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1 Air Pollution Control Policy and Scientific Research Fan Meng Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences

我国东部是全球二氧化氮增长最快的地区 GOME annual changes in tropospheric NO 2 1996-2002 7

correction seasonal and local AMF based on 1997 MOART-2 run cloud

over China consistent with significant NO x emission changes A.

2 我国东部是全球二氧化氮增长最快的地区 GOME annual changes in tropospheric NO years of GOME satellite data DOAS retrieval + CTM-stratospheric correction seasonal and local AMF based on 1997 MOART-2 run cloud screening NO 2 reductions in Europe and parts of the US strong increase over China consistent with significant NO x emission changes A. Richter et al., Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature,

Image produced by S. Beirle, U. Platt and T. Wagner of the University of Heidelberg's Institute for Environmental Physics.

3 Global and Regional Air Pollution Global mean tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical column density (VCD) between January 2003 and June 2004, as measured by the SCIAMACHY instrument on ESA's Envisat. The scale is in 1015 molecules/cm 2. Image produced by S. Beirle, U. Platt and T. Wagner of the University of Heidelberg's Institute for Environmental Physics. Global satellite derived map of PM2.5 (ug/m3) averaged over Credit: Dalhousie University, Aaron van Donkelaar

4 Haze or PM Pollution Both primary and secondary integrated with SO2, O3, NO2 Regional problem combined with local problem Health and climate impacts Haze days in cities

5 New Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB ) For the first time, released by State Council New PM 2.5 Standard, New O 3 8hr standard; More stringent PM 10 and NO 2 Limits Merge Grade III with II By phases Feb. 29, 2012, released 2013 for 113 pilot cities; 2015, for all cities, i.e. before Jan.1, , for (Jing jin ji) Great Beijing Aere, YRD, ZRD, Capital of provinces, Municipalities directly under the Central Government;

6 *Grade I is for Natural Protection Area and Other areas which need special protection. *Grade II is for Residential, Commercial, Industrial and Rural Area Most Chinese cities can not reach new standards especially for PM

7 Control Measures for Air Pollution Ambient air quality standard Control program, joint control program among cities and provinces ( 联防联控 ) Total Emission Control or emission cap 10%/5year SO 2, since 11 th and 12 th Five Year Plan( , ) 10%/5year NOx since 2010 More stringent emission standard, most stringent of world for power plants and cement plants Updating standard for mobile sources EIA for new sources and modification of old sources. What is the implication of the domestic countermeasure to Northeast Asia Region?

8 Long Term Trend of Air Pollution EANET and LTP,

9 冲绳超级站 (Cape Hedo) 长期监测结果

10 中日韩 LTP 项目 1 st 3 rd Stage, Working Group Monitoring Sub working Group Intensive monitoring of air pollutants in China, Japan and Korea ground based and aerial measurements (SO 2, NO 2, O3, PM 10, PM 2.5 and ionic components) Modeling Subworking Group Modeling for long range transport air pollutants concentrations, deposition and source receptor relationship Emission inventory development of air pollutants

11 Source Receptor Relationship by LTP project Zero Out Modeling and Brute Force for SO2 and for NOx related deposition for 2002 and 2006 respectively 100% SO2 emis. cut or 20% NOx emis. cut region I region II region III region IV region V Receptor region I region II region III region IV region V

12 春夏秋冬 ktons/month I II III IV V S deposition of March V IV III II I ktons/month I II III IV V S deposition of July V IV III II I ktons/month I II III IV V S deposition of October V IV III II I ktons/month I II III IV V S deposition of December V IV III II I ktons/year I II III IV V S deposition of 2002 V IV III II I 全年 5 个区域硫沉降及其来源

0.49 I 1.17 II 1.21 III IV V 0.39 0.87 7.38 3.91 I II III IV V 39.63 57.49 Contribution to region I (%) 87.

7 2.09 I II III IV V 80.17 Contribution to region III (%) 77.

13 0.49 I 1.17 II 1.21 III IV V I II III IV V Contribution to region I (%) Contribution to region II (%) (a) Contribution from region I (b) Contribution from region II I II III IV V I II III IV V Contribution to region III (%) Contribution to region IV (%) (c) Contribution from region III (d) Contribution from region IV Contribution to region V (%) I II III IV V Source Receptor Relationship of SO2 Emi. to Total S deposition (%). (e) Contribution from region V

14 Table 5. Contributions of 20% NOx emission of sources regions to the total nitrate deposition of receptor regions in 2006 N dep. reduction due to 20% NOx cut.

