虛擬外交之研究：挑戰與因應

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2 NSC H compressed time and space, two major the human society. The information age has arrived and the global village is a fait accompli. So we were told. We are living in a world full of many sorts of virtual : artifacts ( virtual state, virtual economy, virtual community, virtual ethnicity and others). How does the enterprise of diplomacy take on the challenges posed by information revolution? Information and communications are the lifeblood of diplomacy. Diplomats are their guardians. New technologies economize the transmission of information-its cost, speed, a major benefactor. But information revolution is a two-edged sword. It makes information the new source of power and wealth, for individuals, corporations, and states. It also deprives diplomats of Keywords Virtual Diplomacy, Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Internet, Information Revolution 1 Revolution in information and communications technologies (ICTs) has obstacles of interpersonal communication and in the process has forever transformed and volume. The enterprise of diplomacy is monopoly power over information and communication, and hence threatens their livelihood. Will there be diplomacy without diplomat? Will information and

3 communications technologies replace the enterprise of diplomacy? This research project examines the issue of virtual diplomacy -the integration of information and communications technologies into the practice of diplomacy. pursue along three lines of inquiry. The research will CNN virtual Internet diplomacy diplomacy United without diplomat States Institute of Peace, USIP Virtual Diplomacy Computer Literacy (Information Literacy) state- to-state 2 1. Introduction, in The Practice of Diplomacy: It s Evolution, Theory and Administration (London: 2. Nature of Diplomacy, in Modern Diplomacy, 2d ed target 1 Keith Hamilton and Richard Langhorne, Routledge, 1995), 1-3; R.P. Barston, The Changing (New York: Longman, 1997), Center for Strategic and International Studies, Reinventing Diplomacy in the Information Age,

4 4 5 6 Hedley Bull 3 Sir Harold Nicolson professional Statecraft to Handicraft, in On the Way to Diplomacy < 9 October 1998, p. 10, Hedley Bull, Diplomacy and International Order, in The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), ,500 4 Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy (London: Oxford University Press, 1950), 7. 5 Coastas M. Constantinou, Diplo-ma-cy: From (Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 69-74; Hedley Bull, Diplomacy and International Order, in The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), Brain White, Diplomacy, in The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, ed. John Baylis and Steve Smith (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997),

5 7 8 9 messenger 10 7 Brain White, Diplomacy, in The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, ed. John Baylis and Steve Smith (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), Keith Hamilton and Richard Langhorne, The Diplomacy of the Renaissance and the Resident Ambassador, in The Practice of Diplomacy: It s Evolution, Theory and Administration (London: Routledge, 1995), Keith Hamilton and Richard Langhorne, The Old Diplomacy, in The Practice of Diplomacy: It s Evolution, Theory and Administration (London: Routledge, 1995), Hedley Bull, Diplomacy and International Order, in The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), representation 11 R. P. Barston, The Changing Nature of Diplomacy, in Modern Diplomacy, 2d ed. (London: Longman, 1997), 2.

6 Gordon Moore Coastas M. Constantinou, Diplomatic Representations or Who Framed the Ambassadors? in On the Way to Diplomacy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), Neil Barrett, Future Potential, in The State of the Cybernation: Cultural, Political and Economic Implications of the Internet (London: Kogan Page, 1997), Wilson P. Dizard, Jr. The Technology Framework: Communication Networks, in The Coming Information Age: An Overview of Technology, Economics, and Politics (New York: Longman, 1989), Wilson P. Dizard, Jr. The Information Age, in The Coming Information Age: An Overview of Intel Technology, Economics, and Politics (New York: Longman, 1989), Richard Lanhorne and William Wallace, Diplomacy towards the Twenty-first Century, in Foreign Ministries: Changes and Adaptation, ed. Brian Hocking (New York: St. Martin s 1999), Brain White, Diplomacy, in The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, ed. John Baylis and Steve Smith (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997),

7 17 18 Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points CNN 17 James N. Rosenau, States, Sovereignty, and Diplomacy in the Information Age, < 11 April R. P. Barston, Foreign policy Organization, in Modern Diplomacy (London: Longman, 1997), Philip M. Taylor, Brushfires and Firefighters: International Affairs and the News Media, in Global Communications, International Affairs and the Media since 1945 (London: Routledge, 1997), Philip M. Taylor, Brushfires and Firefighters: International Affairs and the News Media, in Global Communications, International Affairs and the Media since 1945 (London: Routledge, 1997), 61-68; Peter Semler, The Power of Public Opinion, Foreign Service Journal 72 (April 1995): Richard Lanhorne and William Wallace, Diplomacy towards the Twenty-first Century, in Foreign Ministries: Changes and Adaptation, ed transnational relationships Brian Hocking (New York: St. Martin s 1999), Abba Eban, The Intrusive Media, in Diplomacy for the Next Century (New York: Yale University, 1998), Philip M. Taylor, Brushfires and Firefighters: International Affairs and the News Media, in Global Communications, International Affairs and the Media since 1945 (London: Routledge, 1997),

