國立中山大學學位論文典藏.PDF

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1 Study on the Vegetation Ecology of Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest in the Middle and Upper Watershed of Nan-Tz-Shian Stream in Southwestern Taiwan

2 ( ) ( ) Study on the Vegetation Ecology of Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest in the Middle and Upper Watershed of Nan-Tz-Shian Stream in Southwestern Taiwan ( ) ( ) / ( )

3 6 ()

4 2

5 A. - B. - C. - D. E. - F. - G. H. - I. - 9 (I) (II) (III) I

6 Abstract To determine the relationship between vegetation and environmental parameters in the middle and upper watershed of Nan-Tze-Shian stream, the first comprehensive multivariate statistical analysis of the woody vegetation data obtained from field survey, is presented. According to physiognomy and plant composition, 70 homogenous stands were sampled in the area. Each plot is composed of twenty 5 5 m 2 quadrates. Five environmental factors including plot location, altitude, slope, aspect and microtopography were recorded. All woody plants in each plot species with dbh = 1cm present in the quadrates were identified, and their dbh were measured. In addition, ground layer species were identified and evaluated by their coverage. The vascular plants inventory recorded a total of 118 families, 321 genera and 563 species. Among the 203 woody plants, the families are rich in species including Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Theaceae, Symploaceae and Moraceae. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was applied to the ordination analysis, to clarify the spatial variation of the 70 plots and search for relationship of the variation with 5 environmental variables. Classification of the vegetation types was conducted by the cluster analysis (CA), two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and tabular comparison method. The results obtained from the analysis are that the distribution of vegetation types and flora are obvious and sensitive to the elevation and whole light sky space (WLS) and the floristic classification distinguished 9 forest types: Neolitsea acuminatissima - Cyclobalanopsis morii, Vaccinium randaiense - Castanopsis cuspidata, Pasania kawakamii - Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides, Beilschmiedia erythrophloia, Engelhardtia roxburghiana - Cyclobalanopsis longinux, Helicia formosana - Machilus konishii kusanoi, Castanopsis formosana, Machilus zuihoensis - Schefflera octophylla and Ficus irisana - Machilus kusanoi associations. The associations were re-arranged by tabular comparison method for developing a hierachy of forest vegetation system. This hierachical system consists of Three alliances, characterized by Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides, Beilschmiedia erythrophloia and Machilus kusanoi, respectively. Finally, I ascribed the vertical vegetation spectrum along with altitude gradient. The altitudinal boundaries between upper Quercus, lower Quercus and Machilus-Castanopsis zones are ca m and 1200 m, respectively. The results might help us to understand the habitat diversity and plant diversity in the area, and those are expected to apply to vegetation mapping and environment monitoring. Key words: Multivariate statistical analysis, Nan-Tze-Shian stream, Vegetation types. II

Each plot is composed of twenty 5 5 m 2 quadrates. Five environmental factors including plot location, altitude, slope, aspect and microtopography were recorded.

7 III... I Abstract...II...III...IV...V

..30...30...30...31...34...34...35...36...60...60...60...61.

8 ( Day and Monk 1974) DCA IV

9 V ( Gauch 1982) DCA DCA

..39 11...45 12 -...56 13 -...56 14 -...57 15.

10 (Evergreen broad-leaved forest) 38 N (Miyawaki and Sasaki 1985) N 24 N ( 2000) (Hsieh et al. 1997) (Fagaceae) (Lauraceae) (Theaceae) (Magnoliaceae) (Elaeocarpaceae) (Su 1985) (Su ) ( 2002) (Lawesson 2000Dzwonko and Loster 2000 Bergmeier and Dimopoulos 2001) (Jiang et al. 2000Mwasumbi et al. 1994Sardinero 2000Sari 2000) (Grossman et al. 1998Bruelheids and Chytry 2000) Su (1985) 7 ( 2003) ( 2003) 7 Su (1984 b) (1) (2) (3) 1

(Lawesson 2000Dzwonko and Loster 2000 Bergmeier and Dimopoulos 2001) (Jiang et al. 2000Mwasumbi et al.

