博物館與華人觀眾：英國倫敦維多利亞與亞伯特博物館發展華人觀眾之個案研究

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1 Victoria & Albert Museum 1 65

2 C u l t u r a l Diversity Cultural Diversity D i v e r s i t y the Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries M A L 2 Arts Council British Council1 997 R e i n v e n t i n g B r i t a i n National Identity Correcting the Picture ?W h o s e H e r i t a g e? 3 Asian Group

Council1 997 R e i n v e n t i n g B r i t a i n National Identity 1 998

3 United Kingdom U. K O v e r- seas Chinese Mandarin-Speaker Chinatown Online h t t p :// c h i n a t o w n - o n l i n e. c o. u k South-East of E n g l a n d 8 1, , 300 N o r t h - West of E n g l a n d 5 8, 700 C h i n a m e n P e n n y f i e l d s L i m e h o u s e China To w n We s t e r n F r o n t

300 14 4 O v e r- seas Chinese 1 989 1 991 Mandarin-Speaker Chinatown Online h t t p :// c h i n a t o

4 S o h o G e r r a r d S t r e e t L e i c e s t e r S q u a r e David Paker Through Different Eyes : The Cultural Identities of Young Chinese People in B r i t a i n 68

0 David Paker 1 995 Through Different Eyes : The

5 Anna Angela Ma Victoria & Albert Museum V & A 9 Imperial College, University of London 9 A n n a V & A A n n a British Born Chinese BBC A n n a A n n a It is who I a m A n n a feeling Chinese a ffinity for China f a c e A n n a Inherent Chinese Identity C h i n e s e 13 G l a s g o w C h i n e s e D i a s p o r a C h i n a 69

a m A n n a feeling Chinese a ffinity for China f a c e 1 995 1 2 A n n a Inherent

6 ~ 1709 c h i n a C h i n o i s e r i e Oriental European Image of C h i n a 1 644~ ~ Opium War, 1839~1842 Arts and Crafts Movement 1851 G r e a t E x h i b i t i o n C h i n o i s e r i e I went for a Chinese Fu Manchu 70

7 Eckstein F e i s t D a v i e s a c c e s s i b i l i t y b r o a d e n visitor profiles H o o p e r- G r e e n h i l l The Geff r y e M u s e u m H a c k n e y Chinese Home : Chinese Traditions in English Homes Hemming, 1996 The Museum of L o n d o n9 2T h e Peopling of London J e s s i e L i m 9 7 Half the Sky History of Chinese Women in London V & A John Reeve D a v i d A n d e r s o n 15 Museums and Galleries C o m m i s s i o n 16 Focus Group Discussion 71

Hemming, 1996 The Museum of L o n d o n9 2T h e Peopling of London J e s s i e L i m 9 7 Half the Sky History of Chinese

8 M u s e u m s A s s o c i a t i o n Diversity! Increasing the accessibility of museum careers to people from ethnic m i n o r i t i e s University of Leicester Museum Studies A r t s Marketing Association C o m m u - nity Liaison R e e v e Centre for Museum and Gallery E d u c a t i o n / C M G E Regional Museum Councils L e a r n i n g Project South Kens i n g t o nv & A ~ Free Campaign 72

Museum Studies A r t s Marketing Association C o m m u - nity Liaison 1 9971998 R e e v e 1 998 1997 Centre for

9 V & A Wi l l i n g t o n M u s e u mbethnal Green Museum of Childhood Theatre Museum i m a g e identitycitizenship Far Eastern Collection 18 V & A V & A T. T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese A r t B 9 8 D V & A Chung, thematic approach l i v i n g eating and drinking temple and workshop b u r i a l r u l i n g c o l l e c t i n g 1 9 Susie Fisher Group

T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese A r t B 9 8 D 143144145 1991 6 13 V & A Chung, 2001 1 6 00 thematic

10 What are these art objects made of? W h e r e were they made, and by whom? What do the decorations mean? How did these art objects arrive in a museum? H a n d - o n B a r n e s V&A V & A V & A 2003~ V & A 74

11 V & A 2002 V & A M i d - Autumn Festival Chinese Cultural Va r i e t y S h o w s Albert Hall Wo r k s h o p s and Competitions V & A

12 Partnership 1988 V&A V & A C h i - nese Outreach O u t - r e a c h V & A V & A Chinese Saturday Schools V&A 22 V & A V & A 23 76

