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1 3 :,,,??,, : (1), (2) ; : (1), ; (2), ; (3), ( ) ; (4), :,,?, (Robinson et al., 1993), 3 : ( ),,, 2004,

2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Π Π,,,,, (, ), ( ) () () () (citizen),, ( Faulks,1999) :(civility) (civic virtue),,, (,1999),,, (Janoski,1998 :11) : (1) ; (2) ; (3) ; (4),,,, (Somers,1993 :598),, (Turner,1993 :2),, (,2004 :ix) 55

3 ,,,,,,,,(citizenship) ( ),(1), (2), (3),,,:,, (),, (,2000 ;,1997a,1997b),,,,,,,,, (identity negotiation),,,,,, 56

4 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (,1991 :81),,,,(,1993),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 57

5 ;,,,, (),,, (Markus & Kitayama, 1991a,1991b), (Sampson,1988 ;,1991),Π,,,,,,,,,, (,1985Π1947), (priming) ( ) ( ), (, 1985Π1947 ;,2001) (23) 2 X ( Markus & Kitayama,1991a, 1991b) 2 ( A), ( B),, 58

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8 : (1) ; (2) ; (3) ; (4) 1 : : : :, 48, (), KMO (01823) Bartlett s (p < 01000) 48,, 4 (4) 0130 (double loading) (A310, A311, A314, A321, A322, A325, A326, A328, A333, A334, A335, A341), 36, : 1 2 3, 4 (0149) (2) (),(CFA), : Chi2SquareΠdf = 2152, RMSEA = 01047, GFI = 0187, NNFI =

9 a312 A3-12 :,, a320 A3-20 :, 173 a315 A3-15 :, 164 a304 A3-4 :, 161 a305 A3-5 : 158 a306 A3-6 :, 145 a319 A3-19 : 143 a307 A3-7 :, 136 a313 A3-13 :, 134 a324 A3-24 :, 169 a347 A3-47 :, 166 a308 A3-8 :, 163 a301 A3-1 : 158 a316 A3-16 : 156 a331 A3-31 : 156 a348 A3-48 :,

10 2 a317 A3-17 :, a325 A3-25 : 139 a339 A3-39 : 135 a303 A3-3 :, 133 a344 A3-44 : 156 a332 A3-32 :, 152 a329 A3-29 :, 151 a336 A3-36 : 148 a340 A3-40 : 145 a323 A3-23 :, 145 a343 A3-43 :, 145 a327 A3-27 : 143 a338 A3-38 : 141 a345 A3-45 : 136 a337 A3-37 :, 132 a309 A3-9 :, 156 a346 A3-46 : 155 a318 A3-18 : 153 a330 A3-30 :, 149 a302 A3-2 :, 135 a342 A3-42 :, 134 % Alpha : Extraction Method : Principal Component Analysis1 Rotation Method : Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.,1 Π, 2, 3, 4 Π (), 1 4, 63

2008. 2 2 3,,, : 50 %,0189, 50 %, 1100 ( 5,,,,)

11 ,,, : 50 %,0189, 50 %, 1100 ( 5,,,,) 5 5,, (3) : : (1) ; (2) : (1), ; (2), ; (3), 64

12 ( ) ; (4), 3 :Π ( ) : : Π( ) : : ( ) : : ( ) : (), A5-14 A9, ( 67 ) 6 1,, ; Π Π, 65

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14 ;,,,, ;,,,,, (),,, ; ;,,?,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, :,2003,, :,1997a,,, :,1997b,, :, 1985Π1947,, :,1995,,, : 67

15 ,1991,, :,2004,, :,1999,, :(1), :,1999,,2,1991, :,,, :,1995,,5,2001, :, ( ) 13,1993,,,, :,2000,, : Faulks, K. 1999, Political Sociology. New York : New York University Press. Janoski, T. 1998, Citizenship and Civil Society. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Markus, H. & S. Kitayama 1991a, Culture and Self : Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation. Psychological Review b,Cultural Variation in the Self2concept. In J. Strauss & G. R. Goethals (eds. ) Self : Interdisciplinary Approaches. New York : Springer2Verlag. Robinson, J. P., P. R. Shaver &L. S. Wrightsman 1993, Measures of Political Attitudes. London : Academic Press. Sampson, E. E. 1988,The Debate on Individualism : Indigenous Psychologies of the Individual and Their Role in Personal and Societal Functioning. American Psychologists 1. Somers, M. 1993,Citizenship and the Place of the Public Sphere. American Sociological Review 58. Triandis, H. C. 1989,The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Cultural Contexts. Psychological Review 96(3). 1994,Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Study of Collectivism and Individualism. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi & G. Yoon (eds. ) Individualism and Collectivism : Theory, Method and Applications. Thousand Oakes, London and New Delhi : Sage. Turner, Bryan 1993, Citizenship and Social Theory. Newbury Park, Calif : Sage. The : : 68

