一前言 ( 一 ) 台灣心理健康跨文化研究之重要性 (mental health) (World Health Organization, 2005) (World Health Organization)940 (overwork) (World Health Organization, 94

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "一前言 ( 一 ) 台灣心理健康跨文化研究之重要性 (mental health) (World Health Organization, 2005) (World Health Organization)940 (overwork) (World Health Organization, 94"

尊前成
6 years ago
Views:

1 研究論文 (200) 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究黃禎貞林世華 / 關鍵詞 : ( photonjj@gmail.com)

2 一前言 ( 一 ) 台灣心理健康跨文化研究之重要性 (mental health) (World Health Organization, 2005) (World Health Organization)940 (overwork) (World Health Organization, 947) (World Health Organization, 2005) (Australian Department of Health and Ageing, 2003) (Achenbach, Dumenci, & Rescorla, 2003; Collishaw, Maughan, Goodman, & Pickles, 2004) (Schmidt & Power, 2006) 466 中華心理衛生學刊第二十三卷三期

3 (Children and Adolescent Behaviors in Long-term Evolution, CABLE) (Taiwan Education Panel Survey, TEPS) 2006 (Taiwan National Health Interview Survey, TNHIS) 2006TNHIS TEPS TEPS TEPS ( 二 ) 國家性別年齡與青少年心理健康 (nature) (nurture) () ( ) (Achenbach et al., 2003; Collishaw et al., 2004; Goodman, Slobodskaya, & Knyazev, 2005; Zwirs et al., 2007) (Achenbach et al., 2003; Collishaw et al., 2004) (Goodman et al., 2005) 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究 467

4 (Bromet et al., 2005; Zwirs et al., 2007) (Achenbach et al., 2003) (Bourdon, Goodman, Rae, Simpson, & Koretz, 2005) (Lee et al., 2009; Zwirs et al., 2007) (Gau, Chong, Chen, & Cheng, 2005; Hacker & Drainoni, 200) (Koskelainen, Sourander, & Kaljonen, 2000) (Shek, 987; 987) / (Bromet et al., 2005; Collishaw et al., 2004; Gau et al., 2005; Hacker & Drainoni, 200; Newman, Lohman, & Newman, 2007; Petot, Petot, & Achenbach, 2008) (Lee et al., 2009; Zwirs et al., 2007) (Petot et al., 2008) (Achenbach et al., 2003; 987) (Hacker & Drainoni, 200) (Bromet et al., 2005) (Sagatun, Lien, Søgaard, Bjertness, & Heyerdahl, 2008) (Achenbach et al., 2003; Bromet et al., 2005; Collishaw et al., 2004; Gau et al., 2005; Hacker & Drainoni, 200; Newman et al., 2007; Petot et al., 2008; Zwirs et al., 2007) (Leung et al., 2008) (Bromet et al., 2005) (Petot et al., 2008)(Achenbach et 468 中華心理衛生學刊第二十三卷三期

5 al., 2003)(Sagatun et al., 2008) (Stoolmiller, 994) / / (Achenbach et al., 2003; Collishaw et al., 2004; Gau et al., 2005; Hacker & Drainoni, 200; Newman et al., 2007; Zwirs et al., 2007) /(Sagatun et al., 2008; Zwirs et al., 2007) /(Sagatun et al., 2008) / (Achenbach et al., 2003) / (Gau et al., 2005; Newman et al., 2007) (Hacker & Drainoni, 200) (Achenbach et al., 2003) (Sagatun et al., 2008) ( 三 ) 台灣與美國的青少年心理健康狀況 960 ( 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究 469

6 983/2002) ( /2002)( ) (Kleinman 996) ( 983/2002) ( ) (996) (Goodman et al., 2005; Koskelainen et al., 2000) (Shek, 987) (Hacker & Drainoni, 200) (Gore & Aseltine, 2003) (Crijnen, Achenbach, & Verhulst, 997; Verhulst et al., 2003) ()(Scott et al., 2008)() (Weine, Phillips, & Achenbach, 995) () (Leung et al., 2008) () (Hesketh, Ding, & Jenkins, 2002) ()(Lee et al., 2009) (Carlyle, & Steinman, 2007) (Romero, Carvajal, Valle, & Orduna, 2007) (Roberts, Alegria, Roberts, & Chen, 2005) (Gore & Aseltine, 2003) 470 中華心理衛生學刊第二十三卷三期

7 (Gau et al., 2005)(Kessler & Walters, 998) () ()( / ) / 二方法 ( 一 ) 研究樣本 200 (TEPS)200 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究 47

