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1 FUDAN JOURNAL Social Sciences 0 No. 0 / Hugh. R. Clark 0 9 Tansen Sen Hugh. R. Clark R eligious Culture in Southern Fujian through the M iddle Period 0-0 Preliminary R eflections on Contact across a M aritime Frontier A sia Major 9 nos see Frontier Discourse and China's M aritime Frontier China's Frontier and the Encounter w ith the Sea through Early Imperial History Journal of W orld History 0 no. M arch The Southeast Asian Ship An Historical Approach Journal of Southeast A sian Studies 90-9 Trading Ships of the South China Sea Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 99-9 T. a. - 0 Pierre-Yves M anguin Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian O cean during the First M illennium A. D Tradition and A rchaeology Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean ed. Himanshu Prabha R ay and Jean-Fran ois Salles N ew Delhi M anohar

2 / - 0 ~ V. 0 9 Lo Jung-pang Marco Polo 9 Pierre-Yves Manguin 0 9 Ibn Battūta 獉獉 9 M ichael Flecker A 9 th -century Arab or Indian Shipw reck in Indonesian Waters The International Journal of Nautical A rchaeology 9 no A N inth-century AD Arab or Indian Shipw reck in Indonesia First Evidence for Direct Trade w ith China W orld A rchaeology Flecker A N inth-century -. Lo Jung-pang The Emergence of China as a Sea Pow er during the Late Sung and Early Yüan Periods The Far Eastern Quarterly no. August M aritime Commerce and its R elations to the Sung N avy Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 99-0 China as a Sea Power - A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods Singapore and Hong Kong N US Press and Hong Kong University Press 0. M anguin Trading Ships -. 9 ~ 9 Christopher Wake The Great O cean-going Ships of Southern China in the Age of Chinese M aritime Voyaging to India Twelfth to Fifteenth Centuries International Journal of Maritime History 9. December A. C. M oule Paul Pelliot Marco Polo The Description of the W orld vols London George R outledge & Sons Limited 9 -

3 Thikkal-Kadakkarappally 9 Thikkal-Kadakkrappally Coromandel Malabar Bengal. 9 Nāgapattinam 獉 0 0 The Travels of Ibn Battūta A. D. ~. Translated with Revisions and Notes from the A rabic Text Edited by C. Defrémery and B. R. Sanuinetti C. F. 獉 Beckingham vols London The Hakluyt Society 9-9. Victoria Tomalin V. Selvakumar M. V. N air and P. K. Gopi The Thaikkal-Kadakkarappally Boat An Archaeological Example of M edieval Shipbuilding in the Western Indian O cean The International Journal of Nautical A rchaeology See also M. V. N air V. Selvakumar and P. K. Gopi Excavation of a Unique Sailboat at Kadakkrappally Kerala Current Science. 0 M arch V. Selvakumar N ature and Characteristics of the Sailboat Excavated at Taikkal-Kadakkarappally Alappuzha District Kerala G limpses of Marine A rchaeology in India ed. A. S. Gaur and K. H. Vora Goa Society for M arine Archaeology -. Billy K. L. So Prosperity Region and Institutions in Maritime China The South Fukien Pattern 9 ~ Cambridge Harvard University Press Tansen Sen M aritime Contacts betw een China and the Cola Kingdom A. D. 0 ~ 9 Merchants Mariners and Oceans Studies in Maritime History ed. K. S. M athew N ew Delhi M anohar 99 -.