8 26 bypass Brian Hocking, Introduction Foreign Ministries: Redefining the Gatekeeper Role, in Foreign Ministries: Changes and Adaptation, ed. Brian Hocking (New York: St. Martin s 1999), 2; R. P. Barston, The Changing Nature of Diplomacy, in Modern Diplomacy (London: Longman, 1997), Richard Lanhorne and William Wallace, Diplomacy towards the Twenty-first Century, in Foreign Ministries: Changes and Adaptation, ed. Brian Hocking (New York: St. Martin s 1999), 20; Gordon S. Smith, Reinventing Diplomacy: A Virtual Necessity, < 11 April Gordon Smith, Driving Diplomacy into Cyberspace, The World Today 53 (June 1997): 156. Gordon Smith, The Challenge of Virtual Diplomacy, < 20 January 1999.

9 United States Institute of Peace, USIP 30 Virtual Diplomacy Conference virtuality Virtual Diplomacy Fact Sheet, < 18 January Gordon Smith, The Challenge of Virtual Diplomacy, < 20 January Richard Solomon, Opening Remarks, < January Gordon Smith, The Challenge of Virtual Diplomacy, < 20 January Dan Schiller and Rosa Linda Fregoso, A Private View of the Digital World, in Beyond National Sovereignty: International Communication in the 1990 s, ed. Kaarle Nordenstreng and Herbert I. Schiller (New Jersey: Ablex, 1993), Gordon Smith, Driving Diplomacy into Cyberspace, The World Today 53 (June 1997): 156.

10 Pheidippides Marathon 1960 hot line Cyberspace, The World Today 53 (June 1997): Richard Solomon, Opening Remarks, < January Washington, D.C., was the last refuge of the old carbon-based politics. Howard Fineman, Who Needs Washington? Newsweek, 27 January 1997, Gordon Smith, Driving Diplomacy into 35 Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess, The World- Wide-Web: A Tool for Building Citizen Diplomacy Skills, <

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12 SIGNET virtual teams out in the field were out of sight and out of mind UN Refugee Working Group 42 online job training 1996 Zaire platform SIGNET 40 Gordon Smith, The Challenge of Virtual Diplomacy, < 20 January Gordon Smith, Driving Diplomacy into Cyberspace, The World Today 53 (June 1997): Gordon Smith, The Challenge of Virtual Diplomacy, < 20 January 1999.

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14 call me MITNET 49 WIN Export Haiti WIN Export ,200 The Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 WIN Export United States Information Agency 10 WIN Export MITNET MITNET Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, DFAIT Diplomacy, 50 WIN Expoprt WIN Export 48 Le Consulat Général de la République d Haiti à < Montréal > 51 Center for Strategic and Information Studies, Panel Calls for Revolution in U.S. Diplomacy, < fra < 6 March me3.html> Gordon Smith, The Challenge of Virtual < 20 January 1999.

15 CNN Robert S. Fortner Gordon S. Smith 85 Tupac Amaru Albrow, Martin, and Elizabeth King, eds. Globalization, Knowledge and Society. London: Sage, Gordon Smith, The Challenge of Virtual Diplomacy, < 20 January Kogan Page, Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, MRTA 700 London: Longman, Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement Solidarity Page < 55 Wendy Grossman, Digital Diplomacy: A Twoedged Sword, < tmo= &pg=/et/97/4/22/ecdip22.htm>, 18 January Barrett, Neil. The State of the Cybernation: Cultural, Political and Economic Implications of the Internet. London: Barston, R.P. Modern Diplomacy, 2d ed. Cairncross, Frances. The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution Will Change Our Lives. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, Clark, Ian. Globalization and Fragmentation: International Relations in the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

16 Negroponte, Nicholas. Being Digital. New Dizard, Wilson. The Coming Information Age. York: Alfred A. Knopf, New York: Longman, Roland, Robertson Globalization: Social Frederick, Howard H. Global Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage, Communication and International Relations Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Rosati, Jerel A., Joe D. Hagan, and Martin W. Grossman, Lawrence K. The Electronic Sampson. Foreign Policy Restructuring: Republic: Reshaping Democracy in the How Governments Respond to Global Information Age. New York: Viking Penguin, Change. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, Hamilton, Keith, and Richard Langhorne. The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory and Administration. London: Routledge, Hemelink, Cees J. The Politics of World Communication. London: Sage, Hocking, Brian, ed. Foreign Ministries: Changing and Adaptation. New York: St. Martin s, Hoffman, Arthur S. ed. International Communication and the New Diplomacy. London: Indiana University Press, Holton, Robert J. Globalization and the Nation State. New York: St. Martin s, Jordan, Tim. Cyberpower: The Culture and Politics of Cyberspace and the Internet. New York: Routledge, Kitchen, Rob. Cyberspace: The World in the Wires. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Rosenau, James N. Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, Schaeffer, Robert K. Understanding Globalization: The Social Consequences of Political, Economic, and Environmental Change. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, Tapscott, Don, Alex Lowy, and David Ticoll, eds. Blueprint to the Digital Economy: Creating the Wealth in the Era of E-Business. New York: McGraw Hill, Targowski, Andrew S. Global Information Infrastructure: The Birth, Vision, and Architecture. London: Idea Group Publishing, Taylor, Philip M. Global Communications, International Affairs and the Media since London: Routledge, Waters, Malcolm. Globalization. New York: Routledge,