16 SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES (Bimonthly) Vol. 23 March, 2008 PAPER Democracy and Social Reform : Tocqueville on social problems Chong Ming 1 Abstract : Alexis de Tocqueville developed his social theory through his reflections on social problems. By the analysis of his writings on pauperism and prison reform, this article points out how Tocqueville deepened his understanding of democracy in the close relationship that he established between social problems and industry and democracy. In his efforts to resolve the social problems by the social reform based on democracy, Tocqueville revealed in his social theory and social reform his moralist concern, which was to construct the individual responsibility and social bond. Gender Income Gap under Redistribution and Its Evolution : Wang Tianfu, Lai Yangπen &Li Bobai 23 Abstract: This paper poses a new theoretical model on gender stratification in state socialist societies. The origin of gender stratification in state socialist societies is that patriarchy, with the help of bureaucratic system, twists the redistributive process and gives rise to gender inequality in grassroots organizations. The structure of gender stratification indicates the more distant from the redistribution center, the more discrimination against women. During the transitional period, higher2status women who were protected in the redistributive process before are facing increasing gender discrimination now. This paper uses three nationally representative data sets with a time span of 15 years to test a series of derived hypotheses. An Assessment of Citizenship Yang Yiyin 54 Abstract : The citizen is the foundation of civil society. Therefore, the measurement of citizenship will help to interpret the political and social behavior of the Chinese people in the contemporary world and to classify them, so as to forecast their behavior as well as the track of their changes. But who counts as citizen in China? What are the key psychological dispositions or characteristics of Chinese citizen? The goal of the current 243

17 research is to provide an alternative theoretical framework for assessing the concept of citizenship in China from social psychological perspective, which consists of two dimensions : (1) The degree of concerning public affairs ; (2) the degree of dealing with the conflict between public and private interests by means of contractual right. Based on the two dimensions, four prototypes were distinguished : ( 1) High public and high contractual orientation, as typical citizen behavior ; (2) high public and low contractual orientation, as typical subject behavior ; (3) low public and high contractual orientation, as typical businessman or consumer behavior ; and (4) low public and low contractual orientation, as typical traditional Chinese in2group member ( zijiren) behavior. This paper also reports the reliability and validities of the measurement. Transition of Policy2Making and Elite Advantage Zhu Xufeng 69 Abstract: This article suggests an alternative theory for explaining elite advantage in social stratification in socialist transitional states. The author argues that in these states, the transition of policy2making is an important factor that results in the changes of mechanism of social stratification. In China, the transition of policy2making can be summarized as the transition process from the pattern that politicalπadministrative elites monopolize the policy2making system to the pattern that social elites are gradually able to participate in the policy2making system. According to variations of the policy2making process in contemporary China, the article classifies four types of regions at the provincial level. Among different types of regions, different models of the policy2making process results in variation of mechanism of elite advantage. Empirical studies conducted in this paper employ data from two independent nationwide surveys, i. e China s Think Tanks Survey (CTTS) and 2003 China General Social Survey (CGSS). Rising Gender Income Gap and Its Dynamics in China :Market competition or sex discrimination? Li Chunling &Li Shi 94 Abstract : China s economic reform has led to profound social2economic transformation as well as huge changes in income distribution. This paper, based on the analysis of cross2 sectional survey data (1988,1995,2000), tries to examine the trend of gender income gap during the past 20 years and find the main factors causing the change. The results show a steady and significant increase of gender income gap during the past two decades. Market mechanism was the major dynamics to enlarge the gap in the first decade while sex discrimination has become the more important factor in the last decade. Housing Power and Citizenship : The fourth group in the urban reconstruction Zhao Yeqin

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