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Introduction to Genetics Genetics,better life for all hayawang@scu.edu.

2 Introduction to Genetics Genetics,better life for all Room 910, Building of Life Sciences, Sichuan University

3 Genes Heredity Genetics Heredity is the way genes transmit biochemical, physical, and behavioral traits from parents to offspring. Genetics is the science of heredity.

4 The core of Genetics is the Study of Biological Information The biological information in DNA generates an enormous diversity of living organisms

5 What constitutes biological information? How the information becomes biological traits? How the information be propagated through time? How the information changes?

6 Then, Genetics is the science of studying.. Gene is the interface of heredity, development and evolution

7 cytochrome C protein Pax6

8 Model Organisms in the Genetics Revolution Others...

9 Subdisciplines of Genetics 经典遗传学个体水平分子遗传学表观遗传学细胞水平分子水平表观水平

10 Example: Epigenetics

11 Mapping chromosomal regions with differential DNA methylation in MZ twins by using comparative genomic hybridization for methylated DNA Fraga M F et al. PNAS 2005;102:

12 Example: Behavior Genetics The social insects----ants, bees, wasps, termites exhibit a fascinating array of behavior

13 Nest-Cleaning behavior in honeybees Honeybee nests can get Bacillus infection (foulbrood disease 腐蛆病 ) Worker bees clean them with two hygienic behaviors: Uncap cell Remove infected larvae

14 1964, Walter Rothenbuhler P Hygienic queen (diploid) Nonhygienic drone (haploid) F1 Back-cross Diploid offspring All nonhygienic F1 queen Haploid drones unfertilized eggs Hygienic Uncap cells Remove larvae Nonhygienic

16 Sex Preference in Drosophila ----fruitless (fru) gene, male-sterile mutation

17 Biological rhythms in Drosophila and mice Nurturing behavior in mice Single-gene mutations and human behavior Complex human behavior

18 遗传学是生命科学的核心!?

19 Genetics Has a Rich and Interesting History Three great milestones in Genetics Others

20 1. Prehistory Domesticated animals and cultivated plants (10,000 and 12,000 years ago)

21 Northwest Palace of Assurnasirpal II ( B.C.)

2. Early Written Records The Greek Influence: Aristotle (384 322 B.C.

22 2. Early Written Records The Greek Influence: Aristotle ( B.C.) people sometimes resemble past ancestors more than their parents acquired characteristics such as mutilated body parts are not passed on both males and females made contributions to the offspring

23 3. The Rise of Modern Genetics Microscopes (the late 1500s) Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 Theory of pangenesis ( 泛生论 ) Preformationism ( 先成说 ) The theory of epigenesis ( 渐成说 )

25 Charles Darwin and Evolution On the Origin of Species (1859) Variations in Animals and Plants under Domestication (1868)

26 4. The foundation of Modern Genetics Gregor Mendel ( )

27 豌豆杂交试验

28 Mendel chose true-breeding (=homozygous) garden peas for his experiments Mendel first worked with single-character crosses (Monohybrid cross)

33 Mendel completed his experiment in 1863 and spend the next two years analyzing and summarizing the data In 1865, he presented the results before the Natural History society In 1866, Mendel published his classic paper, Experiment in Plant Hybrid

34 Mendel s work was rediscovered in 1900 Mendel was Considered the Father of Heredity

35 What did Mendel do superiorly to those who preceded him? Choose true-breeding garden peas, they were normally self-fertilizing Examined the inheritance of clear-cut alternative forms of particular traits Isolated and perpetuated lines of peas that bred true Carefully controlled his matings Worked with large numbers of plants, subjected to statistical analysis, and then compared his results with predictions based on his models.

36 5. Genetics progressed from Mendel to DNA in less than a century The chromosome theory of inheritance Genetic variation The search for the chemical nature of genes: DNA or proteins?

37 6. Discovery of the double helix launched the era of molecular genetics The structure of DNA and RNA Gene expression: From DNA to phenotype Protein and biological function Linking genotype to phenotype

38 7. Development of recombinant DNA technology began the era of cloning

39 8. Genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics are new and expanding fields What is next? Personal genome project Stone-age genomics 2005, 13 million bp from a 27,000-year-old woolly mammoth, showing 98.5% identity with Africa elephants 2010, A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome Human microbiome project (2008) Genome 10K plan Sequence 10,000 vertebrate genomes 39

40 SBE1: starch-branching enzyme 1

41 Applications of Genetics Genetics,Better life for all

42 1. Genetics in Agriculture

43 Genetic breeding The Green Revolution used genetic techniques to develop new strains of crops that greatly increased world food production during the 1950s and 1960s.

45 Development of superior breeds of livestocks

46 Genetic Engineering Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

Bt protein Insect resistant corn Bt toxin kills the

47 Agriculture Transgenics On the Market Insect resistant cotton Bt toxin kills the cotton boll worm transgene = Bt protein Insect resistant corn Bt toxin kills the European corn borer transgene = Bt protein Normal Transgenic

48 Golden rice psy: 八氢番茄红素合成酶基因 crti: 胡萝卜素脱氢酶 lcy: 番茄红素 β- 环化酶 Science 287,303-5 (2000) Nature Biotechnology 23, (2005)

49 NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008 Enrichment of tomato fruit with healthpromoting anthocyanins by expression of select transcription factors

50 转基因食品

51 它们是转基因吗?

52 转基因食品可以这样判别吗

55 2014 年全球转基因作物在各国的种植面积 ( 百万公顷 ) * 19 个转基因作物种植大国的种植面积在 5 万公顷以上 55

56 56

57 根据农业部农业转基因生物安全管理办公室发布的信息,, 我国先后共为 7 种转基因植物发放了农业转基因生物安全证书 : 耐贮存番茄抗虫棉花改变花色矮牵牛抗病辣椒抗病番木瓜抗虫水稻和转植酸酶玉米目前商业化种植的转基因农作物主要是转基因棉花和转基因番木瓜, 其余已发放安全证书的转基因植物并未大规模应用批准了 4 种可进口的转基因作物 : 棉花大豆玉米和油菜除进口的转基因棉花可种植外, 进口的转基因大豆玉米油菜均不能种植, 仅限于加工原料消费者真正能接触到的转基因食品, 主要就是番木瓜大豆油玉米油菜籽油及其调和油, 其他诸如土豆大米玉米西红柿都不是转基因, 消费者在市场上通常是买不到的 57

59 2.Genetics and Medicine 人类所有的疾病都与 DNA 有关遗传疾病医学遗传学染色体病 : 染色体结构数目异常而导致的遗传病单基因病 : 多指症, 白化病, 早老症多基因病 : 哮喘, 原发性高血压, 糖尿病

60 Cancer is a genetic disorder at the somatic cell level

61 Recombinant Proteins in Medicine Insulin, interferon, interleukin... Vaccines: HBV

62 Pharm animals These transgenic sheep make human proteins that is secreted in their milk! They could make hormones, blood-clotting factors, or insulin.

63 Gene diagnosis and gene therapy 新生儿免费耳聋基因筛查一名科学记者的基因测试之旅基因编辑修复致盲基因 Gene and longevity

65 3. Genetics and Society

66 The Future of Genetics Sequence Gene structure and function Development Genetic technology Eugenics

67 Nothing can be understood in life science, except in the light of Gene.

Microsoft PowerPoint - NCBA_Cattlemens_College_Darrh_B

Microsoft PowerPoint - NCBA_Cattlemens_College_Darrh_B Introduction to Genetics Darrh Bullock University of Kentucky The Model Trait = Genetics + Environment Genetics Additive Predictable effects that get passed from generation to generation Non-Additive Primarily