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1 :,,,,, :,,, (Corpus iuris canonici), (Decretum, 1140 ), 5 15, 6, , A. Friedberg, ed., Corpus iuris canonici, part 1, Decretum M agist ri Gratiani. Graz, Akademischen Druck2U. Verlagensanstalt, reprint edition, Decretum Concordia discordantium canonum F. (Correctores Romani) Heyer, Der Titel der Kanonensammlung Gra2 tians, in Zeitschrif t der S avigny2s tif ung f r Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistische Abteilung, Vol12 ( 1912), pp ; Namen und Titel des Gratianischen Dekrets, in A rchiv f u r katholisches Kirchenrecht, Vol194 (1914), pp

2 (Distinctio, D ), (Capitulum, c ) 1 20, 10 ; ; ,, 35 (Causa, C ), (Questio, q ), 1 ; 2 6 ; 7 10 ; 11 ; ; 15 ; ; 21 ; 22 ; ; (C. 33, q. 3) ( Tractatus de penitentia), (Distinc2 tio, D. 1 de penit., c. 1) ( Tractatus de consecratione), (Distinctio, D. 1 de cons. ), (dictum ante dictum post, d. a. d. p1 ),, ( ),,,,,,,, 11, 12,, Gelasius I, Epistolae 12, 2, Pat rologiae latinae supplementum, Vol13, p120 U1 - R. Blumenthal,The Beginnings of the Gregorian Reform : Some New Manuscript Evidence, in Blu2 122 menthal, ed., Ref orm and A uthority in the Medieval and Ref orm ation Church. Washington D. C. : The Catholic University of America Press, 1981, pp11 13., The Investiture Cont roversy : Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania, 1988 Church and Monarchy f rom the Ninth to the Twelf th Century.

3 , 1122,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 (D. 1 D. 20, Tractatus de legibus),,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, K. A. Fink, Papsttum und Kirche im abendl andischen Mittelalter. Monumenta Germ aniae Historica, Leges 4, Vol12, p1159 S. Chodorow, Christian Political Theory and Church Politics in the Mid2Twelf th Century : The Ecclesiology of Gratianπs Decretum. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1972, pp S. Chodorow, D. l, d. a. c. 1 ( 7 12 ), D. 2, c. 4 ; D. 3, d. a. c. 1 et d. p1c. 3 ; D. 4, d. a. c. 1. D. 7, d. a. c. 1. C. 31, q. 1, d. a. c. 8 ; C. 35, q. 1, d. p1c. 1., J. E. Lynch, Marriage and Celebacy of the Clergy, the Discipline of the Western Church : An Historico2 Canonical Synopsis, in J urist, Vol132 (1972), pp114 38, D. 45, c. p1c. 4 et c. 5. Munich : Beck, 1981, pp

4 ,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;, ;,,,, :,,,,, ;,, gλυ, gλϖ C. 24, q. 3, c. 7. C. 11, q. 3, d. p1c. 40 ; d. p1c. 64 ; d. a. c. 66 ; et d. a. c. 78. D. 6, d. p1c. 3. D. 10, c. 8 et D. 96, c. 6. T ractatus IV, A. Thiel, ed., Epistolae rom anorum pontif icum genuinae, reprint edition. Hildesheim : G. Olms, 1974, p1568 D. 9, c. 1 ; et c. 2 :,, D. 4, d. a. c. 1 et c. 1. D. 1, cc D. 8, c. 2. C. 2, q. 7, d. a. c. 42 ; D. 10, C, 8 :, gλυ gλϖ C , D. 8, d. a. c. 1 et c. 2.

5 , ;, ;,,,,,,,,,?,,, C. 23 :,,,,,, C. 23,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, gλυ,, ;, gλϖ, D. 42, d. a. c. 1 et cc. 1 2 ; D. 82, d. a. c. 1 ; D. 88, d. a. c. 1. D. 47 et C. 14, qq C. 12, q. 2, cc C. 23, q. 8, d. a. c. 7 et cc. 7, 17. C. 23, d. a. q. 1. C. 23, q. 8, d. p. c. 28. C. 23, q. 5, cc. 1, 4. Rufinus, Die S um m a Decretorum des M agister R uf inus, ed. by H. Singer. Paderborn : Sch oningh, 1902, p1408 ; C. 23, q. 5, d. a. c. 1 :, C. 14, q. 6, d. a. c. 3. C. 33, q. 2, d. p1c. 5 et c. 5. gλυ C. 23, q. 8, d. a. c. 1. gλϖ C. 23, q. 4, d. p1c. 12 ; C. 24, q. 3, d. d. c. 1 et c

