概要 % Indra Nooyi GROW ABF 2

Transcription

1 品牌背后 粮食公正和十大食品与饮料公司

2 概要 % Indra Nooyi GROW ABF 2

3 Mondelez 公司对自己的农业供应链过度保密, 导致很难核实其所谓的 可持续性 和 社会责任 ; 十大公司均未能实施适当的政策, 保护供应链上的当地社区的土地和水资源免遭掠夺 ; 公司未采取足够的措施大幅度削减农业温室气体排放, 而后者导致的气候变化正在影响广大农户 ; 多数公司未向小农户提供公平参与供应链的机会, 没有公司做出承诺保证小规模生产者享受公平的价格 ; 十大公司中, 只有极少数采取了行动来消除自身供应链内对女性小农户及工人的剥削 3

4 1 引言 % GDP 14 ABF Mondelez 谁控制着食物体系? 零售商食品饮料公司贸易商和加工商 消费者 % GDP 10 4

5 Paul Polman GROW 品牌背后 倡导活动将会 : 利用乐施会的 品牌背后 记分表对公司在七大基本领域取得的进步进行跟踪 这 些指标对公司政策进行评价并对公司在建立一个可持续 公正的食物体系方面的承 诺进行评分 ; 将推动公众行动起来, 去发现十大公司存在争议的做法和无力的政策 但是这一行 动亦将承认和赞许那些取得了必要进步的公司 ; 开设一个互动网站, 个人可在此网站上对记分表的排名进行评价, 搜索有用资源并 直接与公司交流, 敦促它们为自己的行动承担责任 100 5

6 2 食品和饮料产业 : 被遗忘的遗产 Odwalla 28 Stonyfield Farms 29 Twinings 图 2: 哪些品牌为十大食品和饮料公司所有? Joki Gauthier % 33 80% 34 6

7 35 60% 100 食品和饮料业的起源 19 2 富人的糖果出自贫困人的土地上 Mondelez Lever Bros %

8 图 3:2000 年以来按地区分类的土地交易概况 Land Matrix get-the-detail?mode=map 专栏 1: 印度尼西亚油棕种植园 / CAO % % 便宜的不只是土地, 还有劳动力 1905 Rowntree

9 专栏 2: 可可豆农场使用非法奴工 Fry Brothers Mondelez Rowntree s 专栏 3: 茶叶生产中的非自由劳动力 Rainforest Alliance 专栏 4: 茶园中恶劣的工作环境 2011 ILO

10 % 68 将小农户排斥在外 专栏 5: 供应链上的小农户, 70 20, 这仍然是一个男人的世界 % 7% 10% 76 10

11 77 78 气候变化对农户的影响 GHG % % % 透明度不足 20 雀巢 CDP 86 GRI

12 3 公司为什么必须采取行动? 人权是公司的使命 John Harvey Kellogg John Harvey Kellogg 92 Isaac Carasso 93 6 专栏 6: 公司继续努力承担更多社会责任促进可持续发展 ABF ,

13 社会和环境压力 / CAO 利成于益 108 Muhtar Kent

14 DJSI FTSE4Good 积极参与的消费者和股东行动的崛起 % 图 4: 消费者关心自己的食品的生产方法 ( 图表 4) % 45% 19% 32% 49% 35% 25% 40% 22% 35% 29% 0 18%

15 121 W eber Shandwick Fairtrade International 12% 123 Equal Exchange % 124 Cafédirec t The Price of Bananas ,000 Digital 127 Acceleration Team 15

16 4 什么是 品牌背后 倡导活动? 品牌 背后 记分表 128 品牌背后 倡导活动 七项准则 品牌背后 记分表 妇女 小规模农户 农场工人 水 土地 气候变化和透明度 妇女 43% % % 2% 130 小农户 Ut z Certified 16

17 农场工人 10 35% % 35% 气候变化 29% % GHG 土地 % 水 透明度 17

18 18 品牌背后 不包括的内容 GROW

19 5 这些公司表现如何? 排名及趋势 7 A 表 1: 品牌背后 : 食品公司记分表 % / % / % / % / % /70 =6 29 % /70 =6 29 % /70 =8 23 % /70 =8 23 % / % / 排名说明了什么? ABF K ellogg

