Introduction Zheng 2009a 2009b 2007 Akimoto 1994 Streets Materials and methods 2 1 Hao et al Wei et al

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1 DOI: /jhjkxxb Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae Vol 31 No 9 Sep J Huang C Chen C H Li L et al 2011 Anthropogenic air pollutant emission characteristics in the Yangtze River Delta region China J Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae * SO 2 NO x CO PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs NH kt 46% 45% SO 2 59% 26% NO x + 21% 57% PM 10 28% 52% PM 2 5 VOCs 65% NH 3 48% 40% PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs NH X51 A Anthropogenic air pollutant emission characteristics in the Yangtze River Delta region China HUANG Cheng 1 CHEN Changhong 1 * LI Li 1 CHENG Zhen 1 WANG Hongli 1 WANG Yangjun 2 HUANG Haiying 1 ZHANG Gangfeng 1 CHEN Yiran 1 1 Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences Shanghai School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai Received 2 December 2010 received in revised form 11 January 2011 accepted 27 January 2011 Abstract This study developed an anthropogenic air pollutant emission inventory in the Yangtze River Delta YRD region for the year of 2007 A Bottom-up approach was adopted to compile the inventory based on major emission sources in sixteen cities of this region Results show that the emissions of SO 2 NO x CO PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs and NH 3 in the YRD region for the year of 2007 are kt kt kt kt kt kt and kt respectively Power plants and other industrial combustion sources contribute 46% and 45% of SO 2 emission and 59% and 26% of NO x emission Power plants and industrial process sources of mineral products and steel manufacturing contribute 21% and 57% of PM 10 emission and also take up 28% and 52% of PM 2 5 emission The fugitive sources of oil refining chemical products and industrial use of paint and solvent are responsible for 59% of the total VOCs emission NH 3 emission mainly comes from the sources of livestock feeding and N-fertilizer application which occupied 48% and 40% respectively The emissions were spatially allocated into grid cells with the resolution of 4 km 4 km The spatial distribution of emission illustrates that high emissions mainly concentrate in the cities along the downstream of the Yangtze River and surrounding the Hangzhou Bay The emissions of PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs and NH 3 in the study still have high uncertainties which suggests that more fundamental studies on local emission sources are needed to improve the emission inventory in the future Keywords emission inventory anthropogenic air pollutant emission air pollutant emission characteristics spatial allocation the YRD region No 2009BAK43B33 No No 11K05ESPCP No Supported by the Key Projects in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program in the Eleven Five-year Plan Period No 2009BAK43B33 the National Non-profit Scientific Research Program for Environmental Protection No the Special Fund of State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Project No 11K05ESPCP and the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality Fund Project No huangc@ saes sh cn * chench@ saes sh cn Biography HUANG Cheng 1980 male engineer huangc@ saes sh cn * Corresponding author chench@ saes sh cn

9 1859 1 Introduction Zheng 2009a 2009b 2007 Akimoto 1994 Streets 2003 2001 2005 2005 2 Materials and methods 2 1 Hao et al 2007 2008 Wei et

2 Introduction Zheng 2009a 2009b 2007 Akimoto 1994 Streets Materials and methods 2 1 Hao et al Wei et al E E N N Liu et al km 4 km 1 16 Fig 1 1 Research domain for the Yangtze River Delta region

3 % 90% 80% SO 2 NO x CO PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs NH E i j = A j k EF i j k ( 1 - η ) i j 1 j k A EF GIS η i j k SO NO x CO PM 10 PM VOCs NH 3 1 EF SO2 = 2 C s P E 1 C 2007 s P Table 1 1 Emission factors of fueled combustion sources < 100 MW kg t ~ 300 MW kg t ~ 300 MW kg t > 300 MW kg t kg t kg t kg t kg t kg t kg t kg t kg t kg t kg t kg t kg t g m g m NO x a CO b PM 10 c PM 2 5 c VOCs d

4 NO x a CO b PM 10 c PM 2 5 c 1 g m g m g m kg t kg t ~ kg t kg t kg t kg t kg t kg t a 2001 Zhang et al 2007 b 2005 c 2005 d Bo et al VOCs 1 2 Table 2 2 Emission factors of non-combustion process in industries SO 2 NO x CO PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs NH 3 kg t USEPA 2002 VOCs d kg m Klimont et al 2002 kg m Klimont et al 2002 kg t Klimont et al 2002 kg t USEPA 2002 kg t USEPA 2002 kg t USEPA 2002 kg t USEPA 2002 kg t Klimont et al 2002 kg t Klimont et al 2002 kg t Bo et al 2008 kg t Bo et al 2008 kg tyre Klimont et al 2002 kg t Klimont et al 2002 kg t kg t Zhang et al 2009 kg t USEPA 2002 kg t USEPA 2002 kg t USEPA 2002 kg t USEPA 2002 kg t USEPA 2002