6 ( ) ( ), : :,! :,,,,,,,,,, 14, (Unam sanctam),,,,,,,,,, 6,,,,,,,, A. Stickler,De ecclesiae potestate coactiva materiali apud Magister Gratianum, in S alesianum, , pp12 23, , M GH, L eges IV, Vol11, p1111. John of Salisbury, Policratus : The S tatesm anπs Book, ed. by tercian Publications, 1976, pp Extrav. comm , Ext ravagantes com m unes, ( D. Luscombe,Lex divinitatis in Unam Sanctam, in C. N. L. Brooke et al., ed., Church and Gover2 126 M. F. Markland. New York, Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1979, pp ; Bernard of Clairvaux, Five Books on Consideration, translated by J. D. Anderson and E. T. Kennan. Kalamazoo, Mich., Cis2 ), Extrav. comm. = Extravagantes communes, 1= liber (book) 1,8= titulus (title) 8, 1= capitulum (chapter) 1 J. B. Morral, Political Thought in the Me2 dieval Times. Toronto : University of Toronto Press, 1980, pp134, 55, 86 ; W. Ullmann, A. History of Political Thought : ment in the Middle A ges : Essays Presented to C. R. Cheney on His 70 th Birthday. Cambridge : Cambridge University press, 1976, pp The Middle A ges. Baltimore : Penguin Books, 1965, pp W. Ullmann,,, W. Ullmann,,

7 ,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,, () () :,,,,,,, C. 15, q. 6, d. a. c. 3 et cc. 3 5 ; C. 22, q. 5, d. p1c. 17 et c. 18. D. 63, d. p1c. 25, d. a. c. 28, d. a. c. 29 et d. p1c. 34. D. 10, cc. 1, 7, 9, C. 11, q. d. a. c. 27 d. p1c. 30. C. 11, q. 1, d. a. c. 32 : C. 11, q. 1, cc C. 11, q. 1, cc C. 11, q. 1, cc. 10, 11 et 42. C. 11, q. 1, c

8 ,,,,,,, 12,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,, ( ) (1164 ),,, ( ),,,,, ( ) C. 11, q. 1, cc C. 23, q. 8, d. p1c. 20, d. a. c. 23 et d. p1c. 25. D. 3, d. a. c. 4 ; C. 23, q. 4, d. a. c. 16 ; D. 2 de penit., d. p1c. 14. M. Kaufmann,The Image of St1Louis, in A. J. Duggan, ed., Kings and Kingship in Medieval Eu2 rope. London : Kingπs College London Centre for Late Antique and Medieval Studies, 1993, pp W. L. Warren, The Governance of Norm an and A ngevin England, Stanford : Stanford University Press, 1987, pp Z. N. Brooke, The English Church and the Papacy f rom the Conquest to the Reign of John. Cambridge : A. 128 Cambridge University Press, 1952, pp Sticker,Sacerdotium et Regnum nei decretisti e primi decretalisti : Considerazioni methodologidne di ricer2 ca e testi,, S alesianum, 15, pp

9 ,, :,,,, ;,,,, 19 20,,,,, 40,, 60 70,,,,,,,,,,,,,, K. Canon L aw, Vol14, pp170 77, Pat rologia latina, Vol A. Hauck, Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, Vol14, Leipzig : Hinrichsπsche Buchhandlung, 1913, pp ; J. Haller, Das Papsttum : Idee und W irklichkeit. Esslingen : Port Verlag, 1962, pp G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germ any. Oxford, B. Balckwell, 1952, pp W. Ullmann, A S hort History of the Papacy in the Middle A ges. London : Methuen, 1974, pp M. Maccarrone, Chiesa e stato nella dott rina di Innocenzo. Rome : Lateranum, 1941, pp Tria Quippe Distinguit Iudicia : A Note on Innocent πs Decretal Per Venerabilem, in S peculum, Vol137, pp ; K. Pennington,Pope Innocent πs Views on Church and State : A Gloss to Per venerabilem, in K. Pennington, Popes, Canonists and Texts, Aldershot, Great Britain : Ashgate Pub2 lishing, 1993,, pp Pat rologia L atina, Vol1217, Pennington,The Legal Education of Pope Innocent, in B ulletin of Medieval 129

10 , ;? ( Per venerabilem, ) :,,, ;, :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, (Chritianitas) 12 (universitas Christianorum),,, ;,, :, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, Pat rologia L atina, Vol1214, J. J orgensen, S t. Francis of Assis. New York : Image Books, 1955, pp B. Bolton, Innocent and the Humiliati, in G. J. Cuming and D. Baker, ed., Popular Belief and Practice. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp X ( L iber ext ra pitulum (chapter) 13 (Vulgate), Biblia sacra iuxta V ulgatam versionem, Stuttgart : Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1983, p1259 F. Kemp, Papsttum und Kaisertum bei Innocenz. Rome : Universitpontificia gregoriana, 1954, ( 1141 ), Pat rologia latina, Vol1176, 418 Pat rologia latina, Vol1216, 901 ; Vol. 217, 848, ; W. Imkamp, Das Kirchenbild Innocenzπ Pat rologia latina, Vol. 214, p. 779 ; M. Maccarrone, Chiesa e stato nella dott rina di Innocenzo, 130 ),X= liber extra, 4= liber (book) 4, 17= titulus (tittle) 17, 13= ca2 p Stuttgart : A. Hiersemann, 1983, pp1182, 196. pp

