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眠刷白
7 years ago
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1 Günter Hörmandinger 1

2 2

3 3

4 HC CO NOXPM 4

5 5

6 6 (vignette)

7 7

8 8

9 2000 9

10 10

11 11

12 12

14 14

1999 1999 Study on vehicle taxation in the

15 Study on vehicle taxation in the Member States of the European Union, 15

17 17

19 (EU 15) 120 CO2/ /9 140 / 19

20 ACEA JAMA KAMA EU

21 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

23 SEC(2005) 43 PM 5/ 23

24 LDV

25 : PM 5 / / PM 5 / /

26 26

27 Communication COM(2002)

28 28

29 2003/96/EC 359 / / /8 245 /

30 / COM LV EE PL MT CY LT GR LUX A B E P CZ Sl FIN NL HU S SK IRL DK FR IT D UK 2004 EU-15 30

31 =

32 32

33 ppm S

34 COM(2002) /

35 Eurovignette COM(2003) % 10% Brenner Pass / 35

36 36

37 37

38 JARI Kiyoyuki Minato

40 NOx HC PM (CO 2 ) 3

41 / (ITS) (ITS) 4

42 / CO 2 5

43 6

44 CO 2 CO % 1990 年 2010 年 % -21% -0.5% CO () 甲烷 -2.0% CFCs +2.0% -3.9% -1.6% 9.8%! (2002 ) 15%! 7

45 8

46 9

47 CO % 50% 45% 5% ( ) 1.6% (0.8%) HC % 59% 48% 8% ( ) 2.6% (1.3%) NOx 100 * IW 1,000kg IW > 1,000kg 70% ( ) 50 27% 39% 20% 8% 2.6% (1.3%) * 100% = * IW = 10

0.06 ( ) 0.05 2005 NMHC (g/km) 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.

48 0.06 ( ) NMHC (g/km) ( ) ( ) ( ) NOx (g/km) 11

49 SO2 ( ) ppm NO2 (NOx, ppm) NOx (, ppm)

50 13

51 ~ \ \ \ 14

52 : 75% : : 15

53 Prius Estima Hybrid Civic Hybrid

54 17

55 18

56 Yasuhiro Daisho

57 * * * *

58 SPM ( )

59 (2005 ) NOx: 0.7 g/kwh, PM: 0.01 g/kwh NOx, NMHC: 0.08 g/km, PM: g/km

60 2009 PM NOx NMHC CO , g/km -62% -43% 0% 0% *, g/km (G 1.7 t) -62% -43% 0% 0% * 1), g/km (1.7 t <G 3.5 t) -53% -40% 0% 0% * 2), g/kwh (3.5 t<g ) -63% -65% 0% 0% 1) 1.7 t <G 2.5 t, 2) 3.5 t<g 12 t: :, g/kwh

61 PM g/kwh ? 2010 NOx: PM: 0.01 EURO (NOx+HC) EURO NOx g/kwh NOx PM

62 ( : Japan (NOx, 2005) ( : Japan (NOx, 2009) 4 5 (FEV, 2003)

63 2009 PM NOx NMHC CO g/km G 1.7t g/km t G 3.5t g/km G 3.5 t g/kwh * G: NOx, NMHC CO * NSR PM

64 Japan US Cal. US Cal NOx HC

65 GVW 3.5 t km/h GVW>3.5 t km/h 2005

66 SI

67 ( ) % NOx HC 50% *25% * 20 NOx HC 75% * 减免 25% 的年度使用税 * 20 *50% * 30 +: 2005

68 VG DPF / NOx ERG EGR

69 Bosch)

70 NOx/PM HCCI PM HC 预喷射 TDC 速率调节

71 HCCI BDC TDC NOx PM HC CO EGR SI

72 OC: SCR: LNT: (NSR) OC OC OC OC -SOF -HC,CO -SOF -HC,CO -SOF -HC,CO -SOF DPF SCR OC DPF SCR OC -HC,CO -SOF -HC,CO LNT -PM -NOx -PM -PM OC -NH3 DPF -NOx -NOx : : OC -NH3 -HC

73 VG 涡轮增压器 DPR (Hino Motors,2003 年 )

74 * * * * * * HC SOF *

75 -SCR) DPF PM - 1,000

76 -SCR ( ) * Quon(GVW:20~24 ) * DPF * 1,000 ECU SRC

77 2003 DPNR

78 SCR LNT * / * SCR * * HCNO N 2 O NH 3 * LNT NOx NSR * * *

79 II CO2

80 1.2% 100 ppm 50 ppm 10 ppm> (S<10 ppm) 0.5% 500 ppm 50 ppm 0.2% 10 ppm> 2009 NSR (LNT)

81 CO2 km/l g/km 120 g/km X? [] [] []

82 : 10%< :5-10% :5%> Miller (SCV, VVT) CVT MT

83 GDI, 1995 NEO-DI, 1997 D4, 1995 i-vtec I, 2004

84 NOx g/km (1978 ) ? CO2 % NOx-CO2 DI NOx

85 METI MLIT 2012 CO2

86 METI CO2

87 SI

88 ~ MLIT METI MOE ~ a) b) a) b)

