Microsoft PowerPoint - 長庚_解剖學史

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HISTORY OF ANATOMY A. WESTERN HISTORY OF ANATOMY () 1. Primitive Time to Early Cultivation () 2. The Classical Civilization of Antiquity () (8 th century BC - 5-6 th century AD) 3.

Modern Expansions (17 th 20 th century) () Gross Anatomical Observations Exploration of Microscopic Structure Development of Experimental Methods 6.

1 HISTORY OF ANATOMY A. WESTERN HISTORY OF ANATOMY () 1. Primitive Time to Early Cultivation () 2. The Classical Civilization of Antiquity () (8 th century BC th century AD) 3. Medieval (Dark Ages) (5 th 14 th century) () 4. Renaissance (14 th -17th century) () 5. Modern Expansions (17 th 20 th century) () Gross Anatomical Observations Exploration of Microscopic Structure Development of Experimental Methods 6. Explosion of Anatomical Science (20 th -21 th century) Renaissance of Anatomical Science () 1 3 HISTORY OF ANATOMY () A. Western History of Anatomy () B. Anatomy History in Japan, China and Taiwan () 2 1. Primitive Time to Early Cultivation 1 4 Egypt Mesopotamia Old Greek Ancient China Ancient India Babylonia Mesopotamia Asyria Egypt Greek Persis

2 1. Primitive Time to Early Cultivation 2 1. Primitive Time to Early Cultivation 4 Medicine in Ancient Egypt Ebers papyrus, and Edwin Smith papyrus; Primitive Time to Early Cultivation 3 Mesopotamia 6 1. Primitive Time to Early Cultivation 5 8

3 1. Primitive Time to Early Cultivation 6 1. Primitive Time to Early Cultivation 7 Demigod of medicine and healing in ancient Greek mythology 9 The cult of the Grecian Temples of Asclepius 1. Primitive Time to Early Cultivation 8 2. THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC TH CENTURY AD 1 Greek & Rome Persian Anatomy

2. THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC - 5-6 TH CENTURY AD 2 Greek & Rome

(129-201 AD) --- Prince of Physician ---- brain as a seat of animal spirit Empedocles 490 BC-

THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC - 5-6 TH CENTURY AD 4 A

An image of Hippocrates on the floor of the Asclepieion of Kos, with Asclepius in the middle.

THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC - 5-6 TH CENTURY AD 3 Engraving by

322 BC The Golden mean, Reason, Logic, Biology, Father of classical taxonomy A woodcut of the

4 2. THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC TH CENTURY AD 2 Greek & Rome Aristoteles (384BC-322BC) elements, heart as a seat of soul Galen of Pergamon ( AD) --- Prince of Physician ---- brain as a seat of animal spirit Empedocles 490 BC- 430 BC All matter is made up of four elements: water, earth, air and fire. 2. THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC TH CENTURY AD 4 A twelfth-century Byzantine manuscript of the Oath in the form of a cross. An image of Hippocrates on the floor of the Asclepieion of Kos, with Asclepius in the middle THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC TH CENTURY AD 3 Engraving by Peter Paul Rubens, 1638, Hippocrates 460 BC BC; Kos, Greece Aristotle 384 BC - March 7, 322 BC The Golden mean, Reason, Logic, Biology, Father of classical taxonomy A woodcut of the reduction of a dislocated shoulder with a Hippocratic device. 2. THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC TH CENTURY AD 5 Detail of The School of Athens by Raffaello Sanzio, 1509, showing Plato (left) and Aristotle (right) 16 14

5 2. THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC TH CENTURY AD 6 Early Islamic portrayal of Aristotle 2. THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC TH CENTURY AD BC Alexandria, Sphinx made of pink granite, Ptolemaic THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC TH CENTURY AD 8 Herophilus (of Chalcedon, 300 B.C.) founder of the great medical school of Alexandria Erasistratus (of Chios, B.C.) Erasistratus and Herophilus were permitted to perform human 2. THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC TH CENTURY AD 9 Greek & Rome Empedocles (490BC-430BC) - Aristoteles (384BC-322BC) elements, heart as a seat of soul Latin: Claudius Galenus AD 129 ca. 200 or

2. THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC - 5-6 TH CENTURY AD 10 Galen of Pergamum, Mysia (now Bergama, Turkey) (129-201 A.D.) Air, fire, earth, water liver Natural spirit lung heart vital spirit rete mirabile animal spirit 21 3.