8 TEPS ( 2006 (NHIS)200 NHIS cost-effective complex-sampling (National Center for Health Statistics U.S.A., 2003) TEPS NHIS TEPSNHIS ( ) ( 二 ) 研究工具 Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire(SDQ) Mental Health Questionnaire(MHQ). SDQ (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) SDQRobert Goodman 997 (n 6228) 中華心理衛生學刊第二十三卷三期

9 (Goodman, 997) 60 SDQ -6 /520 (Goodman, 997) SDQ (Goodman, Meltzer, & Bailey, 998; Vostanis, 2006) GFI.80 RMSEA.0 Cronbach s α / Cronbach s α MHQ (Mental Health Questionnaire) MHQTEPS 200 (MHQ)SDQ SDQ TEPS200 MHQ 39 MHQ 2 8 TEPS550 MHQ MHQ44/ 4 35(n 366)Cronbach s α / Cronbach s α 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究 473

10 ( 三 ) SDQ 與 MHQ 等化 SDQ MHQ (Kolen & Brennan, 995), σ µ SDQ MHQ / SDQ MHQ SDQ / SDQe SDQc SDQh SDQpMHQ / MHQe MHQc MHQh MHQp SDQe.290 MHQe.65 (3.2.) SDQc.700 MHQc.0 (3.2.2) SDQh.38 MHQh.338 (3.2.3) SDQp.322 MHQp.3 (3.2.4) ( 四 ) 資料分析 (7) 6 7 () / 474 中華心理衛生學刊第二十三卷三期

11 SDQ / SPSS 2.0 (MANOVA)α.05 BoxBox M 52.42(p.00) Levene F.82(p.309) F.036(p.403) / F 3.530(p.00) F.044(p.364) / (Stevens, 2002) 三結果 % 48.59% (Pillai s criterion.486, p.000) (Pillai s criterion.008, p.000) 2(Pillai s criterion.008, p.000) 3 (Pillai s criterion.003, p.004) 4 (Pillai s criterion 0.006, p.000) 5 (Pillai s criterion.00, p (Pillai s criterion.00, p.67) 7 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究 475

12 (n 6074) SSCP df Pillai s criterion (p ) * (.000) * (.000) * (.000) ( ) * (.004) ( ) * (.000) ( ) (.242) () (.67) *p 中華心理衛生學刊第二十三卷三期

13 (n 6074) Pillai s SSCP df criterion (p ) * (.000) * (.000).008 * (.000) * (.00) *p.05 (Pillai s criterion.335, p.000) (Pillai s criterion.307, p.000) (Pillai s criterion.008, p.000) (Pillai s criterion.003, p.00) 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究 477

14 3 4(Pillai s criterion.37, p.000) 6 7 (Pillai s criterion.327, p.000) (Pillai s criterion.008, p.000) (Pillai s criterion.03, p.000) (n 6074) Pillai s SSCP df criterion (p ) * (.000) * (.000).03 * (.000) * (.040) *p 中華心理衛生學刊第二十三卷三期

15 / (F 0.02, p.93) (F 8.935, p.003) (M 0.702)(M 0.620) (F 8.756, p.003)(m 0.702)(M 0.620) (F 9.702, p.002 (F 7.26, p.007) (F 0.06, p.805) (F 39.55, p.000) 3 4 (F.826, p.77)6 7 (F 9.2, p.002) // (F , p.000 /(M 0.632) (M.065)/ / (F , p.000) (M 0.49) 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究 479

16 (n 6074) SS df MS F p * * * * / * * *p.025 (.05/4.025) 480 中華心理衛生學刊第二十三卷三期

17 (n 6074) SS df MS F p * * *p.025 (.05/4.025) (M.278) / 四討論 (Achenbach et al., 2003; Collishaw et al., 2004; Goodman et al., 2005) () (Hofstede, 200) 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究 48

18 (Rogoff, 2003) (Fung & Chen, 200; Li, 2004) / ( 987)(Shek, 987) (Koskelainen et al., 2000) () (2004) (995) (987) (987)580 () 6 7 ( ) 2 3 ( ) 482 中華心理衛生學刊第二十三卷三期

19 (helicopter parents) (perfect child) (Clair, 2004) (Clair, 2004) (2006) (2002) (996)(Fung & Chen, 200; Li, 2004)( 2002)(996) 960 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究 483

20 (983/2002) (perfect child) (996) 五結論中華心理衛生學刊第二十三卷三期

21 3. 六研究限制. 2. / 3. 謝辭參考文獻 (2006) ( ) http://srda. 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究 485