20 147 趋势与挑战 这些公司对于其农业供应链过于保密, 使其所声称的 可持续性 和 社会责任 很难得到验证 在十大公司中, 没有一家公司制定适当的政策, 以保护其供应链中的当地社区的土 地和水资源免遭掠夺 RSPO 150 FPIC FPIC 151 公司政策未能保护社区的用水权 20

21 专栏 7: 在巴基斯坦, 水就是生命, 或是奢侈品 156 Pure Life % 158 Sheikhupura Bhatti Dilwan 这些公司没有采取充分的措施, 来控制造成气候变化而影响农民的大规模农业温室 气体排放 50% 5 Mondelez

22 大多数公司并没有为小规模的农户提供平等利用其供应链的机会, 并且没有一家公 司承诺 : 确保向小规模生产者支付公平的价格 8 专栏 8: 香草生产中的贫困与童工问题 8% ~ % 167 十大公司中, 只有极少数采取了行动来消除自身供应链内对女性小农户及工人的剥削

23 6 十大公司的回应 170 政府的角色 贸易商的潜在力量 ADM Bunge Cargill Louis Dreyfus ABCD 90%Olam 173 Sinar Mas Wilmar

24 24 消费者的责任 3

25 25 7 结论 14 9 建议食品和饮料公司

26 政府 GROW 26

27 消费者 GROW GROW 27

28 4. GROW 28

29 附件 A 评分方法 org 29

30 附件 B 立场声明 : behindthebrands.org RSPO IDH 30

31 参考文献注释 ( 只提供英文版 ) Purchases were made by Kraft Italy. 3. In response, Coke noted the following to Oxfam in 2012: Similarly, while we are not aware of any instance of child labor in our direct supply chain, the Company acknowledges that child labor exists in sugar cane fields in Philippines and other countries around the world. We are working, along with governments, NGOs, civil society and others, to help address it. We believe the issue requires both a global and a local approach. By enabling the creation of a school in Bukidnon, The Coca-Cola Company is providing not only an alternative to working in the fields, but also an opportunity for the children to get an education so that they have the potential to rise out of poverty and to enjoy a better future FAO (2011), Global food losses and food waste: Extend causes and prevention. fao.org/docrep/014/mb060e/mb060e00.pdf P. Hurst (2007) Agricultural Workers and Their Contribution to SustainableDevelopment. A collaborative report by the FAO, International Labor Organization and the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers Association, (last accessed November 2012). 8.P. Smith and D. Martino (eds.) (2007) Agriculture in B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave and L.A. Meyer (eds) (2007) Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ar4/wg3/en/ch8.html (last accessed November 2012). 9.The world s appetite for biofuels is pushing up global food prices and driving people off their land, resulting in deeper hunger and malnutrition in poor countries. Nestle, Unilever and PepsiCo have publically called on world leaders to no longer divert food for fuel as the demand for biofuels has contributed to food shortages and competition for land and scarce water, disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable people, while often having a negative greenhouse gas balance. See: 10.J. Seabrook (2011), Snacks for a fat planet: Pepsi, snack foods and the obesity epidemic, The New Yorker. See: seabrook#ixzz2ej5hsfof 11.C. Carpenter (2012), Nestlé sglobalnescafécoffeesalesequal 4,000 cupsasecond, Bloomberg, 7 March at (last accessed November 2012). 12.Coca-Cola.125 Years of Sharing Happiness: A Short History of the Coca-Cola Company, p TCC Cocoa Barometer (2010) p