11 2

12 (1) (1968) ( ) Su (1984 b) Hsieh et al. (1994) ( ) ( ) ( - ) ( ) ) (2000) (Class of vegetation type) (Subclass of vegetation type) (Order of vegetation type) (Vegetation type) (Alliance)

13 1 / /1912 /1929 /1931 /1939 /1962 / ( - ) ( - ) ( - ) /1968 / ( ) ( ) ( ) /1969 /1970 /1972 ( ) ( ) ( ) Su/1984 b /1993 /1993 Hsieh et al./1994 ( ) ( ) ( - ) ( ) ( ) /1995 / /1998 / ( ) ( ) 4

14 5 ( ) /2000 I A B C. 13. II A. 14. B C. 18. D. 19. III A. 20. B IV A. 23. B.Chasmophytic 24. Chasmophytic C. 25. V A B

19. III A. 20. B. 21. 22. IV A. 23. B.Chasmophytic 24.

15 Su (1985) 7 - (2) Su (1984 b) (3) (1941) (1989) 12.4 K (2002) Braun-Blanquet /

16 - - (2003) 9.5 K 1 ( ) (1982) 500 (1963) (1967) m 10 m Miyawaki et al. (1981) (1) (2) (3)

17 (1988) m 20 m 11 (1) - (2) - (3) - (4) - (5) - - (6) - (7) / (8) - - (9) (10) - - (11) - - (1990) m 5 m (1) - (2) - (3) (4) - (5)- (6) - (7) (8) (1991) m 5 m 6 5 (I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) (1400 ) ( ) (500 ) Su (1984 b) (1992) m 5 m 7 A. B. 7 A1. A2. - A3. - A4. B1. - B2. 8

(I) - 350-700 - (II) - - 700-1000 (III) - - 700-1000 (IV) - 900-1300 (V) - - 1200-1800 - (1400 )

18 - B3. (1994) (1)?? (2)?????? m 25 m PH 9 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) - (6) (7) (8) (9) 1990 (1996) m 10 m (1991) (1991) 80 (2002) m 10 m (TWINSPAN) 2 (1) (2) (2002) m 25 m 5 9

(6) - 1925 (7) - 1985-1995 (8) - 2120 (9) 1990 (1996) 10 10 m 10 m (1991) -

19 (1) - (2) - (3) - (4) - (5) - (2003) m 10 m (2003) m 10 m (1) - (2) - - (3) - 10

20 m (Ficus spp.) (Machilus spp.) m m 1200 m 1600 m 1941 Alt m 900 m Alt m Alt m m 10 m m Alt m m m 11

1200-2300 m 900 m 2 1963 Alt. 1700 m 12 0.1 1976 38.8 Alt.

21 m Miyawaki et al Alt m m 5 m Alt m Alt m m 5 m a. - b. - c. 5. a. - - b. c. - d a. b. c

22 Alt m m 20 m / Alt m 40 m 42 m Alt m m 10 m Alt m 20 5 m 5 m Alt m m 5 m Alt m 5 m 5 m Alt m 10 5 m 5 m m 10 m 13

23 10 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 1992 I. 55 II. Alt m 5 III. IV Alt m 10 5 m 5 m Alt m 20 5 m 5 m (1) Alt m m 25 m - - (2) (3) - (4) (5) - (6) - (7) - (8) - (9) Alt m m 10 m 5 m 5 m

24 Alt m 10 5 m 5 m m 5 m Alt m 1996 Alt. 650 m - - N E m 10 m Alt m 6 20 m 30 m Alt m Alt m m 5 m Alt m 10 m 10 m 2002 (1) - - Alt m 5 10 m 10 m 70 - (2) (1) - Alt m m 25 m (2) - (3) - (4) - (5) Alt m m /

25 K Alt m 100 m 100 m m 200 m (1) (2) m 10 m - - (3) (1) - Alt m 20 5 m 5 m 20 (2) - (3) - (4) - (5) Alt m 4 10 m 10 m (1) - Alt m 20 5 m 5 m (2) (3)

26 3 ( ) ( ) ( 1941) - ( 1988) ( 1988) - / ( 1988) ( 1994) ( 1994) - ( 1994) ( 1994) ( 2002) ( 2002) ( 2002) ( 2002) - / 1880 ( 2002) ( 2002) ( 2002) ( 2002) ( 2002) ( 2003) ( 2002) 2000 ( 2003) ( 1941) ( 1941) ( 1941) (Miyawaki et al. 1981) 17

27 - (Miyawaki et al. 1981) (Miyawaki et al. 1981) ( 1988) ( 1988) ( 1989) ( 1990) ( 1991) ( 1992) ( 1992) ( 1994) - ( 1994) ( 2002) ( 2002) ( 2002) ( 2002) ( 2003) - - ( 1988) ( 1988) - - ( 1988) ( 1988) ( 1990) ( 1990) ( 1991) ( 1991)

28 ( 1991) - ( 1991) ( 1992) - - ( 1996) ( 2002) ( 2003) ( 2003) 19

29 (vegetation) (plant community) (physiognomy) (growth form) (plant compositions) (Gaussian curve) (skewed) (bimodal) (plateau) (Austin et al. 1984Austin 1987Austin and Smith 1989) (habitat) Whittaker et al. (1973) (biotope) (hyperspace) (habitat hypervolume) (landscape) Ohsawa (1987) (zonal) (topographical) (within community) Ohsawa (1987) (species niche) (habitat niche) (age-state niche) 20