4 VOC Fran ois Valentijn Pagood China Manuel Barradas lords Walter Elliot 瑏瑠 John Guy 瑏瑠 John Guy The Lost Temples of N agapattinam and Q uanzhou A Study in Sino-Indian R elations Journal of the Institute of Silk Road Studies V. R. R amachandra Dikshitar Southern India and China Sino-Indian Studies nos. - O ctober 9 and January 9 -. M anuel Barradas Discri āo da Cidade de Columbo in Historia Tragici-Maritima vols. ed. B. Gomes de Brito Lisbon N a O fficina da Congreg aō do O ratorio - - Guy The Lost Temples 9 S. Subrahmanyam Improvising Empire Delhi O xford University Press 990. Guy The Lost Temples 9. Sir Walter Elliot The Edifice Formerly Know n as the Chinese of Jaina Pagoda at N egapatam The Indian A ntiquary September -. Guy The Lost Temples 9. R ichard M. Eaton M ultiple Lenses Differing Perspectives on Fifteenth-Century Calicut in A utonomous Histories Particular Truths Essays in Honor of John R. W. Smail Laurie J. Sears M adison Center for Southeast Asian Studies University of Wisconsin M orris R ossabi The R eign of Khubilai Khan The Cambridge History of China V olume A lien Regimes and Border States 90 ~ Herbert Franke and Denis Twitchett Cambridge Cambridge University Press 99-9 especially - M orris R ossabi Khubilai Khan His Life and Times Berkeley University of California Press 9-9. M orris R ossabi R ossabi Khubilai Khan Lo China as a Sea Pow er ~ A Preliminary Survey of the M aritime Expansion and N aval Exploits of the Chinese People during the Southern Sung and Yuan Period Ph. D. diss. University of California R ossabi Khubilai Khan 99-0 and 0 -.

5 Kayal Jamāl ud-dīn Kayal 99 0 The Yuan Khanate and India Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries A sia Major 9 nos T. N. Subramaniam A Tamil Colony in M edieval China South Indian Studies ed. R. N agasw amy M adras Society for Archaeological Historical and Epigraphical R esearch 9 - Sen Buddhism -. Buddhism Diplomacy and Trade The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations Honolulu Association for Asian Studies and the University of Haw ai i Press Sen The Yuan Khanate Wassāf H. M. Elliot John Dow son The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians. V olume The Muhammad Period reprint N ew York AM S Press Inc W. W. Rockhill W. W. Rockhill Notes on the Relations and Trade of China with the Eastern Archipelago and the Coast of the Indian Ocean during the Fourteenth Century PartⅠ T'oung Pao Sen The Yuan Khanate. M oule and Pelliot Marco Polo -.

6 Mulaibar Calicut Cochin 9 瑏瑠 0 瑏瑡瑏瑢 Ibn Battūta - -. 獉 R oderich Ptak China and Calicut in the Early M ing Period Envoys and Tribute Embassies Journal of the Royal A siatic Society of G reat Britain and Ireland no Ein mustergülties Barbarenland Kalikut nach chinesischen Q uellen der Yuan-und M ing-zeit A sia Maritime Images et réalité Bilder und W irklichkeit Denys Lombard and R oderich Ptak 9 瑏瑠瑏瑡瑏瑢 Wiesbaden Harrassow itz Verlag Early M ing R elations w ith Southeast Asia A Background Essays The C hinese W orld O rder Traditional C hina's Foreign Relations C ambridge Harvard U niversity Press 9 - M ing Foreign R elations Southeast Asia The C ambridge History of C hina V olume The Ming Dynasty - Part Denis T w itchett and Frederick W. M ote C ambridge C ambridge U niversity Press M ing Foreign R elations 0. ~ Wu Chi-hua Basic Foreign Policy Attitudes of the Early M ing Dynasty Ming Studies Spring M orris R ossabi The M ing and the Inner Asia The Cambridge History of China V olume Denis Twitchett and Frederick W. M ote - / 9 Early M ing R elations -.