32 14.World Bank. GrossDomesticProduct Nestle s 2011 revenue was approximately 105 billion USD. 15.Oxfam chose these 10 companies because they had the largest overall revenues globally. Oxfam also based its choice on the Forbes 2000 annual ranking, which measures companies size on the basis of composite sales, assets, profits and market value. However, since the Behind the Brands Scorecard aims to include both public and private companies, and the Forbes 2000 ranking does not include private companies, Mars the world s largest privately owned food and beverage company is included in the rankings even though it does not appear on the Forbes 2000 list. 16.Based upon the Forbes 2000 list at revenues (sales without deducting costs), and taking into account 2011 data (excepting for Mars, as only 2010 data were available), the top 10 food and beverage companies earn $418.08bn in 2011, which is equivalent to $1.145bn a day. 17.Based on Oxfam s internal research of the top 10 F&B companies. 18.The food sector includes traders, grocers and food and beverage companies, among others. See: wwctge_4web_dec2011.pdf. See also wwctge_4web_dec2011.pdf 20.Dow Jones Factiva, M&A Trends in the Food and Drinks Market: In-Depth Analysis and its Impact on the FMCG Landscape, cited in Food and Beverage Industry Global Report. The industry made almost $6 trillion in 2008 and is still growing. IMAP_Food Beverage_Report_WEB_AD6498A02CAF4.pdf 21.IMF (2012) World Economic Outlook, op. cit In response to FLA s recommendations, Nestlé developed an action plan outlining three phases of improvement activities to be completed by the end of 2012, 2013 and In the short-term, Nestlé agreed todevelop a clear, illustrated guide to its supplier code by October Nestlé will distribute the guide to more than 20,000 farmers participating in Nestlé s sustainability initiative, the Nestlé Cocoa Plan.The company also agreed to conduct trainings empowering all employees who deal directly with farms to look for violations and encourage compliance with the labor code. Additionally, Nestlé agreed that its key suppliers will work with training agencies to fully incorporate the supplier code into training programs. See: 24.See Paul Polman, CEO of Unilever, notes:...we have developed products that are more relevant in resource scarce environments. We've worked up the supply chain to look at sustainable sourcing in a different way that is economically very attractive and gives us less of the shocks and shifts that you've seen in the last few years, especially when it comes to agriculturally based materials. Take sustainable sourcing for any of our materials that we look at. Wellmanaged, sustainable sourcing gives you a high yield per acre. And as a result, over time, not only do you have sourcing, the cost is down, the tea bushes last longer, the soil management 32

33 is more responsible. You work with the communities around there that you create livelihoods that then buy your products. 25.Food Marketing Institute (2012) Supermarket Facts: Industry Overview 2010, fmi.org/research-resources/supermarket-facts (last accessed November 2012). 26.T. Reardon and A. Gulati (2008) The Rise of Supermarkets and Their Development Implications: International Experience Relevant for India, IFPRI Discussion Paper 00752, p 6, International Food Policy Research Institute, (last accessed November 2012). 27.Supermarket chains tend to source from medium-sized and large suppliers when they are available and source from small farmers only indirectly through wholesalers and processors. These small farmers tend to be well-resourced. See: pubs/pubs/dp/ifpridp00752.pdfsee also T. Reardon and C.P. Timmer (2007) Transformation of markets for agricultural output in developing countries since 1950: how has thinking changed?, chapter 13 in R.E. Evenson, P. Pingali, and T.P. Schultz (eds.) (2006) Handbook of Agricultural Economics (Vol 3): Agricultural Development: Farmers, Farm Production and Farm Markets, Amsterdam: Elsevier Press. 28.Odwalla is now owned by Coca-Cola. 29.Stonyfield Organic website, Our extended family, our-story-nutshell/our-extended-family (last accessed November 2012).Stonyfield Organic sold 85 percent of its shares to Danone in Twinings is now owned by Associated British Foods. 31.Twinings was bought by Associated British Foods in See Twinings History, (last accessed November 2012). 32.The FAO s Panel of Eminent Experts on Ethics in Food and Agriculture states that there are serious power imbalances arising from the concentration of economic power in the hands of a few. Excessive concentration in output markets (trading, processing, manufacturing and retailing) can work against the interests of the producers, either by creating barriers to market entry, or by worsening the terms on which they engage in trade. Concentration among food and beverage companies is a key part of this problem. See: See also Foodinc-Nov03.pdf andhttp:// 33.P. Hurst (2007) op. cit. 34.See: The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines chronic hunger as people being undernourished because they don't eat enough to get the energy they need to lead active lives P. Smith and D. Martino (eds.) (2007) op. cit. wg3/en/ch8.html (last accessed November 2012). 36.S. Mintz (1986) Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History, Penguin Books. 37.K. F. Kiple and K. C. Ornelas (eds.) (2000) The Cambridge World History of Food, section II.E.3 Palm Oil, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Unilever established plantations with its subsidiary United Africa Company. Unilever noted in an to Oxfam: Unilever no longer owns any of these plantations and they have all been disposed of. Our West African palm oil 33