Although Arab scientists contributed heavily to medieval learning and culture, taboos against handling corpses limited their contributions to anatomical research.

organs and the identification of their functions. Prominent among these anatomists were Mondino de Liuzzi and Alessandro Achillini. 23 2.

Thanks to the printing press, all over Europe a collective effort proceeded to distill the original Galen from the various, mostly Arab, added texts.

6 2. THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC TH CENTURY AD 10 Galen of Pergamum, Mysia (now Bergama, Turkey) ( A.D.) Air, fire, earth, water liver Natural spirit lung heart vital spirit rete mirabile animal spirit MEDIEVAL(DARK AGES) (5 TH 14 TH CENTURY) () 1 Little progress was made in anatomy for some time after the fall of the Roman empire. Although Arab scientists contributed heavily to medieval learning and culture, taboos against handling corpses limited their contributions to anatomical research. The first major development in anatomy after Galen occurred at Bologna in the 14th to 16th centuries, where a series of authors dissected cadavers and contributed to the accurate description of organs and the identification of their functions. Prominent among these anatomists were Mondino de Liuzzi and Alessandro Achillini THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANTIQUITY 8 TH CENTURY BC TH CENTURY AD 11 Galen: Influence for 45 Generations The first challenges to Galen also occurred in the 16th century. Thanks to the printing press, all over Europe a collective effort proceeded to distill the original Galen from the various, mostly Arab, added texts. Vesalius was the first to publish a treatise, De humani corporis fabrica, that challenged him "drawing for drawing" travelling all the way from Leuven to Padua for permission to dissect victims from the gallows without fear of persecution. His drawings are triumphant descriptions of the, sometimes major, discrepancies between dogs and humans, showing superb drawing ability. Many later anatomists challenged Galen in their texts, though Galen reigned supreme for another century. 3. MEDIEVAL(DARK AGES) (5 TH 14 TH CENTURY) ()

7 3. MEDIEVAL(DARK AGES) (5 TH 14 TH CENTURY) () 3 (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 1 Renaissance Anatomy 14th to 16th century Based on Humanism Restoration of Human Anatomy human dissection was performed in public (University of Bologna) Mondino da Luzzi ( ): Restorer of Anatomy Medieval Hospitals 3. MEDIEVAL(DARK AGES) (5 TH 14 TH CENTURY) () 4 (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 2 26 Renaissance Anatomy Restorer of Anatomy Mondino da Luzzi ( ) 28

8 (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 3 University of Bologna (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 5 Anatomy Theatre, University of Bologna The building dates from 1563 and the anatomical theatre from (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 4 University of Bologna (14 TH -17TH CENTURY)

(14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 7 University of Padua 1222- (14 TH -17TH

built at the University of Padua in 1594 and is still preserved.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Berengarius da Carpi (1457-1530)

Vesalius (1514-1564) Di Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543)

9 (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 7 University of Padua (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 9 The Theatrum Anatomicum of Leiden University, built in (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 8 The first anatomical theatre was built at the University of Padua in 1594 and is still preserved. (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) Renaissance Anatomy 10 History of Anatomy Leonardo da Vinci ( ) Berengarius da Carpi ( ) Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni ( ) Andreas Vesalius ( ) Di Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543) Bartolemeo Eustachi ( ) Gabriele Fallopius ( ) Constanzo Varolio ( ) Girolamo Fabricius ( ) 34 36

10 (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 11 LEONARDO DA VINCI ( ) Mona Lisa or La Gioconda ( /1507) Louvre, Paris, France (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 12 THE LAST SUPPER (1498) CONVENT OF STA. MARIA DELLE GRAZIE, MILAN, ITALY. (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 14 Renaissance Anatomy 38 40

11 (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 15 (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 17 The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel painted by Michelangelo (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 16 Michelangelo's own tomb, at Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze, Florence MICHELANGELO DI LODOVICO ( ) (14 TH -17TH CENTURY)

12 (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 19 (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) Self-portrait by Raphael ( ) Leonardo da Vinci ( ) Michelangelo di Lodovico ( ) Raphael Sanzio ( ) 46 (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 21 48