13 Whole Dress C o l l e c t i o n V & A V & A 1983 First Lady Icon V & A s t y l e Anna Sui 6 V & A V & A Chinese Arts Education Officer V & A A l i c e Wong Christine Chin Alice Wo n g Christine ChinV & A Alice Wong V & A Chung, V & A Christine Chin 26 97~98 77

A A l i c e Wong Christine Chin Alice Wo n g Christine ChinV & A 1993 4

14 V & A Chinese Outreach C h r i s t i n e Christine Camden, Milton Keynes, Hackney, Islington Ming Ai Association, Yang Chou Chinese Organisation, Chinese in Britain F o r u m 27 Alice Norwich Chinese School Derby Chinese School C h r i s t i n e C o m - monwealth Institute Alice 28Christine Alice C h r i s t i n e V & A 78

in Britain F o r u m 27 Alice Norwich Chinese School Derby Chinese School C h r

15 V & A In the context of our work t o d a y, we use the term Cultural Diversity to mean the complex composition of society, make up of individuals and groups who may have multiple identities. These may relate to ethnicity, faith, gender, sexual orientation and intellectual and physical ability, but might equally include health status and educational and social background. A challenge is set for practice that seeks to cross cultures. A multi-cultural approach highlights the celebration of distinctiveness and difference. An i n t e r-cultural approach, while acknowledging difference, seeks to establish common ground - one of the supposed advantages of globalisation. Cultural Diversity Statement, Issues and Action Plan for Resource V & A h t t p :// w w w. s t a t i s t i c s.gov.uk 5. Chinese Around the World, a ministry of CCCOWE 6. Census of England and Wa l e s. The China born population in England and Wales 1851~ Jones, Douglas. The Chinese in Britain : Rebirth of a Community. New Community 14 1 / 2, 245~247, Autumn Anna Angela Ma 9. e m a i l A n n a V&A D o c k l a n d s 11. A n n a C h r i s t i n e C h i n Be just normal 2 The best of both worlds 3 Inherent Chinese identity 4 Mixed feelings and ambivalent i d e n t i t i e s 5 Open and connective identity formations 6 I d e n t i t y and potential migration 13. A n g - Ly g a t e, Magdalene. Everywhere to go but home : on r ed i su n l o c a t i o n. Journal of Gender Studies 5 3, 375~388, Tam, V China Chic. New York : Regan Books, p Museums and Galleries Com- 79

A challenge is set for practice that seeks to cross cultures. A multi-cultural approach highlights the celebration of distinctiveness and difference.

16 m i s s i o n M G C Responding to Cultural Diversity : Guidance for Museums and Galleries C u l t u r a l Diversity in Museums and Galleries A L A A P, 1997, unpublished Cultural Diversity : Attitudes of Ethnic Minority Populations towards Museum and Galleries B M R B, Bradford University Management Centre Survey V & A V&A David A n d e r s o n Verity Wi l s o n Alice Wo n g V & A 27. Victoria & Albert Museum, 1998~ Education Department Annual Report, p Alice Wo n g ~ : 27~35 A n g - Lygare, M Everywhere to Go but Home: On r e d i s u n location. Journal of Gender Studies, 5 3 : 375~388. Arts Council, Towards Cultural D i v e r s i t y. The monitoring report of the Arts Council ethnic minority arts action plan. London : Arts Council The Arts and Cultural Diversity, Symposium Report. London : Arts Council. B a k e r, W. V The Arts of Ethnic Minorities : Status & Funding : A Research Report. London : Commission for Racial Equality. Barnes, A China in Britain : The Representation of Twentieth Century Chinese Art and Culture in Contemporary British Museums. Museological Review, 9 1~15. 80

Bradford University Management Centre Survey 1993 18. 19. V & A 20. 1999 2 0 0 0 2 0 3 2 2 0 0 0 2001 4300 2001 2002 6500 2002 2003 8500 2003 2004 14350 21. 2003 7 12 22.