34 plantations were sold some 3-5 years ago. Many of the buyers of these plantations view these businesses as contributing positively to the local community, benefiting productivity and generating employment. 38.An example of this is contested land redistributed during the rule of Malawi s former President, Hastings Banda. 39.K. Izumi (1999) Liberalisation, gender and the land question in sub-saharan Africa,Gender & Development, 7(3): Special issue, Women, Land and Agriculture. 40.The 2008 spike in food prices is widely recognized as having triggered a surge in investor interest in land: from mid-2008 to 2009 reported agricultural land deals by foreign investors in developing countries rocketed by around 200 per cent. The main drivers for the surge in land investment are the predicted medium and long-term increasing food prices, the increasing global demand for food and animal feed stock, the increased demand for biofuels, and carbontrading mechanisms that place a commercial value on standing forests and rangelands Article about the International Food Research and Policy Institute s 2012 Global Hunger Scorecard found on 43.W. Anseeuw, et al (2012) Transnational Land Deals for Agriculture in the Global South. Analytical Report Based on the Land Matrix Database, CDE/CIRAD/GIGA as cited in K. Geary (2012) Our Land Our Lives, 44.J. Vidal (2012) Land acquired over past decade could have produced food for a billion people, the Guardian, 4 October, oct/04/land-deals-preventing-food-production (last accessed November 2012), citing K. Geary (2012) Our Land, Our Lives op. cit. 45.The Tirana declaration of the International Land Coalition defines large-scale land acquisition as land grabs when they do one or more of the following: violate human rights, particularly the equal rights of women; flout the principle of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) for affected communities ; they are not based on a thorough assessment of, or disregard, social, economic and environmental impacts, including the way they are gendered; avoid transparent contracts with clear and binding commitments on employment and benefit-sharing; and/ or they eschew democratic planning, independent oversight and meaningful participation Unilever (and Wilmar) are members of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), whose mission includes the responsible consideration of communities affected by growers and mills). See:

35 51.C. Off (2008) Bitter Chocolate: The Dark Side of the World s Most Seductive Sweet, New Press. Also Agricultural Society of Trinidad, Proceedings 1907.Page 305.Archived online at Google Books. Cadbury was one of the first companies to be concerned with allegations of using forced labor and investigated the supply chain on their own in the early 1900s. Also Anti- Slavery International (2004) The Cocoa Industry in West Africa: A History of Exploitation, p. 5, 52.Anti-Slavery International (2004) op. cit. 53.Ibid See: (last accessed November 2012) Plantation Community in NuwaraEliya District in Sri Lanka at kamome.lib.ynu.ac.jp/dspace/ bitstream/10131/7426/1/7-kurihara.pdf In correspondence with Oxfam, Unilever states otherwise, declaring that: The Rainforest Alliance program has led to improved conditions for tea smallholders and workers of the tea estates and impact assessment have pointed to higher yields and improved profitability for farmers and workers, improved understanding of fertilizers and agrochemical use. 61.ILO/FAO (2012) Decent Employment for Agricultural and Rural Development and Poverty Reduction, (last accessed November 2012). See also: P. Hurst (2007) op. cit., p. 20, See: aspx and updated-response-unilever-17-april-2012.pdf 64.Nestlé invited Fair Labor Association to conduct the assessment and mapping of its cocoa supply chain. 65.D. Doherty and S. James (2012) Nestlé audit finds child labor violations in cocoalabor supply, Bloomberg News, 29 June, (last accessed November 2012). 66. Ibid. 67.See footnote Comissão Pastoral da Terra CPT, and Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, MTE. The US Department of State s Labor Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 (Brazil) also reported that thousands of Brazilian men are subjected to trabalhoescravo [slave labor] within the country, often on cattle ranches, logging and mining camps, sugar-cane plantations, and large farms producing corn, cotton, soy and charcoal. tiprpt/2012/ htm (last accessed November 2012). 69.International Food Research and Policy Institute.Global Food Index 2012.Article found at 35