22 sinica.edu.tw/teps/index.aspx (996)() (995) () (2002) () (996)() Kleinman, A.(996) Kleinman, A.() (2006) http://nhis. nhri.org.tw/exec/6/079tz3i6e0c0k0e7ak76tv2 (987) (987) (2006) (2004) ( ) (983/2002) Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, L., & Rescorla, L. A. (2003). Are American children s problems still getting worse? A 23-year comparison. Jounal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 3, -. Australian Department of Health and Ageing. (2003). Mental health national outcomes and casemix collection: Overview of clinician-rated and consumer self-report measures, version.50, December Canberra: Mental Health & Suicide Prevention Branch 486 中華心理衛生學刊第二十三卷三期

23 of Compiled by Quality and Effectiveness Section. Bourdon, K. H., Goodman, R., Rae, D. S., Simpson, G., & Koretz, D. S. (2005). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: U.S. normative data and psychometric properties. Journal of American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(6), Bromet, E. J., Gluzman, S. F., Paniotto, V. I., Webb, C. P. M., Tintle, N. L., Zakhozha,V., et al. (2005). Epidemiology of psychiatric and alcohol disorders in Ukraine findings from the Ukraine world mental health survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, Carlyle, K. E., & Steinman, K. J. (2007). Demographic differences in the prevalence, cooccurrence, and correlates of adolescent bullying at school. The Journal of School Health, 77(9), Clair, M. S. (2004). Object relations and self psychology: An introduction (4 th ed.). Boston: Thomson. Collishaw, S., Maughan, B., Goodman, R., & Pickles, A. (2004). Time trends in adolescent mental health. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(8), Crijnen, A. A. M., Achenbach, T. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (997). 2 cultures: Total problem, externalizing and internalizing. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, Fung, H., & Chen, E. C. H. (200). Across time and beyond skin: Self and transgression in the everyday socialization of shame among Taiwanese preschool children. Social Development, 0(3), Gau, S. S., Chong, M. Y., Chen, T. H., & Cheng, A. T. (2005). A 3-year panel study of mental disorders among adolescents in Taiwan. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 62(7), Goodman, R. (997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究 487

24 Goodman, R., Meltzer, H., & Bailey, V. (998). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A pilot study on the validity of the self-report version. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 7, Goodman, R., Slobodskaya, H., & Knyazev, G. (2005). Russian child mental health: A cross-sectional study of prevalence and risk factors. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 4(), Gore, S., & Aseltine, R. H. (2003). Race and ethnic differences in depressed mood following the transition from high School. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(3), Hacker, K., & Drainoni, M. L. (200). Mental health and illness in Boston s children and adolescents: One city s experience and its implications for mental health policy makers. Public Health Reports, 6(4), Hesketh, T., Ding, Q. J., & Jenkins, R. (2002). Suicide ideation in Chinese adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37(5), Hofstede, G. (200). Culture s consequences, comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Kessler, R. C., & Walters, E. E. (998). Epidemiology of DSM-III-R major depression and minor depression among adolescents and young adults in the national comorbidity survey. Depress Anxiety, 7, 3-4. Kolen, M. J., & Brennan, R. L. (995). Springer series in statistics: Test equating methods and practices. New York: Springer. Koskelainen, M., Sourander, A., & Kaljonen, A. (2000). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire among Finnish school-aged children and adolescents. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9, Lee, S., Tsang, A., Huang, Y. Q., He, Y. L., Liu, Z. R., Zhang, M. Y., et al. (2009). The epidemiology of depression in metropolitan China. Psychological Medicine, 39, Leung, W. L., Hung, S. F., Ho, T. P., Lee, C. C., Liu, W. S., Tang, C. P., et al. (2008). 488 中華心理衛生學刊第二十三卷三期

25 Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders in Chinese adolescents and the effects of an impairment criterion: A pilot community study in Hong Kong. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(7), Li, J. (2004). The organization of Chinese shame concepts. Cognition and Emotion, 8(6), National Center for Health Statistics U.S.A. (2003). 200 national health interview survey (NHIS) public use data release: NHIS survey description. Hyattsville, MD: Author. Newman, B. M., Lohman, B. J., & Newman, P. R. (2007). Peer group membership and a sense of belonging: Their relationship to adolescent behavior problem. Adolescence, 42(66), Petot, D., Petot, J. M., & Achenbach, T. M. (2008). Behavioral and emotional problems of Algerian children and adolescents as reported by parents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(4), Roberts, R. E., Alegria, M., Roberts, C. R., & Chen, I. G. (2005). Mental health problems of adolescents as reported by their caregivers: A comparison of European, African, and Latino Americans. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 32(), -3. Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. New York: Oxford University Press. Romero, J., Carvajal, S., Valle, F., & Orduna, M. (2007) Adolescent bicultural stress and its impact on mental well-being among Latinos, Asian Americans, and European Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 35, Sagatun, Å., Lien, L., Søgaard, A. J., Bjertness, E., & Heyerdahl, S. (2008). Ethnic Norwegian and ethnic minority adolescents in Oslo, Norway: A longitudinal study comparing changes in mental health. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, Schmidt, S., & Power, M. (2006). Cross-cultural analyses of determinants of quality of life and mental health: Results from the EUROHIS Study. Social Indicators Research, 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究 489

