中國的科學與中國的公民：大陸研究在台灣的困境\\

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1 * ** Robert A. Dahl decentralization of power and control J. A. Schumpeter * **

2 48 Robert A. Dahl polyarchal/pluralist democracy A Preface to Democratic Theory 1956 Who Governs 1961 the New Left vs. vs. 1 two Dahls Shapiro and Reeher, 1988: 2 political inequalities 1 Bachrach and Baratz (1962) Lukes (1974) Isaac (1987) a vs. vs. / b Bachrach ( ) Dahl (1966) Duncan and Lukes (1963) Pateman (1970) Skinner (1973) Walker (1966) vs.

3 self-governing enterprises cooperative ownership economic democracy esp e.g. Ceaser, 1990: ch.6 2 classic pluralism neo-pluralism esp. Held, 1996: ch.6; cf. McLennan, 1989: ch.2; cf. Manley, Jeffrey C. Isaac 1988 democratic socialist Therdore J. Lowi closet liberal Shapiro and Reeher, 1988: 157 ibid.: 2, ibid.: 2, : Dahl 1970 Dahl 1986 Dahl 1982; 1985; 1989; 1990; ;

4 50 e.g. Held, 1996: 214; cf. McLennan, 1989: ch.2 J. F. Manley : 144 market socialism cf. Pierson, 1995 e.g. Isaac, Dahl 1983 Lindblom 1983 Manley 1983

5 decentralization of power and control J. A. Schumpeter competitive elitist democracy Socialist Programs and Democratic Politics Democracy, Liberty,

6 52 and Equality 1986 John Dewey New Deal : 409 F. A. Hayek 1944 road to serfdom : Part IV centralization decentralized On the Theory of Democratic Socialism 1986: ch.1 socialist calculation Collective Economic Planning 1935 Ludwig von Mises 5 6 Anderson 1992: Cf.Hobsbawm 1991 Polanyi 1957 Bottomore 1985; 1990

7 Oskar Lange simulated market 7 8 decentralization procedures in central planning cf. Nuti, 1992: : ch.1 decentralization of power and control ibid.: : ch.3 Fabian socialists guild G. D. H. Cole 7 8 Lavoie 1985 Bottomore 1990 Roemer 1994 Pierson 1995

8 54 community ibid.: esp : ch.2 social harmony 9 9 Polan 1984 Held 1996: ch.4

9 polyarchy Charles E. Lindblom Politics, Economics, and Welfare 1976 [1953] democratic elitist institutional arrangement 10 competitive elitist democracy Held 1996: ch : ch.xxi Duncan and Lukes 1963 Pateman 1970: esp.17 Held 1996: esp.192 Rousseau Bentham James Mill John Stuart Mill Miller 1983: esp.150 Bellamy 1990: Zolo 1992: 65 cf.bobbio, 1987: Macpherson 1977: ch.2 ch.3 Held 1996: part 1

10 56 ibid.: esp cf. Dahl and Lindblom, 1976 [1953]: esp. 1956: ibid.: 150, 3, 132; cf. Dahl and Lindblom, 1976 [1953]: 175, 284 minorities rule esp. 1956: Dahl and Lindblom 1976 [1953]: ch.10 & ch.11 Dahl 1956 Macpherson 1977: ch.4 Zolo 1992: ch.3

11 [1953]: e.g On Democracy 1998: Roberts Michel iron law of oligarchy political leadership esp : : 113, 103 Vilfredo Pareto Gaetano Mosca C. Wright Mills minority domination cf. 1957; 1982: 32-36; 1986: 232; 1989: ch.19 cf. Sartori, 1987: ch.6 14 cf. Walker, 1966; Bachrach, 1967; Pateman, 1970 e.g [1953]: , : Sartori 1962;

12 58 polyarchy democracy 1976 [1953]: 284, 275 Dahl, 1958: : / 1991 Bachrach 1967: ch.6 Pateman 1970: ch.1