36 70.Xinhua, Chinese Milk Farmers Say Nestle Pocket Their Pay, 24 October 2011, at news. xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/ /24/c_ htm (8 May 2012) and news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/ /23/c_ htm (12 Nov 2012) 71.Xinhua, Nestle Promises Improvements After Allegations, 26 October 2011, china.org.cn/china/ /26/content_ htm 72.A. Otikula and J. Solotaroff (2006) Gender Analysis of Labor in Sri Lanka s Estate Sector, World Bank publication, p.7. See also: A. Wickramasinghe and D. Cameron (2005) Human and Social Capital in the Sri Lankan Tea Plantations: A Note of dissent, Culture beyond Universal and National Cultural Dimensions p cmsconference/2005/proceedings/strategy/wickramasinghe.pdf 73.E. Boserup (1970) Loss of status under European rule, in Women s Role in Economic Development, Chapter 3, London: Earthscan Publications, pp European settlers, colonial administrators and technical advisors are largely responsible for the deterioration in the status of women in the agricultural sectors of developing nations. It was they who neglected the female agricultural labor force when they helped to introduce modern commercial agriculture to the overseas world and promoted the productivity of male labor. 74.Ibid. 75.P. O. Ndege (1992) The Colonial State, Capital, Patriarchy and the Subordination of Women Traders in Western Kenya, Research Paper 9226, Department of History and Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University. As the years wore on [women] would eventually even lose their position as owners, occupants and managers of property. 76.International Labor Organization (ILO) (2009) Global Employment Trends for Women 2009, Geneva: ILO 77.See: SOFA Team & Cheryl Doss (2011).The role of women in agriculture, ESA Working Paper No , FAO publication, p For example, in cocoa supply chains, see: UTZ CERTIFIED, Solidaridad and Oxfam Novib (2009) The role of certification and producer support in promoting gender equality in cocoa production, p eMOdc22y2DNq61l5eDFpNh0pMTu0Zw-E64DPQ*GqKljLtemFTJJV7H/CocoaGenderreport_ UTZSolidaridad.pdf Environmental Protection Agency, US Government, ghgemissions/global.html Agricultural activities accounted for 14 percent of 2004 emissions, land use change was 17 percent of emissions, including deforestation and land clearing due to agriculture, and transportation. Also, food production accounts for up to 29 per cent of man-made greenhouse gases, twice the amount the United Nations has estimated comes from farming, from CGIAR report Climate Change and Food Systems 81.A. Eitzinger, K. Sonder and A. Schmidt (2012) Tortillas on the Roaster: Central American Maize-Bean Systems and the Changing Climate, Catholic Relief Services, International Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Center for Improvement of Maize and Wheat, pdf 36