5 SO 2 NO x CO PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs NH 3 kg t Klimont et al 2002 kg t Klimont et al 2002 kg t Klimont et al 2002 kg t USEPA IVE ISSRC km EF dust USEPA USEPA EF 2007 dust = k SL W ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 1 - P 4 ) 3 N 94% k g km - 1 SL 90% g m - 2 W 2 t P mm 50% 40% 111 d N d VOCs VOCs Wang et al 2008 I /M VOCs Bo et al Table 3 3 VOCs Emission factors of fugitive VOCs emission sources kg t Klimont et al 2002 kg Klimont et al 2002 kg Klimont et al 2002 kg t Klimont et al 2002 kg t Bo et al 2008 kg t Bo et al 2008 kg t Bo et al 2008 kg t Bo et al 2008 kg t Bo et al 2008 kg t Bo et al 2008

6 Wu et al Table 4 4 Emission factors of anthropogenic ammonia emission sources kg Zhang et al 2010 kg Zhang et al 2010 kg Zhang et al 2010 kg Zhang et al 2010 kg head Zhang et al 2010 kg head Zhang et al 2010 kg kg kg m kg t kg EEA " 30" ORNL km 4 km 3 Results and discussion SO 2 NO x CO PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs NH kt 200 km GDP 4 km 4 km GDP 1 km 1 km GDP 3 1 Chen RESDC 2003 et al 2007 Streets et al % GIS 90% SO kt 2010 SO 2 79 kt

7 Table 5 City-specific air pollutant emission inventory in the YRD region in 2007 /km /kt SO 2 NO x CO PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs NH % 2 SO 2 NO x 2007 SO 2 PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs NH 3 0 1% 0 7% 1 6% 2 6% 3 5% 2 2% 46% 18% 28% SO 2 19% NO x 59% 8% 18% Wang et al 2007 Oltmans et al % PM 10 3 SO 2 NO x PM 10 21% 9% VOCs NH % 12% 8% PM 2 5 NO x PM 10 NO x PM % NO x PM 2 5 PM 10 PM 10 39% VOCs PM 10 PM 10 6% 40% 19% VOCs 12% VOCs VOCs 12 6% 2 0% NH 3 NH 3 48% 40% NH 3 4%

8 Fig 2 Emission contributions of source categories in the YRD region in 2007

1866 31 Fig 3 3 Emission contributions of source categories of the cities in the YRD region 3 3 4 km 4 km 4 4 GDP SO 2

9 Fig 3 3 Emission contributions of source categories of the cities in the YRD region km 4 km 4 4 GDP SO 2 NO x PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs 200 km SO 2 NO x NH 3 Wang et al 2008 SO 2 PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs NH 3 PM 10 NO x VOCs PM

9 1867 4 2007 Fig 4 Spatial allocation of air

10 Fig 4 Spatial allocation of air pollutant emissions in the YRD region in 2007

1868 31 23 8% 5 SO 2 NO x 3 4 2 PM 10 VOCs 2006 INTEX-B INTEX-B Zhang et al 2009 SO 2 NO x PM 10 VOCs INTEX-B - 3 8% 7 0% 58 1% 5 Fig 5 2006 INTEX-B

11 % 5 SO 2 NO x PM 10 VOCs 2006 INTEX-B INTEX-B Zhang et al 2009 SO 2 NO x PM 10 VOCs INTEX-B - 3 8% 7 0% 58 1% 5 Fig INTEX-B Comparison of 2006 INTEX-B Asian emission inventory and this study 6 NO x PM 2 5 VOCs 6 Fig 6 Comparison of Shanghai anthropogenic emission inventory and other studies

9 1869 6 36 km 36 km 3 4 3 SO 2 NO x PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs NH 3 Zheng 2006 Zheng et al 2009b Yin et al 2010 SO 2 VOCs PM 10 PM 2 5 7 2 5 YRD PRD Fig 7 Comparison of anthropogenic air pollutant emissions

12 km 36 km SO 2 NO x PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs NH 3 Zheng 2006 Zheng et al 2009b Yin et al 2010 SO 2 VOCs PM 10 PM YRD PRD Fig 7 Comparison of anthropogenic air pollutant emissions and source contributions between the Yangtze River Delta SO 2 YRD and the Pearl River Delta PRD region NO x NO x 4 Conclusions a 16 SO 2 NO x CO PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs NH PM kt VOCs PM PM b ~ 200 km