13 the Strong Principle of Equality esp. 1989: ch.7 17 enlightened understanding the demos the demos cf. 1982: 5-7; 1985: 59-62; 1986: ch.6 & ch.8; 1989: ch.8 & ch.9; 1998: ch.4 18 formal political resources 1985: ideal esp. 1985; cf. 1982: ; 1986: ; 1989: ; 1990: ch.4 17 Dahl 1989: ch.6 & ch.7; 1998: ch.6 & ch.7 18 Dahl 1989: part 3 19 Dahl 1998: 177

14 : esp. ch.4; 1989: : ; 1986: ; cf. 1956: 30; cf. 1981: ch.5 20 large-scale Jean-Jacques Rousseau direct democracy 1989: esp ; 1998: 85-90; cf. Dahl and Tufte, Riley 1990 Ceaser 1990: ch.6 21 Cf.Bobbio 1987: ch.2 Carole Pateman : 94-98, , b: esp

15 cf. 1986: 148 cf. Pierson, 1995; Roemer, 1994 esp. 1985: ; cf. 1982: ch.6 John Stuart Mill 1987 anarchy of the market cf. 1982: : , cf. 1982: ; 1985:

16 62 esp. 1989: 323; 1982: : bargaining among political and bureaucratic elites the dark side esp. 1989: ch.19; 1982: esp approximation 1985: 110 the public many different publics the public good 1989: 295, 252; cf. Hirst, 1994

17 : market system Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy 1982 esp. ibid.: 53, ideal type 1989: :

18 ; 1988 Norberto Bobbio biased Bobbio, 1987: esp ; cf. Zolo, 1992: Democracy and Its Critics 1989: esp workers capitalism 22

19 : 186, 204; 1985: , 160 left social-democratic 24 we Americans 1985: ; cf. Bowles and Gintis, 1986 the democratic ideal 23 cf. Pierson, 1995: ch.6 Christiansen 1994 Pontusson 1994 Sassoon 1994 ch.23

20 (2) a b Anderson, P The Affinities of Norberto Bobbio, in P. Anderson, A Zone of Engagement, London: Verso, Bachrach, P The Theory of Democratic Elitism: A Critique, Boston: Little, Brown Political Elites in a Democracy, ed., New York: Atherton Press.

21 Bachrach, P. and M. Baratz 1962 The Two Faces of Power, American Political Science Review 56: Bellamy, R Schumpeter and the Transformation of Capitalism, Liberalism and Democracy, Government and Opposition 26: Bobbio, N The Future of Democracy, trans. R. Griffin & ed. R. Bellamy, Cambridge: Polity. Bottomore, T. B Theories of Modern Capitalism, London: Allen & Unwin The Socialist Economy, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Bowles, S. and H. Gintis 1986 Democracy and Capitalism, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Ceaser, J. W Liberal Democracy & Political Science, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. Christiansen, N. F Denmark: End of an Idyll? in P. Anderson and P. Camiller eds., Mapping the West European Left, London: Verso, Dahl, R. A A Preface to Democratic Theory, Chicago: University of Chicago Press A Critique of the Ruling Elite Model, American Political Science Review 52(2): Further Reflections on The Elitist Theory of Democracy, collected in Bachrach (1971):

22 After the Revolution? Authority in a Good Society, New Haven: Yale University Press Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven: Yale University Press Democracy in the United States: Promise and Performance, 4 th edn., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy, New Haven: Yale University Press Response to John Manley, American Political Science Review 77: A Preface to Economic Democracy, Cambridge: Polity Democracy, Liberty, and Equality, Oslo: Norwegian University Press Democracy and Its Critics, New Haven: Yale University Press After the Revolution? Authority in A Good Society, revised edn., New Haven: Yale University Press On Democracy, New Haven: Yale University Press. Dahl, R. A. and C. E. Lindblom 1976 Politics, Economics, and Welfare, originally published in 1953, Chicago: Chicago University Press. Dahl, R. A. and E. R. Tufte 1973 Size and Democracy, California: Stanford University Press. Duncan, G. and S. Lukes 1963 The New Democacy, Political Studies 11: Hayek, F. A Collective Economic Planning, ed., London: Routledge & Sons The Road to Serfdom, London: Routledge & Sons. Held, D Models of Democracy, 2nd edn., Cambridge: Polity.