37 82.IFRPI, Global Food Index, p. 31, pdf 83.Palm oil is especially emblematic of this trend. See: Accessed 22 November Carbon Disclosure Project, Collective responses to rising water challenges, cdproject.net/en-us/pages/homepage.aspx (last accessed November 2012). 87.Global Reporting Initiative, (last accessed November 2012). 88.For example, the GRI does not require food and beverage companies to provide comprehensive information on the social impacts of agricultural operations. Similar gaps can be found across other sectors. 89.The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights represent the culmination of various initiatives aimed at defining the human rights responsibilities of corporations. They are supported by the OECD Guidelines on Multinational Enterprises, the ILO Tripartite Declaration on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, the UN Global Compact, the European Union Strategy for Corporate Social Responsibility, the International Finance Corporation Performance Standards, and various multi-stakeholder and industry initiatives, all reinforcing the basic principle that corporations must not infringe human rights including labour rights, nondiscrimination, and rights to health, water and food.. See: J. Ruggie (2012) The Corporate Responsibility to respect Human Rights, UnitedNations publication p. 1, see ohchr.org/documents/publications/hr.pub.12.2_en.pdf. There are three core principles: The first is the State duty to protect against human rights abuses by third parties, including business enterprises, through appropriate policies, regulation, and adjudication. The second is the corporate responsibility to respect human rights, which means that business enterprises should act with due diligence to avoid infringing on the rights of others and to address adverse impacts with which they are involved. The third is the need for greater access by victims to effective remedy, both judicial and non-judicial. 90.UN News Centre (2011) UN Human Rights Council endorses principles to ensure businesses respect human rights, 16 June, Cr=human+rights&Cr1 (last accessed November 2012) See: 98.Unilever Sustainable Living Plan Progress Report 2011, p. 35. However, Unilever has not provided details regarding how this will be implemented and how many stakeholders they are already engaging with in this way (the baseline). 37

38 99.See: aspx?p= The UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) notes that commodity speculation results in negative effects for producers and consumers alike. See: Docs/gds20111_en.pdf 103.A. Gerrie (2010), Chocolate: worth its weight in gold?,the Independent, 8 November, The New York Times (2012) Thai youth seek a fortune away from the farm, 4 June, html?pagewanted=2&_r=5&smid=tw-share. (Last accessed November 2012). 105.Banana Link (2012) Social problems: working conditions, node/7 (last accessed November 2012). 106.Compliance Advisor Ombudsman, Resolving land disputes in the palm oil sector through collaborative mediation. October Accessed December 2012 at: National Council for Rural Consultation and Cooperation and ROPPA (Network of West-African Farmers and Producers Organizations) International Forum November 20 22, Family Farms Constitute the Primary Food and Wealth Suppliers in West Africa. Last accessed December 2012 at N. Exeter and S. Cunha (2011) The Business Case for Being a Responsible Business Business in the Community, March, business_case.html (last accessed 8 December), p 4; A.B. Carroll and K. N. Shabana (2010) The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of Concepts, Research and Practice, International Journal of Management Reviews, vol 12:1, 15 January 2010, (last accessed December 2012), p Oxfam America, Exploring the links between international business and poverty reduction (2011). See: N. Exeter and S. Cunha (2011) op. cit., p 15; See also: A.B. Carroll and K. N. Shabana (2010) op. cit., p C. Alphonsus (2012) Making a business case of corporate sustainability, Green Purchasing Asia, issue 11, April 2012, uploads/2012/04/ green-purchasing-asia.pdf (last accessed 8 December), p 17; G. Heyns (2012) Companies that Invest Sustainably Do Better Financially Bloomberg, 20 September 2012, (last accessed 8 December); See also: R. G. Eccles, I. Ioannou and G. Serafeim (2011) The Impact of a Corporate Culture of Sustainability on Corporate Behavior and Performance Harvard Business School, Working Paper no. 38