13 SO 2 NO x VOCs Yearbook 2008 M 2008b 2008 M 5 Suggestions PM 10 PM 2 5 VOCs NH http / /www gssr net /ive Liu et al 2010 Atmospheric Environment J J Liu J F Zhao J Li T T et al 2008 Establishment of Chinese 70 chench@ saes sh cn References Akimoto H Narita H 1994 Distribution of SO 2 NO x and CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion and industrial activities in Asia with 1 1 resolution J Atmospheric Environment Bo Y Cai H Xie S D 2008 Spatial and temporal variation of historical anthropogenic NMVOCs emission inventories in China J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics emission inventory guidebook-2006 R No Denmark European Environment 2008a 2008 M National Bureau of Statistical of China 2008a China Energy Statistical Beijing China Statistics Press in Chinese National Bureau of Statistical of China 2008b China Statistical Yearbook 2008 M Beijing China Statistics Press in Chinese Hao C Xie S D 2007 Estimation of vehicular emission inventories in China from 1980 to 2005 J Atmospheric Environment 41 International Sustainable Systems Research Center ISSRC 2004 IVE International Vehicle Emission Model Users Manuals OL Kilmont Z Streets D G Gupta S et al 2002 Anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds in China J 2008 Lei Y He K B Zhang Q et al 2008 Technology-based emission inventory of particulate matters PM from cement industry J Environmental Science in Chinese anthropogenic source volatile organic compounds emission inventory J China Environmental Science in Chinese Liu X H Zhang Y Cheng S H et al 2010 Understanding of regional air pollution over China using CMAQ part I performance evaluation and seasonal variation J Atmospheric Environment Oak Ridge National Laboratory ORNL 2007 LandScan global population 2006 database OL http / /www ornl gov /landscan / 2005 Oltmans S J Lefohn A S Harris J M et al 2010 Enhanced ozone over J Cao G L Zhang X Y Wang D et al 2005 Inventory of atmospheric pollutants discharged from biomass burning in China continent J China Environmental Science in Chinese Chen D S Cheng S Y Liu L et al 2007 An integrated MM5-CMAQ western North America from biomass burning in Eurasia during April 2008 as seen in surface and profile observations J Atmospheric Environment Streets D G Bond T C Carmichael G R et al 2003 An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000 J modeling approach for assessing trans-boundary PM 10 contribution to Journal of Geophysical Research 108 D21 doi 10 the host city of 2008 Olympic summer games-beijing China J Atmospheric Environment /2002JD Streets D G Fu J S Jang C J et al 2007 Air quality during the Beijing Olympic Games J Atmospheric Environment 41 J Dong Y Q Chen C H Huang C et al 2009 Anthropogenic emissions and distribution of ammonia over the Yangtze River Delta J Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae in Chinese J Tian H Z Hao J M Lu Y Q et al 2001 Inventories and distribution European Environment Agency EEA 2006 EMEP /CORINAIR characteristics of NO X emissions in China J China

14 Environmental Sciences in Chinese U S Environmental Protection Agency USEPA 2002 Compilation of air pollutant emission Factors AP-42 5th ed OL http / /www epa gov /ttnchie1 /ap42 / Wang H K Chen C H Huang C et al 2008 On-road vehicle emission inventory and its uncertainty analysis for Shanghai China J Science of the Total Environment / CO China the view from the ground and the view from J Wang L T Zhang Q Hao J M et al 2005 Anthropogenic CO emission inventory of Mainland China J Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae in Chinese Wang Q Q Shao M Liu Y et al 2007 Impact of biomass burning on urban air quality estimated by organic tracers Guangzhou and Beijing as cases J Atmospheric Environment Wei W Wang S X Chatani S et al 2008 Emission and speciation of non-methane volatile organic compounds from anthropogenic sources in China J Atmospheric Environment Wu S Y Hu J L Zhang Y et al 2008 Modeling atmospheric transport and fate of ammonia in North Carolina Part Ⅱ Effect of ammonia emissions on fine particulate matter formation J Atmospheric Environment Atmospheric Environment J Yin S S Zheng J Y Zhang L J et al 2010 Anthropogenic ammonia emission inventory and characteristics in the Pearl River Delta region J Environmental Science in Chinese prospects of anthropogenic particulate matter emissions in China J Environmental Science in Chinese 2005 D Zhang Q 2005 Study on regional fine PM emissions and modeling in China D Beijing Tsinghua University in Chinese Zhang Q Streets D G He K B et al 2007 NO x emission trend for space J Journal of Geophysical Research 112 D22306 doi /2007JD Zhang Q Streets D G Carmichael G R et al 2009 Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B emission J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Zhang Y Dore A J Ma L et al 2010 Agricultural ammonia emissions inventory and spatial distribution in the North China Plain J Environmental Pollution Zheng J Y Shao M Che W W et al 2009a Speciated VOC emission inventory and spatial patterns of ozone formation potential in the Pearl River Delta China J Environmental Science & Technology Zheng J Y Zhang L J Che W W et al 2009b A highly resolved temporal and spatial air pollutant emission inventory for the Pearl River Delta region China and its uncertainty assessment J RESDC km 1 km GDP 2003 OL http / /www resdc cn /UA / Resource and Environmental Science Data Center RESDC National 1 km 1 km GDP data 2003 OL J http / /www resdc cn /UA / in Chinese Zhang C Y Wang S X Zhao Y et al 2009 Current status and future

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Microsoft Word - 刘慧板.doc 中国环境科学 2012,32(5):933~941 China Environmental Science 系统动力学在空港区域规划环境影响评价中的应用刘慧 1,2, 郭怀成 1*, 盛虎 1, 都小尚 1,3, 李娜 1 1, 杨永辉 (1. 北京大学环境科学与工程学院, 北京 100871; 2.