23 Hirst, P Associative Democracy, Cambridge: Polity. Hobsbawm, E Goodbye to All That, in R. Blackburn ed., After the Fall, London: Verso, Isaac, J. C Power and Marxist Theory, Ithaca: Cornell University Press Dilemmas of Democratic Theory, in Shapiro and Reeher (1988): Lavoie, D Rivalry and Central Planning, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lindblom, C. E Politics and Market, New York: Basic Books Comment on Manley, American Political Science Review Democracy and the Market System, Oslo: Norwegian University Press. Lukes, S Power: A Radical View, London: Macmillan. McLennan, G Marxism, Pluralism and Beyond, Cambridge: Polity. Macpherson, C The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Manley, J. F Neo-Pluralism: A Class Analysis of Pluralism I and Pluralism II, American Political Science Review 77: Mill, J. S.

24 On Socialism, New York: Prometheus Books.

25 Miller, D The Competitive Model of Democracy, in G. Duncan ed., Democratic Theory and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Nuti, D. M Market Socialism, in A. Aslund ed., Market Socialism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Pateman, C Participation and Democratic Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pierson, C Socialism After Communism: The New Market Socialism, Cambridge: Polity. Polan, A. J Lenin and the End of Politics, London: Methuen. Polanyi, K The Great Transformation, Boston: Beacon Press. Pontusson, J Sweden: After the Golden Age, in P. Anderson and P. Camiller eds., Mapping the West European Left, London: Verso, Riley, J American Democracy and Majority Rule, in J. W. Chapman and A. Wertheimer eds., Majorities and Minorities, New York: New York University Press, Roemer, J. E A Future for Socialism, London: Verso. Sartori, G Democratic Theory, Detroit: Wayne State University Press The Theory of Democracy Revisited, New York: Chatam

26 72 House. Sassoon, D One Hundred Years of Socialism, London: Fontana Press. Schumpeter, J. A Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, London: Allen & Unwin. Shapiro, I. and G. Reeher 1988 Power, Inequality, and Democratic Politics, eds., Boulder & London: Westview Press. Skinner, Q The Empirical Theorists of Democracy and Their Critics, Political Theory 1: Walker, J. L A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy, collected in Bachrach (1971): Zolo, D Democracy and Complexity, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.

27 Reinterpreting Dahl s Democratic Thought: An Alternative Perspective I-Chung Chen Abstract This paper offers an alternative perspective on Robert Dahl s democratic thought as it has developed from the 1940s to the present. Section I reviews recent controversy over Dahl s intellectual evolution. Section II examines the young Dahl s arguments for a decentralized, democratic socialism. Section III reconsiders aspects of Dahl s paradigm of pluralist democracy in the 1950s and 60s, especially in relation to Joseph A. Schumpeter s theory of competitive elitist democracy. Section IV further explores Dahl s critique of capitalism and political inequality from the 1970s onwards, and takes a close look at his program of economic democracy. The author argues: (1) the ideal of decentralization of power and control has been the basic thread running through all three distinct stages in Dahl s intellectual evolution; (2) Dahl s model of a decentralized and pluralist democracy has been developed since the 1950s with the quintessential help of Schumpeter; (3) contrary to the prevailing wisdom, Dahl s socialistic program of economic democracy is intended rather as a way to realize the unfulfilled promise of a decentralized and pluralist democracy. Key words: democracy, polyarchal/pluralist democracy, polyarchy, socialism, capitalism, political equality, economic democracy

J. D. 17 Daniel J. Elazar, American Federalism: A View From the States (New York: Happer & Row, Publishers, 1984), p

20 20 70 80 1 20 90 20 90 J. D. 17 Daniel J. Elazar, American Federalism: A View From the States (New York: Happer & Row, Publishers, 1984), p.41-42. 2 19 1985 80 Gerald D. Nash, State and Local Governments,