7 Geoff Wade Geoff Wade The Zheng He Voyages A R eassessment Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal A siatic Society Early M ing R elations. Wan M ing R eflections on the Study of Zheng He's Expeditions Ming Studies ~ 9 ~ J. V. G. M ills Ma Huan Ying-yai Sheng-lan The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 90 repr. Bangkok White Lotus Company Limited 99. M ills Ma Huan Ying-yai Sheng-lan. A. Screedhara M enon A Survey of Kerala History 9 repr. Kottayam Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd. 90 Pius M alekandathil Portuguese Cochin and the Maritime Trade of India 00 - N ew Delhi M anohar ~ ~ 9 9

8 / 瑏瑠 Joseph of Crangan- or M ailapetam N arsingha 瑏瑡 9 瑏瑠瑏瑡 99 - ~ Early M ing R elations. The O pening of R elations betw een China and M alacca Malayan and Indonesian Studies John Sturgus Bastin O xford Clarendon Press no.. Early M ing R elations The O pening of R elations The O pening of R elations. Ptak China and Calicut Sir Henry Yule The Book of Ser Marco Polo the V enetian Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East vols London John M urray 9. T. K. Krishna M enon History of Kerala W ritten in the form of Notes on V isscher's Letters from Malabar vols 9 repr. N ew Delhi Asian Educational Services 00. Haraprasad R ay Trade and Trade Routes Between India and China c. 0 B. C. - A. D. 00 Kolkata Progressive Publishers ~ 0 0

9 9 Haraprasad Ray Jaunpur 9 9 ~ N arayan Chandra Sen Accounts of Bengal in Extensive R ecords on Four Foreign Lands in Hawai i Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture Victor H. M air Honolulu University of Haw ai i Press Geo. Phillips M ahuan's Account of the Kingdom of Bengala Bengal Journal of the Royal A siatic Society 9 July - P. C. Bagchi Political R elations betw een Bengal and China in the Pathan Period V isva-bharati A nnals Tatsuro Yamamoto International R elations betw een China and Countries along the Ganga in the Early M ing Period The Indian Historical Review. 9-9 R ay Trade and Diplomacy Sally K. Church The Giraffe of Bengal A M edieval Encounter in M ing China The M edieval History Journal Bagchi Political R elations. R ay Trade and Diplomacy. B. Gray The Export of Chinese Porcelain to India Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society 9 - John Carsw ell China and Islam A Survey of the Coast of India and Ceylon Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society 9 - Ashok K. Das Chinese Porcelain at the M oghul Court Silk Road A rt and A rchaeology Yamamoto International R elations.

10 Alagakkonāra Sekander Semudera Raja Ganesh Owen Lattimore - Jalāl ud-dīn Muhammad 0 Louise Levathes W hen China Ruled the Seas The Treasure Fleet on the Dragon Throne 0 - N ew York O xford University Press 99. R ichard M. Eaton The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier 0-0 Berkeley University of California Press Syed Ejaz Hussain The Bengal Sultanate Politics Economy and Coins A D 0 - N ew Delhi M anohar ~ O w en Lattimore Inner A sian Frontiers of China 90 repr. Hong Kong O xford University Press 9.

11 0 Philip D. Curtin Kenneth R. Hall 00 Phillip D. Curtin Cross-Cultural Trade in W orld History Cambridge Cambridge University Press 9. Kenneth R. Hall M ulti-dimensional N etw orking Fifteenth-century Indian O cean M aritime Diaspora in Southeast Asian Perspective Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

12 The Maritime Interaction Between China and India The Rise of Chinese Naval Power along Indian Coast during the Song Dynasty to the Early Ming Dynasty Tansen SEN Department of History City University of New York USA Abstract This paper examines the maritime interactions between China and India in this context of the emergence of China as a naval power during the Song dynasty through to its peak in the early Ming period. It shows that while for most of the first millennium the Chinese dynasties remained disinterested in actively participating in maritime exchanges during the second millennium economic needs the rivalry among the Mongol empires and the desire of the early Ming rulers to propagate Chinese civilization brought about changes to the Chinese engagement with its maritime frontier and the regions beyond. The Indian coast which was already linked to the Chinese coast through trade and Buddhist networking became a key destination for traders ships and diplomats from Song and Yuan China. Key words maritime China Indian Ocean Chinese trader

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