13 (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 22 (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 24 Gabriele Falloppio ( ) (14 TH -17TH CENTURY) 23 Bartolomeo Eustachi (1500 or ) (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 1 History of Anatomy Modern Expansion 17th to 20th Century Gross Anatomical Observation Exploration of Microscopic Structures Development of Experimental Methods Padua, Blogna Leiden Vienna Edinburgh US Gross Anatomy Embryology Microscopic Anatomy (Histology & Embryology) 50 52

(17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) Anatomy of the 2 17th to 20th Centuries

1677) Thomas Willis (1621-1675) Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)

Morgagni (1682 1771) Luigi Rolando (1773-1831) Henry Gray

(1852 1934) (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 4 Francis Glisson (1597

Nicolaes Tulp (1593 1674), byrembrandt,depictsanautopsy.

14 (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) Anatomy of the 2 17th to 20th Centuries Nicolaes Tulp ( ) Francis Glisson (1597 October 14, 1677) Thomas Willis ( ) Marcello Malpighi ( ) Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek ( ) Giovanni Battista Morgagni ( ) Luigi Rolando ( ) Henry Gray ( ) Camillo Golgi ( ) Santiago Ramón y Cajal ( ) (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 4 Francis Glisson ( ) Glisson's capsule is a collagenous capsule covering the external surface of the liver. It is covered by a single layer of mesothelial cells. It is named for Francis Glisson (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 3 TheAnatomyLessonofDr.Nicolaes Tulp ( ), byrembrandt,depictsanautopsy. (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 5 17th Century Anatomy Thomas Willis ( ) (1664) the first separate works on the anatomy of the nervous system Circle of Willis 54 56

15 (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 6 Marcello Malpighi ( ) Malpighi is regarded as the founder of microscopic anatomy and the first histologist Bologna, Marcello Malpighi's tomb 57 (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 8 Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek ( ) Robert Hooke ( ) 59 (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 7 Malpighi layer Malpighi corpuscle renal corpuscle splenic lymphatic nodule (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 9 Luigi Rolando ( ) Rolandic fissure (sulcus) substantia gelatinosa Rolandi 58 60

16 (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 10 Pathological Anatomy Giovanni Battista Morgagni ( ), (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 12 Camillo Golgi (Italian neuroscientist) (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) (UK) 1 st ed., 1878 (US) 1 st ed., 1878 (UK) 8 th ed., 39th edition (2004) Henry Gray ( ) Dr. Meredith Grey in Grey s Anatomy () Gray s Anatomy 62 (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 13 64

17 (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 14 (17 TH -20 TH CENTURY) 15 Santiago Ramón y Cajal ( ) Spain 65 HISTORY OF ANATOMY () A. Western History of Anatomy () B. Anatomy History in China, Japan and Taiwan ()

18 Anatomy History in China 2 Anatomy History in China Anatomy History in China 4 Anatomy History in China Hobson

19 Anatomy History in China 5 73 Anatomy History in Japan 1 75 Anatomy History in China 6 Anatomy History in Japan

20 Anatomy History in Japan 3 77 Anatomy History in Japan Anatomy History in Japan 4 Anatomy History in Japan

21 Anatomy History in Taiwan () () 1928 () () (1961)

Anatomy History in Taiwan 6 85 87 86 Anatomy

22 Anatomy History in Taiwan Anatomy History in Taiwan 7 Old Greek, Roman, Egypt, China, India Padua, Blogna Leiden Vienna Edinburgh US China x Japan (1895) Taiwan (1945) 88

23 Anatomy History in Taiwan 8 89

壹前言中古時代的歐洲, 因為是君主封建制度, 對其宗教與藝術都是抱持保守的態度一直到了十三與十四世紀間, 一股主張以人為本, 反對神權, 提倡思想自由, 反對封建及階級

壹前言中古時代的歐洲, 因為是君主封建制度, 對其宗教與藝術都是抱持保守的態度一直到了十三與十四世紀間, 一股主張以人為本, 反對神權, 提倡思想自由, 反對封建及階級投稿類別 : 史地類篇名 : 由文藝復興時期探討巴洛克藝術之演進作者 : 葉子葳國立新店高中高二 1 班劉若妤國立新店高中高二 1 班指導老師 ; 張淑婷老師壹前言中古時代的歐洲, 因為是君主封建制度, 對其宗教與藝術都是抱持保守的