30 ( ) Whittaker (1978) 1. (Physiognomic Tradition) Humboldt (1807) Grisebach (1838) 2. (Northern Tradition) (1) Uppsala (Du Rietz 1921)(2) Gams (1918) Lippmaa (1939) (3) Cajander ( ) Markus (1930) Raunkiaer (1934) BÖcher ( ) Hansen (1930) Steindo rsson (1954) (biotopes) 3. (Southern Tradition) Zürich Montpellier Braun-Blanquat Z-M ( 1983)Braun-Blanquat (Association) (character species) Westhoff Maarel (1978) (floristic-sociological approach) Whittaker (1962) Kent Coker (1992) Braun-Blanquat (1) (2) (releve) (homogenous)(3) (minimal area)(4) (fidelity) (5) 4. (Russian Tradition) Uppsala (sociation) (biogeocoenose) 21

31 5. (British Tradition) Moss (1910) Tansley (1920) (formation) Clements Tansley (polyclimax) 6. (American Tradition) Clements (succession) Clements Gleason ( ) Clements (organismic concept) (individualistic concept) Whittaker ( ) Wisconsin (Curtis and McIntosh 1951Curtis 1959Bray and Curtis 1957McIntosh 1967) (continuum concept) (homogenous) (classification) (ordination) ( ) (Gauch 1982) (cluster analysis, CA) (two-way indicator species analysis, TWINSPAN) (detrend correspondence analysis, DCA) (canonical correspondence analysis, CCA) 4 ( b1987 c 1996Gauch 1982Kent and Coker 1992McCune and Grace 2002) CATWINSPANDCA CCA (4) 1. (CA) (polytheticagglomerativehierarchical) (dendrogram) 22

32 23 Jaccard Sorensen (Euclidea distance) (Ward s method) (unweighted pair-group method, UPGMA) 2. (TWINSPAN) (polythetic divisivehierarchical) Hill et al. (1975) FORTRAN (Hill 1979 b) (reciprocal averaging, RA) (Hill 1973) TWINSPAN (0/1) TWINSPAN (pseudospecies) (differential species) 3. (DCA) DCA DCA (RA) (weighted average, WA) (Hill 1979 a) RA (arch effect) (compression of axis ends) DCA RA (rescaling) 0 1 (detrending) RA 0 4 SD 4. (CCA) CCA ter Braak (1986) ( correspondence analysis)

33 (Gauch 1982) (redundancy) (Pandora s box) (Jams and McCulloch 1990) 4 (CA) (chaining) (TWINSPAN) CA (DCA) (CCA) unimodal ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (Millington and Alexander 2000) 24

34 2003 (mapping scale) ( ) (Wyatt 2000) Su (1985) 7 ( ) ( 2003) ( 2003) 25

35 (3952 m) (2845 m) (2610 m) (2610 m) (2254 m) (1602 m) (973 (730 m) (3952 (2827 m) (2481 m) (1664 (1044 m) 20 (1) ( 1986) ( 1984) 3 (3850 m) (2413 (2.3 m) mm (1957) Su (1984 a) 26

37 1 28

38 2 29

39 (Anglo-American School) (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974) (DBH1cm) (Huang 2003) (GPS-plus II) ( TWD 67 ) ( ) (1987 a) 1. (Altitude) 2. (Slope) 3. (Aspect) Day Monk (1974) 16 (3) 1 ( ) 16 ( ) (Synthetic) Whittaker (1960) 0-10 (5)

40 (4)20-30 (3)30-40 (2)40 (1) 6. (Whole light sky space, WLS) GPS (2003) 3 ( Day and Monk 1974) Wisconsin (Important Value Index, IVI) (Curtis and McIntoch 1950) IVI 300 IVI ( ) = Rdi( ) Rdoi( )Rfi( ) Rdi( ) = 100 Rdoi( ) 100 Rfi( ) = 100 IVI Gauch (1982) (octave scale) 0-9 (5) PC-ORD (McCune and Mefford 1997) 31

41 5 ( Gauch 1982) (X) < X < < X < < X < < X < < X < < X < < X < < X < < X < (Access 2002 ) IVI (Classification) (Ordination) (Detrended correspondence analysis, DCA) (Pearson correlation coefficient) (Cluster analysis, CA) Sorensen IS2w/(ab)a A b B w A B Group Average (UPGMA) (dendrogram) (Two-way indicator species analysis, TWINSPAN) (Tabular comparison method) (Braun-Blanquet ) (synonyms) 32

42 (2003) (S) SP n (Np/N) n S n 0-9 P 0-1 Np N S S ( ) (Association) (Alliance) (Max) (Min) (Mean) (SE) 95 (T1 T2) 33