89 轿车 & 轻型车辆 2 技术目标车辆类型重型车辆技术目标车辆类型

90 MLIT 发展下一代重型 EFV 的项目 ( ) 车辆类型 (GVW) NOx PM CO2 () DME (20 ) Nissan Diesel 1/4 相当于柴油 CNG (25 ) Japan Gas Association 1/4 相当于柴油推广型混合动力公交车 (80 座 ) Mitsubishi 1/10 1/4 1/2 并混合动力车 ( 15 吨 ) Hino 1/10 1/10 1/2 (25 ) New ACE 1/10 1/2 10% NOx PM /10

91 (: %) PM NOx * -20 ~ ~ 40-5 * 10 ~ ~ * -10 ~ ~ 20-5 * -20 ~ * -70 ~ ~ 5 * NOx ~ ~ (* HCCI ) ~ ~ 5 * -20 ~ ~ -30-5

92 EGR NOx & PM NOx O2 : 280 kw (New ACE, MLIT, ) 2004)

93 5 40 kw 90 kw*2 GVW (MLIT, ) 2004)

94 -DME - GVW kw -CNG - GVW 25, kw EF (MLIT, ) 2004)

95 EV FCV EFV

96 METI NEDOA (FY ) 1. * : NOx: 0.2 g/kwh, PM: g/kwh NOx: 0.05 g/km, PM: g/km * : 10% : % 2. GTL * GTL * GTL CN

97 ( ) 3. * 1 4. * * PM 5 50

98 3% (2003-) CO kl 6% (100 /? 2010 E10

99 ?? CO2 ETBE

100 - (2003-) CO2 BDF 5% SOF 乙醛 BDF

101

102 California s s Carl Moyer Program Carl Moyer Charlotte Pera Energy Foundation/ MOF/NDRC/CSEP March 21-22, 22, 2005/ Beijing, China/

103 Overview What is the Carl Moyer Program? Carl Moyer Founding concepts Program structure Results Revenue sources

104 What is the CMP? CMP? California incentive program to reduce pollution from diesels

105 What is the CMP? CMP? State investment: 154M USD (1.3B RMB) from 1998 to 2004 Up to 141M USD (1.2B RMB) per year from 2005 (State and local government) Copied in Texas; may be copied elsewhere

106 Why Use Financial Incentives? Mandatory standards for new products are most important, but are not enough Diesels last many years; older diesels pollute more; must address this source

107 Why Use Financial Incentives? Technologies make cost-effective clean up of some older diesels possible How do we use these technologies to reduce pollution from older vehicles?

108 CMP Founding Concepts (1) CMP- Government buys the pollution reduction on a project-by by-project basis Must be cost-effective Must be real, quantifiable, surplus, enforceable

109 CMP Founding Concepts (2) CMP- Program must be user-friendly so owners and technology providers participate Criteria set in advance, government advertises the program

110 Example Road Builders Inc. Applies for CMP funding to repower one loader, one scraper, and two graders Government determines project meets eligibility criteria; awards 200K USD

111 Program Structure (1) Partnership of state and local agencies State provides most $, sets program rules, certifies good technologies, audits local programs, reports to legislature

112 Program Structure (2) Local districts solicit good projects, disburse program funds, report to CARB

113 Program Structure (3) Equitable (environmental justice) 50% of $ used in low-income communities

114 Results: Cost Effective Benefits Through 2004, cut 18 tons per day NOx,, 1 tpd PM at low cost (3,000 USD/ton NOx)

115 Results: Good Mix of Projects Source: California Air Resources Board/

116 Results: Benefit-Cost Ratio 13:1 Prevent up to 340 deaths by 2012; other health benefits Billion RMB Benefits 17 B RMB saved by Costs Source: UCS/

117 Revenue Sources : several sources, approved yearly From 2005, dedicated annual funding: surcharge on annual vehicle registration fee, other small fees

118 Programs like CMP CMP can supplement mandatory standards to further reduce pollution (or oil use) can be targeted by source, region, etc. can provide big benefits at low cost

119 Programs like CMP CMP require careful design, implementation, and reporting work best with central oversight and local, user- friendly project management need an ongoing revenue stream

Thank You More information: www.arb arb.ca.