17 Altvater, Elmer, and Birgit Mahnkopf. The World Market Unbound. In The Limits of Globalization: Cases and Arguments, ed. Alan Scott, New York: Routledge, Anderson, Jim. The Future of Diplomacy. Foreign Service Journal 74 (May 1997): Axford, Barine. States and the Global System, In The Global System: Economics, Politics, and Culture. New York: St. Martin s, Cox, Robert W. A Perspective on Globalization. In Globalization: Critical Reflections, ed. James H. Mittelman, Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, Eban, Abba. The Intrusive Media. In Diplomacy for the Next Century. New Haven, CT.: Yale University Press, Fineman, Howard. Who Needs Washington? Newsweek 27 (January 1997): Fulton, Barry. Learning from Business. Foreign Service Journal 74 (December 1997): Cerny, Philip G. Paradoxes of the Competition State: The Dynamics of Political Globalization. Government and Opposition 32 (Spring 1997): Coastas M. Constantinou, Diplomatic Representations or Who Framed the Ambassadors? In On the Way to Diplomacy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, Constantinou, Coastas M. Diplo-ma-cy: From Statecraft to Handicraft, In On the Way to Diplomacy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, Gil, Helder. Internet(ional) Relations. Foreign Service Journal 75 (November 1998): Hass, Richard N., and Robert E. Litan. Globalization and Its Discontents. Foreign Affairs 77 (May/June 1998): 2-6. Held, David. Democracy, the Nation-State and the Global System. In Political Theory Today, ed. Cambridge: Polity, Kennan, George F. Diplomacy without Diplomats? Foreign Affairs 76 (September/October 1997): Coulombis, Theodore A., and James Hastings Wolfe. The Nation-State and Nationalism. In Introduction to International Relations: Power and Justice. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Langhorne, Richard, and William Wallace. Diplomacy towards the Twenty-First Century. In Foreign Ministries: Changing and Adaptation, ed. Brian Hocking, New York: St. Martin s,

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19 < American s Role in a Changing World, < als/itps/0596/ijpe/ijpe0596.pdf>, 31 March The Next Revolution. Economist, 24 June 2000, < eeforall/ /su2496.htm>, 4 July Center for Strategic and International Studies, Reinventing Diplomacy in the Information Age, < 9 October Charles A. Schmitz, Changine the Way We do Business in International Relations, < itz.htm>, 18 January Dennis M. Jauch, The Enterprise of Diplomacy in the Information Age, < ech.htm>, 18 January Eugene S. Meieran, 21st Century Semiconductor Manufacturing Capabilities, Intel Technology Journal (4 th quarter 1998) < 1998/articles/art_1.htm>, 18 February George P. Shultz, Diplomacy in the Information Age, < vd.htm>, 18 January Gordon S. Smith, Reinventing Diplomacy: A Virtual Necessity, < html>, 11 April Gordon Smith, The Challenge of Virtual Diplomacy, < h.htm>, 18 January Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess, The World-Wide-Web: A Tool for Building Citizen Diplomacy Skills, < nburgesst.htm>, 18 January James N. Rosenau, States, Sovereignty, and Diplomacy in the Information Age, < 99.html>, 11 April Jovan Kurbalija, Using the Internet to Train Diplomats, < l>, 11 April L. Craig Johnstone, Strategic Planning and International Affairs in the 21th Century, < _johnstone_stratplan.html>, 24 April Richard Solomon, Opening Remarks, < act.htm>, 18 January Thomas R. Pickering, International Affairs in the 21 st Century, 18

20 < _pickering_intlaffs.html>, 24 April U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State Strategic Plan, < oreign_policy/dosindex.html>, 24 April United States Institute of Peace, Background on the Virtual Diplomacy Project, < m>, 18 January United States Institute of Peace, The Global Communications Revolution and International Conflict Management, < 18 January United States Institute of Peace, Virtual Diplomacy Fact Sheet, < 18 January Wendy Grossman, Digital Diplomacy a Two-edged Sword, < tmo= &pg=/et/97/4/22/ecdip22.ht m>, 18 January

西方三大霸权的战略比较——兼论美国制度霸权的启示意义•

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