continuous eastward dissemination of the jades of Khotan into Dunhuang and the Central Plains as well as into the other kingdoms along the Silk Road s

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1 DUNHUANG RESEARCH NO. TOTAL 荣新江 1 朱丽双 2 ( 北京大学中国古代史研究中心北京 ; 北京大学国际汉学家研修基地北京 ) ;; ; ; ( ) DOI /j.cnki.issn From Tribute to Trade Eastward Dissemination of the Jades of Khotan into Dunhuang and the Central Plains in the 10th and 11th Centuries RONG Xinjiang 1 ZHU Lishuang 2 (1. Center for Research on Ancient Chinese History Peking University Beijing ; 2. International Academy for Chinese Studies Peking University Beijing ) Abstract Based on historical records and documents from Dunhuang this paper presents a study on the Khotan jades into Dunhuang and the Central Plains in the 10th and 11th centuries. As known generally in the early 10th century there was a marriage relationship between the ruling families of Khotan and the Return-to Allegiance Army Regime (Guiyijun) at Dunhuang thus starting the official exchanges between the two areas. Khotan was also able to establish official relations with the Central Plains dynasties via Dunhuang leading to ( ) ( ) ( ) 190

2 continuous eastward dissemination of the jades of Khotan into Dunhuang and the Central Plains as well as into the other kingdoms along the Silk Road such as the Ganzhou Uighur and the Qocho Uighur. As a result Khotan jades became one of the specialities in the trade between these Silk Road kingdoms and the Central Plains dynasties. At first the jades were brought to the Central Plains as a royal tribute and later were used for nonoffcial trade during the Later Zhou period ( ). In the Song dynasty ( ) both official and nonofficial trade of Khotan jades continued even after the Buddhist kingdom of Khotan was converted to Islamism. Keywords Khotan; Jade; Dunhuang; Imperial seal (Translated by WANG Pingxian) ( ) ; ; ; [] () [] [] [] ( ) 觀 ( [] ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ( ) ;? ( ( ū) ) ) 191

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10 [] [] [] [] [] () ( ) [] ī 諭 ū [] () [] [] [] コタンのの []アジアの [] [] コタンのコタンにするえき [] [] [] [] [] ( ) [] [] [] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 199

11 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [][] [] [] [] [] [] 覸覬 [] [] [][] [] [][] [] [] [] [] ( ) [] [] [] [] [] [] [] () [] [] ( ) [] [] [] ( ) [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] () [] [] () [] 200

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~ ~ ~ 33 4 2014 467 478 Studies in the History of Natural Sciences Vol. 33 No. 4 2014 030006 20 20 N092 O6-092 A 1000-1224 2014 04-0467-12 200 13 Roger Bacon 1214 ~ 1292 14 Berthold Schwarz 20 Luther Carrington