17 Bond, M. H Beyond the Chinese Face. Hong Kong : Oxford University Press. Chin, C Chinese Arts Education O ff i c e r, Victoria & Albert Museum, Personal Communication. Chung, Y Diversity, Chinese Identity and Museums in London. The 4th International Chinese Overseas Conference, ISSP Sun Ya t - S e n Institute for Social Sciences and P h i l o s o p h y, Academia Sinica, Ta i p e i, Taiwan. Clegg, J Fu Manchu and the Yellow Peril : the Making of a Racist Myth. London : Trentham. The Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries Cultural Diversity Statement, Issues and Action Plan for Resource. London : The Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries. Davies, S By Popular Demand : A Strategic Analysis of Market Potential for Museums and Art Galleries in the UK. London : Museums and Galleries Commission. Dewing, D. et al., Chinese Homes. London : Geffrye Museum. Eckstein, J. & Feist, A Attendances at Museums and Galleries. Cultural Trends ~79. Golding, V Meaning and Truth in Multicultural Museum Education. In Hooper-Greenhill, E. ed., Cultural Diversity : Developing Museum Audiences in Britain. London: Leicester University Press. pp.203~225. Hemming, S Using Educational Work in the Community to Open up Museum Awareness and Change Exhibition Practices. Unpublished manuscript. London : Geff r y e Museum. H o o p e r-greenhill, E Museums and Their Visitors. London : Routledge Audiences : A Curatorial Dilemma. In PEARCE, S. ed., Art in Museums. London : Athlone. pp.143~163. H o o p e r-greenhill, E. e d Cultural Diversity : Developing Museum Audience in Britain. Leicester University Press. Jones, T Britain s Ethnic Minorities : an Analysis of the Labour Force S u r v e y. London : Policy Studies Institute. Khan, N The Arts Britain Ignores : The Arts of Ethnic Minorities in Britain. London : Community Relations Commission. Owen, D Ethnic Minorities in Great Britain : Settlement Patterns, 1991 Census Statistical Paper No.1. Warwick : University of Wa r w i c k, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations Ethnic Minorities in Great Britain : Age and Gender Structure, 1991 Census Statistical Paper No.2. Warwick : University of Wa r w i c k, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations. Ethnic Minorities in Great Britain : Economic Characteristics, 1991 Census Statistical Paper No.3. Warwick : University of Wa r w i c k, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations. Ethnic Minorities in Great Britain : Housing and Family Characteristics, 1991 Census Statistical Paper No.4. Warwick : University of Wa r w i c k, 81

The 4th International Chinese Overseas Conference, ISSP Sun Ya t - S e n Institute for Social Sciences and P h i l o s o p h y, Academia Sinica, Ta i p e i, Taiwan. Clegg, J. 1994.

18 Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations. Parker, D Through Different Eyes : The Cultural Identities of Yo u n g Chinese People in Britain. Aldershot : Avebury. Reeve, J Multi-Cultural Work at the British Museum. Journal of Education in Museums, No. 7 : 27~29. Reeve, J The Museum Audience in the 21st Century. 78 ~ 87 Simpson, M Multi-Cultural Education and the Role of the Museum. Journal of Education in Museums, No. 7 : 1~6. Song, M You re Becoming More and More English: Investigating Chinese Siblings Cultural Identities. New Community, 23 3 : 343~362. Tam, V China Chic. New York : Regan Books. Victoria & Albert Museum. 1998~1999. Education Department Annual Report. 1999~2000. Education Department Annual Report. 2000~2001. Annual Report. Wilson V China: A Teacher s Pack. London : Victoria & Albert Museum. Wong, A Former Chinese Arts Education Off i c e r, Victoria & Albert Museum, Personal Communication U n i - versity of Leicester 82

Multi-Cultural Education and the Role of the Museum. Journal of Education in Museums, No. 7 : 1~6. Song, M. 1997.

19 Museums and Chinese Audiences : A Case Study of the Victoria & Albert Museum Yupin Chung* Abstract During the 1980s and 1990s, there was a noticeable increase in the number of exhibitions purporting to address aspects of cultural diversity in London s museums and galleries. This study focuses on one aspect of cultural diversity - Museums and Chinese Audiences. It aims to examine how multicultural education as a social ideal is conditioned by the British social structure and explores the roles of museums in the building of a new self-image and helping communities appreciate their heritage. To these ends, this study examines the multicultural approaches utilized by the Victoria and Albert Museum to provide an understanding of how a museum can pay increased attention to new audiences by providing access to different cultural groups to explore, understand and express historic and cultural concerns that are of importance to them. The information used in the study is drawn from documents, personal interviews and the author s participation in workshops and events. Key words : Museums, Chinese, Cultural Diversity, Identity, Audience Studies *Ph. D. candidate, Department of Museum Studies, University of Leicester 83

It aims to examine how multicultural education as a social ideal is conditioned by the British social structure and explores the roles of museums in the building of a new self-image and helping

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