 1~3 2 Chapter 01 5. (Early Childhood)(preschooler)

第二章 文獻探討1.doc

第二章文獻探討1.doc