43 ( ) (6) IVI (29.69) (20.34) (9.44) (2.54) (2.15 ) (2.06) (2.03) (1.81) (1.76) (1.47) (7) (29.69) (20.34) (25) (15) 40 (30.14) (27.91) Family 7 10 Number of species Dominance IVI 1 Lauraceae Fagaceae Theaceae Rutaceae Magnoliaceae Araliaceae Juglandaceae Symploaceae Proteaceae Moraceae Others

44 (DCA) 3 (length of gradient) (SD) (Eigenvalue) (8) (4) 8 DCA Axis S25 S66 A S34 S35 S26 B S36 S22 C S69 S68 S19 S29 S70 S67 S37 S40 S31 S41 S33 S39 S38 S24 S27 S14 S44 S48 S3 S21 S46 S47 S32 S7 S57 S23 S1 S43 S54 S42 S53 S62 S45 S2 S49 S55 S4 S13 S58 S59 S20 S30 S61 S28 S8 S60 S56 E D F S52 S51 S65 S9 S5 S15 S6 S11 S17 S12 S Axis 1 S16 S10 S63 4 DCA 1 2 G H I S18 S64 3 (Pearson correlation coefficient)

45 (1 ) DCA p0.01 p0.05 (CA) (5) A(S25S26S34S35S66) B(S4S7S20S21S22S23S28S30S32S36S44S45S46S47 S48S56)C(S19S29S37S67S68S69S70)D(S14S24S27 S31S33S38S39S40S41S51S52)E(S1S2S8S13S42 S49S57S58S59S60S61S62)F(S3S43S53S54S55)G(S5 S9S50S65)H(S6S11S12S15S17)I(S10S16S18S63S64) (TWINSPAN) 4 (6) 70 9 (A)(S25S26S34S35S66)(B)(S4S7 S20S21S22S23S28S32S36S44S45S46S47S48S56)(C) (S19S29S33S67S68S69S70)(D)(S14S24S27S31S37S38 S39S40S41)(E)(S1S2S8S13S30S42S49S57S59S60S61) (F)(S43S53S54S55S58S62)(G)(S3S51S52S65)(H)(S6 S9S11S12S15S17)(I)(S5S10S16S18S50S63S64) (CA) (TWINSPAN) (concentration of correlation) (CA) (TWINSPAN) (10) 70 9 ( ) (S)

46 (11) I A. - B. - C. - (II) D. E. - F. - (III) G. H. - I. - 37

47 38 5 Distance (Objective Function) Information Remaining (%) 2.8E E E E E+00 0 S1 S2 S13 S8 S49 S60 S61 S42 S59 S57 S58 S62 S4 S20 S28 S56 S30 S7 S23 S45 S32 S46 S47 S48 S22 S44 S21 S36 S3 S43 S53 S54 S55 S14 S27 S24 S33 S40 S41 S31 S38 S39 S19 S29 S37 S67 S68 S69 S70 S51 S52 S25 S26 S35 S34 S66 S5 S50 S65 S9 S6 S11 S17 S12 S15 S10 S18 S16 S64 S63 E B F C D H I A G D

48 70 plots Level Level Level Level (A) (C) (E) (F) (D) (G) (H) (I) (B) 6 39

49 10 A B C D E F G H I Tsuga chinensis Rhamnus chingshuiensis Picea morrisonicola Symplocos heishanensis Sycopsis sinensis Ligustrum morrisonense Daphne arisanensis Litsea morrisonensis Elaeagnus formosana Symplocos migoi Acer morrisonense Cephalotaxus wilsoniana Microtropis fokienensis Callicarpa remotiflora Mahonia japonica Osmanthus enervius Symplocos modesta Trochodendron aralioides Sinopanax formosana Neolitsea acuminatissima Symplocos morrisonicola Cyclobalanopsis morii Eurya strigillosa Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides Castanopsis cuspidata Eurya loquaiana Machilus thunbergii Daphniphyllum glaucescens Lithocarpus lepidocarpus Cleyera japonica Gordonia axillaris Eurya leptophylla Machilus japonica Callicarpa randaiensis Pittosporum illicioides Rhododendron leptosanthum Osmanthus heterophyllus Acer kawakamii Dendropanax dentiger Symplocos konishii Eurya chinensis Quercus tatakaensis Rhododendron oldhamii Photinia beauverdiana Schima superba Pasania kawakamii Viburnum parvifolium Neolitsea aciculata Viburnum integrifolium Ligustrum pricei