Study on Long-range Transport of Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia and Counter-measures

measurments LongTerm Monitoring Emission Inventory ConcentrationofGaseous andaerosol

Receptor Relationship Critical Load Domestic and Regional Control Policy Intensive

15 Study on Long-range Transport of Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia and Counter-measures MEP Project, PointSource Socialand Economical Statistics Emission Factors measurments LongTerm Monitoring Emission Inventory ConcentrationofGaseous andaerosol Concentratio nand Deposition Modeling Uncertainties inemission Multimodels Source- Receptor Relationship Critical Load Domestic and Regional Control Policy Intensive Monitoring Satelite Airplane Ship Surface Concentrati onsand Physical and Chemical Characristic ofaerosol

16 Intensive Measurement MEP-TAP

17 PSAT includes a total of 32 tracers for each source group (i) Sulfur SO2 i Primary SO2 emissions PS4 i Particulate sulfate ion from primary emissions plus secondarily formed sulfate Nitrogen RGN i Reactive gaseous nitrogen including primary NOx (NO + NO2 ) emissions plus nitrate radical (NO3 ), nitrous acid (HONO) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5 ). TPN i Gaseous peroxyl acetyl nitrate (PAN) plus peroxy nitric acid (PNA) NTR i Organic nitrates (RNO3 ) HN3 i Gaseous nitric acid (HNO3 ) PN3 i Particulate nitrate ion from primary emissions plus secondarily formed nitrate NH3 i Gaseous ammonia (NH3 ) PN4 i Particulate ammonium (NH4 ) Primary Particulate PEC i Primary Elemental Carbon POA i Primary Organic Aerosol PFC i Fine Crustal PM PFN i Other Fine Particulate PCC i Coarse Crustal PM PCS i Other Coarse Particulate Secondary Organic ARO i Aromatic (toluene and xylene) secondary organic aerosol precursors ISP i Isoprene secondary organic aerosol precursors TRP i Terpene secondary organic aerosol precursors SQT Sesquiterpene secondary organic aerosol precursors CG1 i Condensable gases from aromatics (low volatility products) CG2 i Condensable gases from aromatics (high volatility products) CG3 i Condensable gases from isoprene (low volatility products) CG4 i Condensable gases from isoprene (high volatility products) CG5 i Condensable gases from terpenes (low volatility products) CG6 i Condensable gases from terpenes (high volatility products) CG7 i Condensable gases from sesqiterpenes PO1 i Particulate organic aerosol associated with CG1 PO2 i Particulate organic aerosol associated with CG2 PO3 i Particulate organic aerosol associated with CG3 PO4 i Particulate organic aerosol associated with CG4 PO5 i Particulate organic aerosol associated with CG5 PO6 i Particulate organic aerosol associated with CG6 PO7 i Particulate organic aerosol associated with CG7

18 模拟区域设定的源排放分区和源解析区域北海道济州岛韩国九州东京地区计算 8 个示踪区域日本 5 个韩国 3 个冲绳

19 Source Contribution to SO2 in areas of Korea March and April, 2011 内蒙古朝鲜河北省 6% 山东省 6% 辽宁省 7% 江苏省 Korea (5.67 μg/m 3 ) 山西省浙江省 1% 韩国 6 河北省 4% 内蒙古江苏省 1% 山东省朝鲜 Seoul (8.39μg/m 3 ) 辽宁省 8% 韩国 70% 北京市天津市浙江省山西省内蒙古 7% Jeju Island (1.41 μg/m 3 ) 河南省上海市 6% 江苏省 9% 韩国 10% 辽宁省 10% 山东省 24% 河北省 17% SO2 浓度 (μg/m 3 ) SO2 平均浓度首尔济州岛韩国本土注 : 括号内为换算成 S 的平均浓度

20 Source Contribution to SO2 in areas of Japan March and April, 2011 吉林省黑龙江 Hokaido(1.18μg/m 3 ) 辽宁省内蒙古 6% Great Tokyo(2.01μg/m 3 ) 韩国内蒙古吉林省河北辽宁省省山东省 8% Tokyo (5.46μg/m 3 ) 河北省山东省 1% 1% 6% 日本 8 日本 78% 日本 9 辽宁省 4% 内蒙古河北省 4% 山东省 South Jp(2.66 μg/m 3 ) 山西省江苏省韩国 10% 朝鲜 1% 日本 6 辽宁省内蒙古 4% 安徽省 4% 浙江省河南省 7% Okinawa (0.68μg/m 3 ) 上海市天津市韩国 1% 1% 6% 山西省 8% 江苏省 11% 日本 21% 河北省 1 SO2 浓度 (μg/m 3 ) 山东省 16% 冲绳 SO2 平均浓度日本南部东京市区东京地区北海道注 : 括号内为换算成 S 的平均浓度