39 12035, 25 November 2011, p A Brief History of Doing Well by Doing Good - Harvard Business Review (video) at blogs.hbr.org/video/2012/06/a-brief-history-of-doing-well.html 113.M. E. Porter and M. R. Kramer (2011) Creating Shared Value Harvard Business Review, January 2011, ar/1?conversationid= (last accessed 8 December).The company chairman of Nestle, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, recently remarked, We came to the conclusion that, in the area of nutrition, of water, and of rural development, this Creating Shared Value concept would be optimally utilized, and that s why we are concentrating there at page Ibid. Page Investor Network on Climate Risk, Shareholder resolutions: Kraft Sustainable Forestry 2012, (last accessed November 2012). In 2009, Kraft was accused of purchasing beef linked to Amazon deforestation through its Brazilian suppliers Bertin (subsequently acquired by JBS) and directly from JBS, the world s biggest meat company. See planet-2/binaries/2009/7/slaughtering-the-amazon-part2.pdf and savingiceland.org/2009/09/plundering-the-amazon/. 117.A Nielsen Report.The Global, Socially-Conscious Consumer, March A similar study in Indonesia found consumers were also willing to pay more for tea that improved farmer welfare. Research Team of Business Watch Indonesia.Quantitative Research Individual Tea Consumers, Oxfam, Global Urban Mothers Intelligence Regional Summary, February 2011, InVision Research Base: 1,000 7,000 online respondents per country aged (China 16 54), Also, see Oxfam (2012) Mothers want to help fix our broken food system, (last accessed November 2012) This is an increase from 68.7% of respondents in See: Ruder Finn and Media Survey Lab, Tsinghua University. Ethical Consumption of Fast Moving Consumer Goods, Weber Shandwick (2012) Seventy percent of consumers avoid products if theydislike parent company, Weber Shandwick survey finds, Default.aspx/AboutUs/PressReleases/2012/SeventyPercentofConsumersAvoidProductsIfTh eydislikeparentcompanywebershandwicksurveyfinds (last accessed November 2012) &tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D= Equal Exchange.Company Statistics & Financial Datahttp:// Financials-Sales_2010.pdf 126.Banana Link (2012) Ecuador government legislates in face of mounting pressures, 27 39

40 September, (last accessed November 2012). 127.Reuters, Insight: At Nestle, Interacting with the Online Enemy. article/2012/10/26/us-nestle-online-water-idusbre89p07s (last accessed November 2012) 128.Most of the policies Oxfam has suggested for upstream agricultural sourcing are related to their (responsible) supply chain policies. Even a company with relatively large direct sourcing like Nestlé sources 90 percent of its raw agricultural materials from suppliers. For companies like Coca-Cola it is close to 100 percent. 129.FAO (2011) The State of Food and Agriculture Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development, NATIONAL Institute of Statistics, Cameroon, cited in Cameroon: Giving Women Land, Giving Them a Future, IPS. 131.See: See also: gatesfoundation.org/learning/documents/gender-value-chain-exec-summary.pdf 132.IAASTD (2008) Agriculture at a crossroads, International assessment of agricultural knowledge, science and technology for development. Washington DC: IAASTD See: publication/wcms_ pdf 137.ILO (2012) Agriculture; plantations; other rural sectors, industries-and-sectors/agriculture-plantations-other-rural-sectors/lang--en/index.htm (last accessed November 2012) Climate Change and Food Systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Vol. 37: (Volume publication date November 2012) 140.The number of reported land deals by foreign investors in agriculture in the global South increased from around 35 in mid-2008 to 105 in mid See K. Geary (2012) op. cit For example, Unilever and Nestlé have not: committed to ensuring land tenure security for impacted security, committed to free, prior and informed consent for all communities (or only affected communities), declared zero tolerance for land grabbing in company operations, subjected all agricultural activities to free, prior and informed consent for all land rights users or included a stop land grab clause in their supplier code. 145.Unilever has communicated to Oxfam that: One of the elements in our Sustainable Agriculture code is that all of our suppliers must provide us with proof of their land 40

