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1 1* ** Nora Okja Keller Comfort Woman 1 NSC H * **

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3 Between Life and Death The Spectral Other and the Ethics of Mourning in Nora Okja Keller s Comfort Woman Chiou-rung Deng* Abstract This paper analyzes Nora Okja Keller s novel, Comfort Woman, which focuses on the dead and the survivors of the colonial and sexual violence in Korea during World War II, by applying Jacques Derrida s discussions on the act of mourning and the alterity of the dead. In Comfort Woman, the narrative alternates between the ex-comfort woman, Akiko, and her daughter, Beccah. After the traumatic experience of sexual violence as a comfort woman, Akiko has been haunted by the dead and becomes a shaman, reckoning with death and responding to the demands of the dead. Likewise, after her death, Akiko s daughter Beccah learns, through Akiko s voice recorded in a tape, to mourn for Akiko s death and is called to fulfill her responsibility to her dead mother. While mourning is a necessary responsibility, how to understand and respond to the infinite alterity of the dead becomes a duty facing the survivors, and according to Derrida, it is also a question of hospitality without reserve to harbor the dead. However, the text of Comfort Woman also indicates an alternative picture of the ghost, which is not merely an unknown other but also an agent, with a different trajectory, which the work of mourning follows; that is, in the act of mourning, my conscious I should yield to the dead, the other, instead of keeping the dead alive within my memory. Keywords: Comfort Woman, the dead, ghosts, Derrida, mourning * Assistant Professor, Department of English, Tamkang University

In Comfort Woman, the narrative alternates between the ex-comfort woman, Akiko, and her daughter, Beccah.

4 Comfort Woman 1997 Nora Okja Keller Author 5 Author 6 2 Avery F. Gordon 2 Lee 431 Kun Jong Lee Lee

5 42 Atef Laouyene gothic writing Sharon Patricia Holland Michael Taussig threshold Holland 4 alterity Mourning and Melancholy

6 Judith Butler The Ego and the Id letting the object go 134 introjection interiorization of remembrance Sovereignties Deborah L. Madsen secondary witness 3 incorporation) Fors Royle Schultermandl Vanrheen -en 1 3 8

7 88-89 normalized shame 84 mimesis 95 Sungran Cho M/ other M/other Kun Jong Lee shaman 432,

8 5 impossible mourning irreplaceability singularity 5 David J. Kim

9 The Work of Mourning, reckoning with death, with the dead beyond reckoning Brault and Naas 2, 30 6 Memoires for Paul de Man, 1986 Roland Barthes Work 36 mimetism 38 Brault and Naas 9 Memoires 21 6 Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas To Reckon with the Dead reckon

1986 Roland Barthes Work 36 mimetism 38 Brault and Naas 9 Memoires 21

10 9 Elisabeth Roudinesco Derrida and Roudinesco beyond me Brault and Naas 11 infinite alterity Memoires

11 finitude mimetic interiorization metonymy allegorical metonymy trace 38 The Gift of Death respond responsibility

12 41 Emmanuel Levinas mortal 7 entrusted responsibility Work 204 Brault and Naas 25 adieu a-dieu Work 209 adieu a-dieu Gift 47 the unknown Work 205 hospitality Work 205 hospitality without reserve 7 Adieu La mort et le temps Death and time Work 203n

unknown Work 205 hospitality Work 205 hospitality without reserve

13 Spectres 65 8 Akiko Beccah trance shaman 9 8 Spectres of Marx messianic opening 65 Nicolas Royle place displacement irreplaceable Beccah Rebeccah 1 4 5

14 Bek-hap

15 5 M/Other hybridity Kathleen Brogan the Red Disaster 75 the Birth Grandmother 1 4 7

19 19 Soon Hyo Induk Induk Induk Induk

20 Soon Hyo Memoires 49 signification

23 abjection Manshin Ahjima

24 haewŏn chinhon kut Kim

25 Memoires

26 absence presence possession 1 5 8

27 Soon Hyo

29 Reno 16 Laurel Kendall Brogan

31 transcribe 1 6 3

33 (2010): (2013): 1-32 Brault, Pascale-Anne, and Michael Naas. To Reckon with the Dead: Jacques Derrida s Politics of Mourning. Derrida, Work Brogan, Kathleen. Cultural Haunting: Ghosts and Ethnicity in Recent American Literature. Charlottesville: U of Virginia P, Butler, Judith. The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection. Stanford: Stanford UP,

34 Cho, Sungran. Mourning Work: Historical Trauma and the Women on the Cross(Road): Readings in Modern Women Writers of the Diaspora. Diss. SUNY, Ann Arbor: UMI, AAT ProQuest. Web. 29 July Derrida, Jacques. Fors. Georgia Review 31.1 (1977): The Gift of Death. Trans. David Wills. Chicago: U of Chicago P, Memoires for Paul de Man. Trans. Cecile Lindsay, Jonathan Culler, Eduardo Cadava, and Peggy Kamuf. New York: Columbia UP, Sovereignties in Question: The Poetics of Paul Celan. Ed. Thomas Dutoit and Outi Pasanen. New York: Fordham UP, Specters of Marx. Trans. Peggy Kamuf. London: Routledge, The Work of Mourning. Trans. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas. Chicago: U of Chicago P, Derrida, Jacques, and Elisabeth Roudinesco. For What Tomorrow...: A Dialogue. Stanford: Stanford UP, Freud, Sigmund. Mourning and Melancholy. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Ed. and Trans. James Strachey. Vol. 14. London: Hogarth, Gordon, Avery F. Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, Holland, Sharon Patricia. Raising the Dead: Readings of Death and (Black) Subjectivity. Durham, NC: Duke UP, Keller, Nora Okja. Author Questions. Keller, Comfort Comfort Woman. New York: Penguin, Kim, David J. Critical Mediations: Haewŏn Chinhon Kut, a Shamamic Ritual for Korean Comfort Women. positions 21.3 (2013): Laouyene, Atef. Canadian Gothic and the Work of Ghosting in Ann-Marie MacDonald s Fall on Your Knees. Unsettled Remains: Canadian Literature and Postcolonial Gothic. Ed. Cynthia Sugars and Gerry Turcotte. Waterloo, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier UP, Lee, Kun Jong. Princess Pari in Nora Okja Keller s Comfort Woman. positions 12.2 (2004): Madsen, Deborah L. Nora Okja Keller s Comfort Woman and the Ethics of Literary Trauma. Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 33.2 (2007):

35 Royle, Nicholas. in Memory of Jacques Derrida. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, Schultermandl, Silvia. Writing Rape, Trauma, and Transnationality onto the Female Body: Matrilineal Em-body-ment in Nora Okja Keller s Comfort Woman. Meridians 7.2 (2007): Vanrheenen, Beth. The Emergent Self: Identity, Trauma, and the Neo-Gothic in The Woman Warrior, Comfort Woman, Beloved, and Ceremony. Diss. Wayne State U,

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