50 Symplocos glauca Symplocos sonoharae Vaccinium randaiense Adinandra formosana Ilex ficoidea Cinnamomum subavenium Prunus transarisanensis Prunus campanulata Picrasma quassioides Cyclobalanopsis longinux Elaeocarpus japonicus Ternstroemia gymnanthera Osmanthus matsumuranus Litsea acum inata Michelia compressa Cinnamomum insulari-montanum Elaeocarpus sylvestris Hydrangea chinensis Eriobotrya deflexa Viburnum formosanum Machilus zuihoensis Symplocos formosana Wikstroemia lanceolata Engelhardtia roxburghiana Zelkova serrata Ilex hayataiana Malus doumeri Ilex pedunculosa Alnus formosana Callicarpa formosana Cinnamomum kanehirae Meliosma rhoifolia Ardisia cornudentata Acer albopurpurascens Euonymus tashiroi Ilex goshiensis Ilex rotunda Itea parviflora Litsea acutivena Podocarpus macrophyllus Skimmia reevesiana Symplocos arisanensis Helicia cochinchinensis Neolitsea parvigemma Pasania brevicaudata Sloanea formosana Prunus phaeosticta Tricalysia dubia Beilschmiedia erythrophloia Turpinia formosana Castanopsis kusanoi Damnacanthus indicus Xylosma congesta Helicia formosana

51 Oreocnide pedunculata Tetradium glabrifolium Litsea akoensis Celtis formosana Maesa perlaria Fraxinus griffithii Camellia sinensis Symplocos caudata Viburnum luzonicum Diospyros morrisiana Strobilanthes flexicaulis Machilus konishii Machilus philippinense Embelia lenticellata Ficus formosana Viburnum odoratissimum Ardisia sieboldii Syzygium formosanum Castanopsis formosana Alniphyllum pterospermum Pasania cornea Rhus succedanea Schefflera octophylla Litsea hypophaea Glycosmis citrifolia Pasania ternaticupula Glochidion rubrum Cleyera japonica Lasianthus microstachys Machilus zuihoensis Ardisia chinensis Strobilanthes formosanus Aucuba chinensis Camellia salicifolia Castanopsis fargesii Castanopsis kawa kamii Bridelia tomentosa Neolitsea konishii Ardisia virens Lindera communis Semnostachya longespicata Lasianthus fordii Mallotus paniculatus Morus australis Gardenia jasminoides Trema orientalis Wendlandia uvarufolia Cinnamomum camphora Diospyros eriantha Vitex quinata Aphananthe aspera Cyclobalanopsis glauca Ehretia acuminata Mallotus philippensis

52 Psychotria rubra Sapindus mukorossii Ficus erecta Ficus irisana Ficus nervosa Ficus septica Glochidion zeylanicum Koelreuteria henryi Lagerstroemia subcostata Machilus kusanoi Melia azedarach Cinnamomum osmophloeum Bischofia javanica Capparis acutifolia Phoebe formosana Prunus zippeliana Maclura cochinchinensis Macaranga tanarius Champereia manillana Diospyros oldhamii Euphoria longana Ficus superba Liquidambar formosana Radermachia sinica Sapium discolor Styrax formosana Styrax suberifolia Dendrocnide meyeniana Murraya euchrestifolia Murraya paniculata Ficus variegata Leea guineensis Deutzia pulchra Glochidion philippicum Melanolepis multiglandulosa Ficus virgata Aleurites montana Crateva adansonii Croton cascarilloides Cryptocarya chinensis Ilex asprella Melicope pteleifolia Symplocos theophrastifolia Saurauia tristyla richodesma calycosum

53 11 IVI (1=5-20 2= = = =81-100) (evergreen broad-leaved forest formation) I. (montane temperate evergreen broad-leaved forestquercus zone) (I) (Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides allianceupper Quercus zone) A. - (Neolitsea acuminatissima - Cyclobalanopsis morii association) B. - (Vaccinium randaiense - Castanopsis cuspidate association) C. - (Pasania kawakamii - Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides association) (II) (Beilschmiedia erythrophloia alliancelower Quercus zone) D. (Beilschmiedia erythrophloia association) E. - (Engelhardtia roxburghiana - Cyclobalanopsis longinux association) F. - (Helicia formosana - Machilus konishii association) II. (submontane subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (III) (Machilus kusanoi alliance) Machilus-Castanopsis zone) G. (Castanopsis formosana association) H. - (Machilus zuihoensis - Schefflera octophylla association) I. - (Ficus irisana - Machilus kusanoi association) Alliance (I) (II) (III) Association A II B C D E F G H I Number of plots Tsuga chinensis 1, Rhamnus chingshuiensis 1, Symplocos heishanensis 1, Sycopsis sinensis 1, Ligustrum morrisonense 1, Daphne arisanensis 1, Litsea morrisonensis 1, Elaeagnus formosana 1, Symplocos migoi 2, Neolitsea acuminatissima 5,5-1, Symplocos morrisonicola 5,5 1, , Cyclobalanopsis morii 6,5 1,3 1, Viburnum integrifolium 1,1 2, , Symplocos modesta - 1, Trochodendron aralioides - 1, Callicarpa remotiflora - 1, Acer kawakamii - 1, Rhododendron oldhamii - 1, Symplocos arisanensis - 1, Ilex pedunculosa - 1, Prunus transarisanensis - 1, Prunus campanulata - 1, Picrasma quassioides - 1, Viburnum formosanum - 1, Damnacanthus indicus - 1, Wikstroemia lanceolata - 1, Symplocos sonoharae - 1, Vaccinium randaiense - 2,4 1,1-1, Alnus formosana - - 1,