21 Source Contribution to Sulfate in areas of Korea March and April, 2011 上海市安徽省河南省 4% 湖北省 4% 安徽省北京市上海市湖北省韩国山西省 Jeju Island (1.11 μg/m 3 ) 天津市河南省浙江省 Korea (1.22 μg/m 3 ) 天津市韩国 6% 浙江省 6% 山西省 6% 江苏省 9% 11% 内蒙古自治区 8% 7% 山东省 1 山东省 19% 河北省 14% 辽宁省 11% 江苏省 9% 辽宁省 11% 河北省 16% 内蒙古 9% Sulfate 浓度 (μg/m 3 ) 河南省 1 湖北省山西省 4% 浙江省 6% 朝鲜内蒙古 8% 1.31 Seoul (1.31μg/m 3 ) 14% 江苏省 8% 山东省 1 韩国 11% 1.11 河北省 1 辽宁省 1 sulfate 平均浓度 1.22 首尔济州岛韩国本土注 : 括号内为换算成 S 的平均浓度

22 朝鲜韩国江苏省 4% 山西省 4% 吉林省河南省 4% 浙江省 4% 山西省 6% Hokkaido(0.42 μg/m 3 ) 河北省 8% 河南省山东省 9% 6% 辽宁省 10% 安徽省湖北省江苏省 8% 内蒙古 8% Source Contribution to Sulfate in areas of Japan March and April, 2011 吉林省 10% 日本 18% 黑龙江省 11% 内蒙古 11% South Japan(1.14μg/m 3 ) 朝鲜辽宁省 10% 山东省 1 韩国 11% 河北省 1 日本 1 朝鲜浙江省湖北省河南省韩国山西省 Great Tokyo(0.72μg/m 3 ) 黑龙江省江苏省吉林省陕西省上海市日本湖北省韩国安徽省 4% 辽宁省浙江省 6% 11% 内蒙古 7% 内蒙古 6% 日本 19% 河北省 11% 山东省 11% 辽宁省 8% Okinawa(1.25 μg/m 3 ) 16% 山东省 14% 河北省 1 山西省 9% 江苏省 8% 河南省 7% 江苏省山西省吉林省 Sulfate 浓度 (μg/m 3 ) Tokyo City(0.73μg/m 3 ) 内蒙古 7% 山东省 10% 日本 24% Sulfate 浓度河北省 10% 辽宁省 8% 1.14 北海道东京市区东京地区日本南部韩国 4% 1.25 冲绳注 : 括号内为换算成 S 的平均浓度

23 Plan for international cooperation Cooperation with the network of ABC, GAW, EANET, BSRN, AERONET, SKYNET/Lidar Bi lateral cooperation projects ICO P NCO G ICO K NCO P TCO P KCO G JCO O PCO MW PCO ML NACO T MCO H MCO G PCO MT Operational Proposed TBD

Counter-measures MEP Project, 2013-2015 BC

24 Study on Long-range Transport of Air Pollutants in South and Southeast Asia and Counter-measures MEP Project, BC Emissons (T. Bond 2007) Hotspots:Haze in South Asia, Metropolitan area, Biomass burning, Forest fire Implication to air quality of China? Any Trans-boundary?

25 Task 1 Task 2 区域背景点长期监测区域污染状况调研背景点长期监测数据区域污染特征三维立体观测遥感航空测量地面加强观测高时空分辨率污染物三维空间结构观测数据分析 Task 3 更新补充源排放清单 Task 4 区域污染长期平均状况卫星遥感资料分析数值模型模拟区域输送路径控制机制区域空气模式长期模拟区域输送通量源 - 受体关系 Task 5 区域污染和排放趋势和未来变化凝练研究成果区域污染控制建议环境外交战略建议

26 Study Area and Planned Obs. Sites Intensive Sites (2 4 个 ) Aerial Measurement

27 Conclusions and discussion The preliminary modeling results show that the control of air pollutants in China will obviously improve air quality in the NE Asia region. The effect of reduction of SO2 emission from China in the past ten years already have found in remote downwind sites. More scientific study still needed to reduce the uncertainty of modeling including emission inventory improvement, more comparison with surface and satellite monitoring data. Cooperation are needed to coordinate the research activities and for sharing data and knowledge and research resource. Policy study. Mechanism for integrating and disseminate the findings is needed.

28 Thank you! Fan Meng Atmospheric Environment Institute Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

PowerPoint 演示文稿

PowerPoint 演示文稿 Air Pollution Control Policy and Scientific Research Fan Meng Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences 我国东部是全球二氧化氮增长最快的地区 GOME annual changes in tropospheric NO 2 1996-2002 7 years of GOME satellite data