2006 1, 1980, 50,,,,, () ( Paternalism), pater,,, : ( soft) ( hard) : (),,,,,,,,,, :,, (Libertarianist),,, :, ; :, , Joel Feinberg, Moral

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "2006 1, 1980, 50,,,,, () ( Paternalism), pater,,, : ( soft) ( hard) : (),,,,,,,,,, :,, (Libertarianist),,, :, ; :, , Joel Feinberg, Moral"

汤章
7 years ago
Views:

1 ,,,,,, 1963,, ( ) ;, 1974, ( ),,,,,,,,?,,,,?,,,?,,,,, :,,, 2004, 50, 47

2 2006 1, 1980, 50,,,,, () ( Paternalism), pater,,, : ( soft) ( hard) : (),,,,,,,,,, :,, (Libertarianist),,, :, ; :, , Joel Feinberg, Moral L imits of the Criminal L aw, vol. I : H arm to Others,Oxford University Press,1987, Joel Feinberg, Legal Paternalism, In Rolf Sartorius (ed. ), Paternalism, University of Minnesota Press, Joel Feinberg, Moral L imits of the Criminal L aw, vol I I I : H arm to Sel f. Oxford University Press, Heta Hgyry, Paternalism, In Ruth Chadwick ( ed. ), Encyclopedia of A p plied Ethics, Volume 3, John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 166 ( Gertrude Himmelfarb, ed. ), Harmondsworth : Penguin, Cass R. Sunstein, Disrupting Voluntary Transactions, in John W. Chapman & J. Roland Pennock with Private Preferences, U. Chi. L. Rev. 53, 1986, pp John Hospers, Libertarianism and Legal Paternalism, J. L ibertarian S tudies 4, 1980, pp. 255, 256, ,, 1996, 549 ; : p ,pp. 3, , p , p (justify), (eds. ), M arkets and J ustice, New York Univ. Press, 1989, pp. 279, 282 ; Sunstein, Legal Interference

3 :, ( ),,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 472,,, : :? () ( Prinzip der Tr gheit) :,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, (all2or2nothing), ( more or less),, ( ),,,,,,,,,, Thaddeus Mason Pope, Counting the Dragonπs Teeth and Claws : The Definition of Hard Paternalism, Ga. S t. U. L. Rev. 20, Spring 2004, p Paul Burrows, Analyzing Legal Paternalism. I nternational Review of L aw and Economics, vol. 15, 1995, pp. 15, 500. :, (),, 2002, 12 Gerald Dworkin, T he T heory and Practice of A utonom y. Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 9. Paul Burrows, Analyzing Paternalism, pp. 15, 496. :,, 34 49

4 2006 1, ;, ;,,, :,,,,,,,, (),,, 6, 10,, (Oliver Holmes), : ( ) , , 44, () 1970 (Laetrile),, ( FDA) :, 71 Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 76 (1905). Hodges v. United States, 203 U. S. Williston, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts, (3d ed. 1972). Anthony T. Anthony T. Kronman, Paternalism and the Law of Contracts, p A Case Study of the Impact of Consumer Legislation : The Elimination of Negotiability and the Cooling2Off Marcia Angell, Breast Implants : Protection or Paternalism, N ew Eng. J. Med 326, 1992, p Arnold S. Relman, Closing the Books on Laetrile, N ew Eng. J. Med 306, 1982, p S ( ). Kronman, Paternalism and the Law of Contracts, Yale L. J. 92, April 1983, p. 763 Period, Yale L. J. 78, 1969, p. 618.

5 ,,,, FDA : ;, 25, 37,,, 1974,, 401 ( IRS) (Department of Labor),,, 10 %, IRS, 10 %,, ,, () (commercial speech), , Puerto Rico,,,,, 1985,, ( American Medical Laetrile, Fed. Reg. 42, 1977, pp. 39, 768, 39, 803. Michael D. Greenberg, Information, Paternalism, and Rational Decision2making : The Balance of FDA New Drug Approval, A lb. L. J. Sci. & Tech. 13, Summer/ Fall 2003, p. 663., 1997,, Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. no , 111 Stat. 788 (1997) Edward J. Gac & Wayne M. Gazur, Tapping Rainy Day Funds for the Reluctant Entrepreneur : Downsizing, Paternalism, and the Internal Revenue Code, Ky. L. J. 86, Fall 1997/ 1998, pp. 134, 135 Edward J. Gac & Wayne M. Gazur, Tapping Rainy DayFunds for the Reluctant Entrepreneur : Downsizing, Paternalism, and the Internal Revenue Code, p Posadas de Puerto Ricoassoc. v. Toursim Co., 478 U. S. 328 (1986). F. Dostoyevsky, The Gambler, in The Gambler/ Bobok/ A Nasty Story 17 ( Penguin Classics, 1966). Daniel Hays Lowenstein, Symposium : Commercial Speech and the First Amendment : Too Much Puff : Persuasion, Paternalism and Commercial Speech, U. Cin. L. Rev. 56, 1988, p

6 Association), Posadas,, Posadas,,,,,,, 14 15,, ; 16 ; 18 17, ;,,,,, 18,,,,,, 25,,, ; 26, ;,,, Daniel Hays Lowenstein, Symposium : Commercial Speech and the First Amendment : Too Much Puff : Pamela J. 52 Persuasion, Paternalism and Commercial Speech, p Smith, Romantic Paternalism The Ties That Bind Also Free : Revealing the Contours of J udicial Affinity for White Women, J ournal of Gender, Race and J ustice, Fall 1999, p Phillips I, 400 U. S. at 543.