11 ,, (Novit ille, 1204 ) : ( ) ( ),,,,,,, ;,,,,, (Venerabilem fratrem, ) : 12 ( ) ( ), 8, (Patrimo2 nium Petri),,,, : 800, ( ) ;,, ;,,,,, B. Tierney, The Crisis of Church and S tate, Englewood, N. J. : Prentice2Hall, 1964, pp ,,, K. Pennington, Pope Innocent πs V iews on Church and S tate : A Gloss to Per V enerabilem, p125 X F. Gillmann, Zu Comp1 :, 1, 3 ad v. iure com m uni, in A rchiv f r Katholisches Kirchenrecht, Vol1105 (1925), p1541. X H. Jedin, ed., History of the Church, Vol14. New York : Crossroad, 1982, pp151 66,

12 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, (Quisquis electioni, 1215 ) : 25,,,,,, 1205,,,,,,, 1208 (interdict), ,,,,,,,, E. Kennan,Lnnocent and the First Political Crusade : A Comment on the Limitations of Papal Power, in T raditio, Vol127 (1971), pp Pat rologia latina, Vol1214, Pat rologia latina, Vol1214, 377. A. Luchaire, Innocent, Vol11. Paris : Librairie Hachette, 1907, X , ; H. Tillmann, Pope Innocent. Amsterdam : North2Holland, 1980, pp p177., D. 63, d. p1c. 25, d. a. c. 28, d. a. c. 29 et d. p1c. 34

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14 CON TEN TS Key Words : the Communist International / the Politburo of the Communist Party of the USSR / the Great Chinese Revolution / t he Cent ral Committee, CPC On the Approaches and Attitudes of the Chinese and British Governments in Dealing with the Lin Weixi Incident LAM Kai - yin & LAM Kam - yuen (97) When Lin Weixi, a Chinese villager, was beaten to death by British sailors on the eve of the Opi2 um War, Lin Zexu demanded, in accordance with international legal principles, that the British sailors involved be handed over to t he Chinese aut horities. Yet Charles Elliot ref used to comply. There is lit2 tle doubt that the misconduct on the part of Elliot as a senior British official stationed in China serious2 ly damaged the reputation of the British government, since by sneering at the Chinese law he contra2 vened international law. The court he set up and the sentence passed by that court were of course ille2 gal. Key Words : Sino - British relations/ the Opium War/ the Lin Weixi Incident/ Lin Zexu/ Charles Elliot Falsifying Zha ng Zhidongπs Letters Home Qin Jincai (114) Was Zhang Zhi dongπs L etters Home a fabrication? This question was asked when t he volume was first published. However, but because only a very limited amount of specific analysis was conducted on the subject, the book has continued to circulate. The author of this article provides evidence that the book is a fabrication by pointing out its many loopholes : fabricated persons, contradictions in time, anachronisms, fictitious details in Zhangπs life history, and the use of expressions employed at a later date. Both the name of the forger and how his forgery was circulated are also discussed. Key Words : Zhang Zhidong / letters home / falsify The Way the Relationship Bet ween the Church and the State Was Perceived and Regulated by the Medieval Canon La w in Western Europe Peng Xiaoyu (121) Using the Corpus iuris canonici as a foundation, the author discusses the relationship between the church and state in medieval Western Europe. Legal representatives of the medieval canon and the popes of that time and place believed that the temporal and spiritual authorities should each have their own respective sphere of influence ; while the former was responsible for the management of state af2 fairs, the latter was responsible for religious affairs. The canon lawyers believed this theory to be of benefit for a benign relationship of cooperation between t he church and t he state. In order to clearly demarcate these two spheres, the canon lawyers defined the canon law as an independent legal system, in spite of the fact that it was very difficult to make such a political distinction between temporal and 191

15 HISTORICAL RESEARCH NO12, 2000 religious aut hority. Key Words : state / pope / canon law / the Christian Church / political thinking Feudal Royal Sovereignty and the Christian Church in the Prophase of Medieval Brita in Meng Guanglin (134) The aut hor suggest s t hat t he relationship between British royal sovereignty and t he Christian church was a dualistic one ofunity and opposition. On the whole, the political alliance between the royal sovereigns of feudal Britain and the Christian Church, which was based on their common inter2 ests, was the most important, and competition between the two over differing interests usually ended in compromise. It was because of t his seemingly cont radictory, yet act ually rational, state of affairs that feudal Britain owed the social stability that made social progress possible. Key Words : Britain / feudal royal sovereignty / t he Christian Church Womenπs Status in Ancient Athens As Seen from Their Family and Private Lives Yi Zhaoyin (148) In the male - centered society of ancient Athens, women of all social categories were subjected to male domination in their private lives as well as within the home. This was the result of the interaction between the multiple cultural elements of the Athenian social system, its economy, politics, educa2 tion, matrimonial age and its social customs. Key Words : Athens / women / family / private life A Ret rospective of Chinese Historiography in the 20 th Cent ury Research on the History of the Ta iping Heavenly Kingdom Xia Chuntao (162) N otes on History The Scheme to Kidnap Liu Xuexun as Revealed in a Ne wly - Found Letter from Liang Qichao Guo Shiyou (182) Reports and Com ments The International Symposium in Commemoration of Professor Chen Yinque Sang Bing Lin Wushu (186) 192

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