54 Embelia lenticellata - - 1, Pasania kawakam ii - 1,2 3,5 1, Viburnum parvifolium 1,1 1,2 2, Acer morrisonense 1,2 1,1 1, Cephalotaxus wilsoniana 1,2 1,1 1, Mahonia japonica 1,1 1,1 1, Callicarpa randaiensis 1,2 1,1 1, Eurya strigillosa 3,4 1,3 1, , Symplocos konishii 1,1 1,1 1,3 1, Picea morrisonicola 1,2 1, Symplocos glauca 1,1 1, Cleyera japonica 1,2 1, , Dendropanax dentiger 1,1 1, , Sinopanax formosana - 1,1 1, Quercus tatakaensis - 1,2 1, Ligustrum pricei - 1,2 1, Ardisia chinensis , Symplocos theophrastifolia , Strobilanthes formosanus , Strobilanthes flexicaulis , Aucuba chinensis , Camellia salicifolia , Castanopsis kawakamii , Engelhardtia roxburghiana - 1, ,5 1, Ilex goshiensis , Podocarpus macrophyllus , Cleyera japonica , Lasianthus microstachys , Euonymus tashiroi , Ilex rotunda , Litsea acutivena , Camellia sinensis , Symplocos caudata , Viburnum luzonicum , Helicia formosana ,1-5, Castanopsis kusanoi ,1-3, Machilus konishii ,2 1,2 4,5 1,2 - - Helicia cochinchinensis - 1, ,2 2, Prunus phaeosticta ,2 2, Ternstroemia gymnanthera - 1,3-1,1 2,3 1, Neolitsea parvigemma ,2 2,3 2, Pasania brevicaudata ,1 3,4 3, Machilus philippinense ,1 1,1 1,1 1,2 - - Diospyros morrisiana ,1 1, Ficus formosana ,1 1, Alniphyllum pterospermum ,1 1,2 1,2 - - Itea parviflora ,1 1, Osmanthus enervius 1, ,1 1, Ardisia virens ,1-1,1 1,2 - - Lindera communis ,1-1,2 1,2 - - Diospyros morrisiana ,1 1, Ficus formosana ,1 1, Alniphyllum pterospermum ,1 1,2 1,2 - - Cinnamomum subavenium - 1,2-1,1-1, Elaeocarpus japonicus - 2,4-1,1 2, Osmanthus heterophyllus 1, ,2 1, Eurya leptophylla 1,2 1,2 1,3 1, ,1 - Lithocarpus lepidocarpus 1,2 3,4 1,2 1,2 1, Pittosporum illicioides 1,2 1,1 1,3 1,1 1, Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides 3,4 1,3 6,5 3,4 1, Malus doumeri - 1,1 1,3 1,1 1,