26 77(), Scott, K. M., Von Korff, M., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Bromet, E. J., Bruffaerts, R., et al. (2008). Age patterns in the prevalence of DSM-IV depressive/anxiety disorders with and without physical co-morbidity. Psychological Medicine, 38, Shek, D. T. L. (987). A study of the mental health status of secondary school students in Hong Kong. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 29(2), Stevens, J. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for social sciences. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Association. Stoolmiller, M. (994). Antisocial behavior, delinquent peer association, and unsupervised wandering for boys: Growth and change from childhood to early adolescent. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 29(3), Vostanis, P. (2006). Strengths and difficulties questionnaire: Research and clinical applications. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 9(4), Verhulst, F. C., Achenbach, T. M., Van der Ende, J., Erol, N., Lambert, M. C., Leung, P. W. L., et al. (2003). Comparisons of problems reported by youths from seven countries. American Journal of Psychiatry, 60, Weine, A. M., Phillips, J. S., & Achenbach, T. M. (995). Behavioral and emotional problem among Chinese and American children: Parent and teacher report for age 6-3. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, World Health Organization. (947). Chronicle of the World Health Organization (vol. ). Geneva: World Health Organization Interim Commission. World Health Organization. (2005). Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice. Geneva: Author. Zwirs, B. W. C., Burger, H., Schulpen, T. W. J., Wiznitzer, M., Fedder, H., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2007). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children of different ethnic origin. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 中華心理衛生學刊第二十三卷三期

27 A Comparison of Mental Health for Youth in Taiwan and the United States Jen-Jen Huang, Sieh-Hwa Lin Purpose: Racial, ethnic, and cultural disparities have been documented in mental health studies and in application of mental health care. However, comparisons between Taiwan and the U.S. are lacking. The purpose of this study is to compare the mental health of youth in Taiwan and the U.S. to identify differences in the structure of mental health. Methods: Indicators of mental health in this study included emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer-relation problems. Data were collected in 200 through 2 research projects: the Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS) and the America National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), and the total sample included 6228 (TEPS=366, NHIS=3062) adolescents of the age between 2 to 7 years. The TEPS and NHIS data were linked and equated with single-group design and linear transformation, and then analyzed with a MANOVA. Results: Mental health and type of mental problems differed between youth in Taiwan and the United States. Taiwanese youths presented emotional symptoms, but Americans presented with hyperactivity and peer-relation problems. Taiwanese mental health differed by gender (females were worse than males) and age (seniors were worse than juniors), although American results did not. Conclusions: Nationality is an important factor in mental health and interacted with gender and age. The Taiwan results differed from the U.S. sample as well as from results represented in the related Western literature. Further research is needed to explore the reasons behind these differences. Implications of this research for policy in Taiwan include the suggestion that the relevant welfare organizations should provide more mental health services for girls and older youth, especially services promoting social skills for emotion regulation. Key words: cross-cultural comparison, mental health, youth, Taiwan Jen-Jen Huang: Chief, Health and PE Area of Chiayi County Compulsory Education Advisory Group; Teacher, Health Education Area of Min-Syong Junior High School. (Corresponding Author, photonjj@gmail. com) Sieh-Hwa Lin: Associate Professor, Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal University. 台灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究 49

度身體活動量 ; 芬蘭幼兒呈現中度身體活動量之比例高於臺灣幼兒 (5) 幼兒在投入度方面亦達顯著差異 (χ²=185.35, p <.001), 芬蘭與臺灣幼兒多半表現出中度投入與高度

度身體活動量 ; 芬蘭幼兒呈現中度身體活動量之比例高於臺灣幼兒 (5) 幼兒在投入度方面亦達顯著差異 (χ²=185.35, p <.001), 芬蘭與臺灣幼兒多半表現出中度投入與高度臺灣與芬蘭幼兒園室內自由遊戲內涵之探討林昭溶毛萬儀經國管理暨健康學院幼兒保育系副教授 joyce@ems.cku.edu.tw 吳敏而國家教育研究院研究員 rozwu@mail.naer.edu.tw wanyi@ems.cku.edu.tw 摘要自由遊戲被視為是幼兒的

一 前 言 ( 一 ) 台灣心理健康跨文化研究之重要性 (mental health) (World Health Organization, 2005) (World Health Organization)940 (overwork) (World Health Organization, 94

一前言 ( 一 ) 台灣心理健康跨文化研究之重要性 (mental health) (World Health Organization, 2005) (World Health Organization)940 (overwork) (World Health Organization, 94