41 ownership, so that we know it s not in dispute. We have been supporting calls for action on this issue at an international level through the G20 (we co-chaired the Food Security Working Group) and we re also supporting the FAO s Committee on World Food Security (CFS) voluntary guidelines on land tenure Kellogg Company 2011 Corporate Responsibility Report, p www. kelloggcorporateresponsibility.com/pdfs/2011_kelloggs_crr.pdf 150.Oxfam is also a member of the RSPO. Oxfam believes that working within the RSPO can help to create meaningful change in palm oil production worldwide. 151.See Responsible Sourcing Guidelines: Framework for Forest-based materials at nestle.com/asset-library/documents/media/statements/2012-october/nestl%c3%a9%20 Responsible%20Sourcing%20Guidelines%20for%20Forest-based%20Materials%20 October% pdf. This commitment for free, prior and informed consent is for forestbased materials, including soy and palm oil. 152.Much of this progress can be tracked with 7 out of the 10 companies disclosing information through the CDP Water Program for the last two years CDPResults/CDP-Water-Disclosure-Global-Report-2012.pdf; < CDPResults/CDP-Water-Disclosure-Global-Report-2011.pdf. In 2013>, water will be added to CDP s supply chain program and companies are just beginning to acknowledge indirect supply chain responsibility around water management. See The Coca-Cola Company, The Water Stewardship and Replenish Report 2012 pg < pg 3>. Unilever conducts social impact studies in water-scarce areas but does not have a policy in place requiring community consultation on plans to develop water resources. See: unilever.com/sustainable-living/water/reducingwateruseinmanufacturing/ 155.Nestle (2012) Water: supply chain initiatives, supplychain/supplychaininitiatives/pages/supplychaininitiatives.aspx (last accessed November 2012). 156.Based on the documentary, Bottled Life The Truth about Nestlé's Business with Water by Swiss filmmaker Urs Schnell and journalist Res Gehriger, December See <

42 162. See also : poisoning-the-well-nestl-accused-of-exploiting-water-supplies-for-bottled-brands/ c2s4503/ SOMO, Unilever overview of controversial practices 2010, May 2011, somo.nl/publicationsen/publication_3653/at_download/fullfile (19 July 2012) p In communications with Oxfam in 2012, Unilever stated that Symrise, a major German fragrance and flavour producer, commissioned an independent report and found no incidences of child labor in their supply chain. 166.SOMO, Unilever overview of controversial practices 2010, May 2011, somo.nl/publicationsen/publication_3653/at_download/fullfile (19 July 2012) p For example, see Unilever Sustainable Living Plan Progress Report (2011), Nestlé Creating Shared Value Report (2011), and sustainability/coffeemadehappy.aspx 168.The Women s Empowerment Principles were developed by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM, part of UN Women) and the United Nations Global Compact. The principles set out the business case for corporate action to promote gender equality and women's empowerment, highlighting cases of best practice. See United Nations Global Compact, Equality means business, rights/equality_means_business.html (last accessed November 2012). 169.According to its website, WEConnect International, a corporate led non-profit, facilitates inclusive, sustainable economic growth by empowering and connecting women business owners globally. WEConnect identifies, educates, registers, and certifies women's business enterprises that are at least 51% owned, managed, and controlled by one or more women. WEConnect is making history by connecting women business owners to our corporate members that collectively represent over US$700 billion in annual purchasing power. See: Oxfam solicited feedback from the top 10 companies by providing its own assessment of company policies and asking companies to provide feedback and their own data on publicly available policies that would improve upon Oxfam s own assessment. Multiple opportunities were provided to companies to respond to Oxfam s feedback in order to ensure accuracy The failure to enforce existing laws that directly or indirectly regulate business respect for human rights is often a significant legal gap in state practice. Such laws might range from non-discrimination and labour laws to environmental, property, privacy and anti-bribery laws. It is important for states to consider whether such laws are currently being enforced effectively, and if not, why this is the case and what measures may reasonably correct the situation. Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights, UN Human Rights Council, pg.8: S. Murphy et al. (2012) Cereal Secrets: The World's Largest Grain Traders and Global Agriculture, Oxford: Oxfam International, (last accessed November 2012). 42

43 174.Power hungry: six reasons to regulate global food corporations, Action Aid International p. 4. See S. Murphy et al. (2012) op. cit. This includes Glencore speculating on wheat prices, Bunge charged by the CFTC for manipulating trading in derivatives markets, plus less related to food are accusations of Dreyfus and cotton markets and ADM and lysine price fixing For relevant ILO conventions, see:

44 Beth Hoffman Andrea Maksimovic Shen Narayanasamy Rohit Malpani advocacy@ oxfaminternational.org policyandpractice@oxfam.org.uk ISBN Oxfam House John Smith, Oxford, Drive, OX4 Cowley 2JY 乐施会 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (www ( ( ( ( ( ( (www