120 Thank You More information: arb.ca..ca.gov/msprog/ moyer/moyer moyer.htm vehicles/trucks_and_bus es/index.cfm

121 Michael P. Walsh ÖL

122

123 ? SO 2 CO HC NOx

124 PM PM 0.03 PM / PM PPM

125 EPA /- 15 Caterpillar, EPA 98 NOx = 4.0 P = 0.10 Consent Decree 10/02 Cummins, Detroit Diesel, Volvo, Mack Trucks/Renault Navistar EPA 04 NOx = 2.5 P = ppm EPA 07 NOx = 0.25 P = 0.01 EURO /- EURO III NOx = 5.0 P = 0.10 Combined EURO IV EURO V EURO III-IV NOx = 3.5 P = 0.02 NOx=2.0 P= /10 ppm 10/05 10/08

126 150 PPM 60% 50% 40% 67% 500 ppm 800 ppm 70% 30% 20% 10% 33% 26% 74% 30% 0% CO/10 HC NOx EURO 3

127 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 94% 100% 350 ppm 500 ppm 45% 33% 16% 5% 0% HC NOx PM EURO 3

128 PM ( ) Without Weather influence With (<50 ppm) Automobile tunnel Iogi Tunnel (Loop 8) (Emissions reduced per vehicle) Carbon(E C) -49% Cancercausing agents Up to - 58% Osakabashi Air Monitoring Station Carbon (EC) -30% Roadside Meguro St. roadside (By Prof. Uchiyama of Kyoto University) Cancercausing agents -36% Comparison of two two-day periods Mar , 2001 (Left bars, black and yellow) Nov. 9-10, 2003 (Right bars, black and yellow) Comparison of two twomonth periods Sept.-Oct (Left bar) Sept.-Oct (Right bar) Comparison of two six-day periods Sept.-Oct (Left bar) Oct.- Nov (Right bar) Daisho

129

130 / / /

131 /

132 (FCC) Naph 30 Naph Complex MBPD C D U V D U VGO 25 H D S LPG F FCC Naph C C FCC LCO TR Diesel ALKY P R O D U C T S 32 17

133 C D U P R O D U C T S 100 MBPD Naphta HDS V D U TR Diesel Naph Complex ALKY F C C VGO 25 FCC Naphta FCC LCO C O K E R H K R Naphta Naph

134 (HDS) HDS HDS

135 (FCC) 1,000

136 FCC

137 FCC FCC

138 / ,000 3,000 0 Enstrat International

139 Euro Euro2& Euro Euro2& Euro3& Euro Euro3& Euro3& Euro3& Euro Euro5 / / / / 5.0 /

140 / / / 4.0 / Euro Euro Euro Euro Euro5 Yamaguchi

141 / / /EURO5 5.2 /

European Tax Incentives Schemes To Encourage Low Sulfur Fuels National Tax incentives For 50ppm sulphur fue ls National Tax incentives For 50ppm & 10 ppm sulphur fuels (and or availability) 4.

142 European Tax Incentives Schemes To Encourage Low Sulfur Fuels National Tax incentives For 50ppm sulphur fue ls National Tax incentives For 50ppm & 10 ppm sulphur fuels (and or availability) 4.5Ec/l 50ppm Petrol (2000), Diesel (2001) 10ppm Diesel Available (2000) 0.3Ec/l 50ppm Petrol (2001) 5.7Ec/l 10ppm Diesel (2001) 3.9Ec/l Diesel (2000) 10ppm Petrol (2002) 10ppm Diesel (2002) 2.5Ec/l 50ppm Diesel (1993).076Ec/l 50ppm Petrol (2000), Diesel (2001) 1.5EC/l 10ppm Petrol/Diesel (2003) 1.5Ec/l 50ppm Petrol/Diesel (2001) 2.4 Ec/l Diesel (1999) 3.1Ec/l 50ppm Diesel (1993) 4 Ec/l Petrol/Diesel (2001) 2 Ec/l Petrol/Diesel (2001) 50ppm Diesel Available (2000) 10ppm Petrol/Diesel incentive (2004)

143 50 ppm 10 ppm / $0.70 $ $0.60 $0.50 $0.40 $0.29 $0.29 $0.30 $0.20 $0.11 $0.10 $0.00

144 ( ; 1994$) ppm

145 3 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,

146

147 Class PPM

148 99% :

149

150

151

152 2

153 85% % 3

154 % CO HC NOx

155 5

156 6

157 60% 7

158 L 8% 1.0L <2.2L 5% <1.0L 3% 2.4L 5% <2.4L 3% ( 22 ) 2.0L 5% <2.0L 3% 8

159 4, 60~320 16~60 20~60 32~80 9

160 5 10

161 11

162 12

163 13

164 14

165 15

166 16

167 17

168 II 30% 18

169 19

170 20

171 21

172 22

173 23

174 24

175

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<4D6963726F736F667420506F776572506F696E74202D2031322DD5EBB6D4BFD5C6F8D6CAC1BFB8C4C9C6B5C4B3C7CAD0BBFAB6AFB3B5B7A2D5B9D5BDC2D4D1D0BEBF2DCEE2ECC7205BBCE6C8DDC4A3CABD5D> Energy Foundation project G-1006-12800 针对空气质量改善的城市机动车发展战略研究 Development Strategy of On-road Vehicle Fleet in Chinese Cities with a Goal of Better Urban Air Quality 郝吉明, 吴烨清华大学