55 Schima superba - 1,2 1,1 1,2 1, Rhododendron leptosanthum - 3,4 1,2 1,1 2, Machilus japonica - 1,2 4,4 2,3-1, Machilus zuihoensis - 1,1 1,1 1, Eriobotrya deflexa - 1,2 1,3 1,2 2, ,3 - Sloanea formosana - 1,1-1,2 1,1 1,2-1,1 - Cyclobalanopsis longinux - 4,4-1,1 5,5 1,2 1,2 - - Castanopsis cuspidata 2,3 4,4 3,4 1,2 3,4 2, Eurya loquaiana 4,5 5,5 1,2 1,2 1,2 1, Daphniphyllum glaucescens 1,3 1,1 1,2 1,1 2,3 1, Gordonia axillaris 2,3 3,4 1,3 1,2 2,3 1, Neolitsea aciculata 1,1 2,3 4,5 2,3 1,1 1, Ilex ficoidea 1,1 3,4-2,3 1,1 1, Litsea acuminata 1,2 2,3 6,5 5,5 5,5 6,5 1,2 - - Machilus thunbergii 1,3 5,5 1,3 2,3 5,5 2,3 1,2 - - Eurya chinensis 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2,4-1,1 - Capparis acutifolia ,2 - - Maclura cochinchinensis ,2 - - Castanopsis formosana , ,5 1,1 1,1 Sapium discolor ,1 - Styrax suberifolia ,1 - Melicope pteleifolia ,1 - Aleurites montana ,1 - Cryptocarya chinensis ,1 - Saurauia tristyla ,1 - Bridelia tomentosa ,1 - Diospyros oldhamii ,1 - Euphoria longana ,1 - Ficus superba ,2 - Liquidambar formosana ,2 - Radermachia sinica ,2 - Champereia manillana ,2 - Styrax formosana ,3 - Wendlandia uvarufolia ,3 1,2 Diospyros eriantha ,4 1,1 Machilus zuihoensis , ,5 - Glochidion zeylanicum ,3 2,4 Dendrocnide meyeniana ,5 Ficus variegata ,2 Leea guineensis ,1 Deutzia pulchra ,1 Glochidion philippicum ,1 Melanolepis multiglandulosa ,1 Crateva adansonii ,1 Croton cascarilloides ,1 Ilex asprella ,1 Machilus kusanoi ,1 2,3 1,3 6,5 Mallotus paniculatus ,1 1,2 2,4 1,3 Trema orientalis ,1 1,2 1,2 1,3 Morus australis ,2 1,2 1,2 Gardenia jasminoides ,2 1,3 1,1 Cinnamomum camphora ,2 1,3 1,1 Ehretia acuminata ,2 1,3 1,2 Mallotus philippensis ,2 2,4 2,4 Psychotria rubra ,2 2,3 1,1 Sapindus mukorossii ,2 4,5 3,4 Ficus erecta ,2 1,1 1,1 Ficus irisana ,2 1,2 5,5 Ficus nervosa ,2 1,1 2,4 Koelreuteria henryi ,2 1,1 2,4 Lagerstroemia subcostata ,2 1,4 2,4 46

56 Lagerstroemia subcostata ,2 1,4 2,4 Neolitsea konishii , ,2 1,2 1,3 Fraxinus griffithii - - 1, ,2 2,3 - Cyclobalanopsis glauca ,2 1,1 - Melia azedarach ,2 1,3 - Macaranga tanarius ,2-1,1 Bischofia javanica ,2-1,2 Prunus zippeliana ,2-1,1 Murraya euchrestifolia ,2-1,3 Ardisia sieboldii ,1-1,2-1,1 Phoebe formosana , ,2-2,3 Vitex quinata ,3 1,2 Aphananthe aspera ,2 1,2 Ficus septica ,2 1,2 Murraya paniculata ,1 1,2 Ficus virgata ,1 1,1 Photinia beauverdiana 1,2 1,3 2,4 1, ,1 - Osmanthus matsumuranus - 1,3 1,2 1,2 1,2-1,2 1,1 - Ardisia cornudentata - 1,1-1,1 1,3 1,2-1,2 1,2 Acer albopurpurascens - 1,1 1,3 1,2 1,1-1,2-1,2 Michelia compressa - 3,4 2,4 2,4 4,5 3,5 1,2 1,2 1,1 Beilschmiedia erythrophloia - 1,2 3,4 6,5 4,5 5,5 3,3 1,1 1,1 Turpinia formosana - 1,1 1,2 3,3 1,2 1,2 5,5 5,5 4,5 Elaeocarpus sylvestris - 1,3 1,1 2,3 1,3 2,3-3,5 1,2 Cinnamomum insulari-montanum - 1,2 2,4 1,2 1,1-1,2 2,3 - Hydrangea chinensis - 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,2 - Litsea akoensis - - 2,4 1,1-1,1 1,3 1,1 1,2 Celtis formosana - - 1,1 1, ,3 4,5 3,4 Maesa perlaria - - 1,1 1,1-1,1 1,2 1,1 1,1 Schefflera octophylla ,1 2,2 1,2 2,3 5,5 4,5 Glycosmis citrifolia ,2 1,1 1,1 4,5 2,3 5,5 Syzygium formosanum ,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,1 Pasania ternaticupula ,1 1,1 1,2 1,2-1,2 Viburnum odoratissimum ,2 1,2-2,3 1,1 1,1 Litsea hypophaea ,1 1,1 1,2 2,4 1,2 Glochidion rubrum ,1 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,2 Pasania cornea ,2 1,2 1,2-1,1 Other species Microtropis fokienensis 1, , Symplocos formosana - 1, , Cinnamomum kanehirae - 1,1-1, Meliosma rhoifolia - 1, , Zelkova serrata - 1,1 1, ,1 1,1 Ilex hayataiana - 1, , Adinandra formosana - 1, , Skimmia reevesiana - 1, , Callicarpa formosana - - 1,3 1, Semnostachya longespicata , ,2 - - Tetradium glabrifolium - - 1, ,2-1,1 - Cinnamomum osmophloeum , ,1 - Xylosma congesta - - 1,2 1, Castanopsis fargesii ,1-1, Oreocnide pedunculata - - 1,3 1, ,1 Rhus succedanea , ,2 - Trichodesma calycosum , ,1 Lasianthus fordii , ,1 47