7 ,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, :,, :, ;,,, /, gλυ,,, gλϖ,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, :, :, : gλυ gλϖ : 53

8 2006 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,, nat ural right s( ),,,,,,,,,, () (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 014,, 01465, ( bargaining power),,,,, :,, 2004, 8 :, 11 14, : 0147, : ,, 54 http : / / www. oao. com. cn

9 , 85 %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , , :,,,,,,, 14, 4 :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, :, 82, :,,, 1994, ,, 55

10 2006 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,, 1., :,,,,,,,,,,, : ;, :,,, :,, 1998, BVerf GE 4, 7,, : :,,, 2001,

11 ,,,,,, 2.,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 10 6 (,,, ),,,,,, 3.,,,,, :,,,,,, 38,,,,, :, (),, 1997, 11 Ernst Benda, The Protection of Human Dignity, S M U L. Rev. 3, Spring 2000, pp. 452, 453. In Search of the Constitution : Mr. J ustice BrennanandRonald Dworkin : The Changing Story, both Produced by Public Affairs Television, Inc., New York, Michael J. Meyer, T he Constitution of Ri ghts, Cornell University Press, 1992, p. 1 :, 49 :,

12 2006 1, :, ,,, , :,,,,,,, 24, 1,, 38,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : :,, 2001, :,

13 and low efficiency of private investment. (4) Labor Flow and Wage Disparity Zhong X i aohan 34 Two p heno mena have been p ro minent in Chinaπs labo r market since t he reform. One p heno meno n is t he disparities bet ween migrant and local worker s in terms of occupatio n and wages. The other is that t he regional wage gap does not seem to narrow with the flow of labor. These two p henomena may be accounted for wit h the same logic : t he flow of labor causes a re2 match of laborers ( re2divisio n of labor ), which in t urn gives rise to t he disparities in t heir occupations and raises t he wages of local workers. In ot her words, t he flow of labor not only improves t he efficiency of the economy in general, but may prove to be a Pareto improvement. Empirical testing support s t he hypot hesized positive effect of higher wages by the inflow of labor. (5) Application of Legal Paternalism in China S un X i aox i a Guo Chunz hen 47 Acco rding to t he Western t heory of legal paternalism, government s may limit citizensπ f reedo m or auto no my in certain areas for t heir own interest s regardless of t heir will. Taking Chinaπs realities into consideration, t he aut hors of t his article summarize it as t he coerci ve love f rom t he government to citi zens. It corresponds not only to Chinese tradition of legal cult ure, t he positive legal rules and social realities, but also to Chinese governmentπs new idea of people as t he basiswhich emp hasizes making people central. Therefore, it can be widely applied in China. At t he same time, in order to avoid it s being abused, and to p revent people f ro m beco ming o bject s rat her t han ends in t hemselves, limit s sho uld be set to p revent it f ro m inf ringing t he core of constit utional right s human dignity. (6) A Systemic Comparison of the Execution of the La w in the Two Great Legal Systems from the Perspective of Property La w R an H ao 59 The execution of t he law in each of t he two great legal systems forms an integrated system, of which t he main t hread is the object s of regulation carriers of law ways in which the law is applied core starting point s. The co ntinental legal system is manifested as catego ries of right s abstract norms legal code ( set articles) A ns p ruchs g rundl age individual will, whereas t he Anglo2American legal system is manifested as specific object s rules of judgement judges ( int uitive justice ) analogous relations integral relatio ns. Compared wit h t he idea of individual will, t hat of integral relations has a more open nat ure in modern societies. However, each of t he two is unique and neither can be simply labeled as good or bad. They are product s of and may each suit different historical periods. (7 ) The Harmonization of La w and Technology as Social Norms : An Examination of Anti2 Infringement Rules in relation to Technology in China L uo L i 72 In todayπs world, technology increasingly f unctions as a social norm. Toget her wit h t he law, it regulates peopleπs behavior and participates in the distribution of property, power, right s and interest s of t he whole societ y. Co mpared wit h t he law, technology is more direct, accurate, eco no mical and efficient as a social norm. However, it has it s own limitatio ns. Too much dependence o n technology as an inst rument of law enforcement may endanger t he law it self ; arbitrary application of technology may change t he distribution of right s and interest s which t he law seeks to address. Measures to p rotect technology are important inst rument s in t he enforcement of digital cop yright policy. They sho uld be p rotected and limited by anti2 inf ringement regulatio ns. The overly st ringent anti2inf ringement regulatio ns in t he U nited States and the European U nion provide strong protection to copyright holders on the one hand ; but result in some negative effect s on t he ot her hand. The anti2 inf ringement regulations in China are 206

,,, 7, 90 %, 211,,,,,,, 212,,,,,,,,,, (1741),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 146 ; 41 [ ]. 11 ; 361 1, 1991 ; 1, 1996 ; 1, 1996 ; 1, 19981

,,, 7, 90 %, 211,,,,,,, 212,,,,,,,,,, (1741),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 146 ; 41 [ ]. 11 ; 361 1, 1991 ; 1, 1996 ; 1, 1996 ; 1, 19981 27 1 2008 1 GEO GRA P HICAL RESEA RCH Vol127, No11 Jan1, 2008 (, 710062) :,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ; : 100020585 (2008) 0120181212 1,,,,,, [1 ],,,,,, [2 ],, [3 ],,, ( a) ( b), a, a,,, : 2007201214 ; : 2007210217