57 (evergreen broad-leaved forest formation) ( 11) I. (montane temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest Quercus zone) ( 11) (I) (Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides allianceupper Quercus zone) (11) A. - (Neolitsea acuminatissima - Cyclobalanopsis morii association) 1. - ( 2002) 2. S25S26S34S35S (1) (2) (a) (b) 48

58 (c) B. - (Vaccinium randaiense - Castanopsis cuspidate association) 1. ( 1941) 2. S4S7S20S21S22S23S28S32S36S44 S45S46S47S48S (1) (2) (a) (b) (c)

59 C. - (Pasania kawakamii- Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides association) ( 2002) - ( 2002) - - ( 2002) - ( 2002) ( 2003) 2. S19S29S33S67S68S69S (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) (II) (Beilschmiedia erythrophloia alliancelower Quercus zone) (11) - - D. (Beilschmiedia erythrophloia association) ( 50

60 1989) - ( 2002) - ( 2002) 2. S3S14S24S27S31S37S38S39S40S41 S (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) E. - (Engelhardtia roxburghiana - Cyclobalanopsis longinux association) 1. ( 1941) 2. S1S2S8S13S30S42S49S57S59S60 S

61 (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) F. - (Helicia formosana - Machilus konishii association) S43S53S54S55S58S (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) II. (submontane subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forestmachilus-castanopsis zone) 52

62 (11) (III) (Machilus kusanoi alliance) G. (Castanopsis formosana association) S5S9S50S (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) H. - (Machilus zuihoensis - Schefflera octophylla association) S6S11S12S15S

63 3. (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) I. - (Ficus irisana - Machilus kusanoi association) S10S16S18S63S (1) (2) (a) (b) (c)

64 12 - Rdo Rde Rfi IVI Cyclobalanopsis morii Neolitsea acuminatissima Symplocos morrisonicola Castanopsis cuspidata Cyclobalanopsis Eurya loquaiana Eurya chinensis Gordonia axillaris Picea morrisonicola Eurya strigillosa Cleyera japonica Symplocos migoi Daphniphyllum glaucescens Lithocarpus lepidocarpus Cephalotaxus wilsoniana Eurya leptophylla Litsea acuminata Symplocos konishii Pittosporum illicioides Sycopsis sinensis Others Total Rdo Rde Rfi IVI Machilus thunbergii Castanopsis cuspidata Cyclobalanopsis longinux Eurya loquaiana Rhododendron leptosanthum Viburnum integrifolium Vaccinium randaiense Lithocarpus lepidocarpus Gordonia axillaris Litsea acuminata Michelia compressa Elaeocarpus japonicus Neolitsea aciculata Cleyera japonica Ternstroemia gymnanthera Schima superba Eurya strigillosa Adinandra formosana Beilschmiedia erythrophloia Ilex ficoidea Others Total

65 14 - Rdo Rde Rfi IVI Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides Litsea acuminata Machilus japonica Castanopsis cuspidata Beilschmiedia erythrophloia Pasania kawakamii Neolitsea aciculata Cinnamomum insulari-montanum Litsea akoensis Machilus thunbergii Viburnum parvifolium Eurya leptophylla Michelia compressa Gordonia axillaris Eurya chinensis Lithocarpus lepidocarpus Photinia beauverdiana Callicarpa formosana Zelkova serrata Eriobotrya deflexa Others Total Rdo Rde Rfi IVI Beilschmiedia erythrophloia Litsea acuminata Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides Turpinia formosana Machilus thunbergii Neolitsea aciculata Machilus japonica Glycosmis citrifolia Tricalysia dubia Castanopsis cuspidata Viburnum odoratissimum Schima superba Michelia compressa Machilus konishii Neolitsea parvigemma Sloanea formosana Acer albopurpurascens Elaeocarpus sylvestris Castanopsis kusanoi Osmanthus matsumuranus Others Total

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54 the classification hierarchy is delimited by the physiognomy of forests, following the treatment of the US National Vegetation Classification (USNV

54 the classification hierarchy is delimited by the physiognomy of forests, following the treatment of the US National Vegetation Classification (USNV 8(2) 53-85, 2006 53 Vegetation Classification System of the Machilus- Castanopsis Zone in the Central-West Climatic Region of Taiwan 1 2 3, Ching-Yu Liou 1, Horng-Jye Su 2 and Yen-Hsueh Tseng 3, 1 1 2