长江下游一季稻养分需求特征及管理调控

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "长江下游一季稻养分需求特征及管理调控"

馨延谭
5 years ago
Views:

1 长江中下游水稻养分管理 Nutrient management for rice in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Dr. Shiwei Guo Nanjing Agricultural University

2 报告内容 Contents 长江中下游水稻生产现状与问题 The status and problem in rice production in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River 高产高效水稻生产理论与实践 The practice of double high (yield and efficiency) rice production ---case study

3 长江中下游水稻生产现状与问题 The status and problem of rice production 水稻生产与种植面积 Rice production and area 施肥与产量现状 The status of fertilizer and rice production

4 Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Rice planting area in China

5 2014 年长江中下游省市水稻种植面积全国占比 The percentage of rice planting area in Yangzte river Other provinces 50.5% 0.3% 13.6% 11.0% 7.3% 7.5% 2.7% 7.1% 湖南江西安徽江苏湖北浙江上海长江流域水稻种植面积与总产站全国一半左右其他省份 2014 年长江中下游省市水稻总产全国占比 The percentage of rice production in Yangzte river The rice planting area and production accounting for half of China, it is important area for rice production in China Other provinces 49.8% 12.8% 9.8% 9.3% 湖南江西江苏湖北安徽浙江 0.4% 2.9% 8.4% 6.8% 上海其他省份

6 The changes in rice planting area in different provinces 地区 Hunan Jiangxi Anhui Jiangsu Hubei Sichuan Zhejiang Chongqing 2009 年年增减 % 数据来源 : 国家统计局

7 The changes of rice production (10*4 t) in different provinces 地区 Hunan Jiangxi Anhui Jiangsu Hubei Sichuan Zhejiang Chongqing 2009 年年增减 %

8 % Rice yield (kg/ha) in different provinces 地区 Jiangsu Hubei Chongqing Sichuan Zhejiang 2009 年年增减 %

9 土壤基本情况 soil properties Organic matter Total nitrogen AP AK 地区有机质全氮速效磷速效钾 ph g/kg g/kg mg/kg mg/kg 江苏上海浙江安徽江西 Jiangsu Shanghai Zhejiang Anhui Jiangxi

10 施肥与产量现状 the status of fertilizer and rice production Basic yield Normal Fertilized Recommended yield fertilized yield Normal Fertilized PFP Recommended fertilized PFP 常规施肥配方施肥配方施肥比常规施肥配方施肥基础产量地区产量产量常规增产 PFP PFP kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha % kg/kg kg/kg Jiangsu 江苏 Shanghai 上海 Zhejiang 浙江 Anhui 安徽 Jiangxi 江西

11 施肥现状,the status of fertilization and yield 缺氮对产量影响最大缺磷缺钾产量与全肥区产量呈显著正相关, 高产水平磷钾对产量的影响变大 N is the most affectting factor on rice yield formation. Rice yield (P and K free) is positive correlated to NPK, to obtain a higher rice yield, P and K are need.

12 The fertilizer consumptiom in different provinces Jiangsu 张四代, ~2005 年粮食产量仅增产了 50%, 但化肥消费量却增长了 300% 以上 ( 中国统计年鉴 ); 江苏省是全国氮肥单位投入量最高的省份之一, 常规中粳稻平均纯氮用量为 327 kg hm -2, 有的田块达到 450 kg hm -2 The fertilizer consumption increased two times, Jiangsu is one of the highest fertilizer consumption province, N rate is 327 kg hm -2

产量 (kg/hm 2 ) The data of farmer survey 10500 10000 9500 9000 8500 8000 7500 7000

13 产量 (kg/hm 2 ) The data of farmer survey % 21 % 苏北苏中苏南 % 32 % 施氮量 (kg/hm 2 ) Low N low yield 低氮低产 Low N high yield 低氮高产 High N low yield 高氮低产 High N high yield 高氮高产 North 苏北 17% 27% 28% 28% Middle 苏中 23% 25% 18% 34% South 苏南 65% 27% 4% 4%

14 氮肥施用量 (kg/ha) 氮肥在不同生育期的分配不合理 N supplied at different rice growth stage 分蘖期 tillering 幼穗分化抽穗期 heading 成熟期 Jiangsu 江苏 Zhejaing 浙江 Hunan N rate 施肥量 Guangdong Philipp transplanting 前 10 天 70% 85% 56% 68% 生长天数 (day) 施肥过量时期不合理 N overuse and wrong time (IRRI-CAU Project)

15 高产高效水稻生产理论与实践 The practice of double high (yield and efficiency) in rice production 水稻养分需求特征与土壤养分供应 The properties of nutrients absorption in rice plants and N supply from soil 基于作物营养生理的养分管理 Physiological based nutrients management

16 科研平台 field experiment sites Xuzhou Hongze Lake Jiangsu province (JS) Lianyungang Xinyi North of JS Suqian Xiangshui Yancheng Huaian Xinhua Yangzhou Middle of JS Taizhou Rugao Zhengjian Nantong Nanjing Changzhou Yangtze River Liyang Wuxi Changshu Suzhou South of JS Taihu Lake 在苏南苏中和苏南各建立了一个长期定位试验点, 以稻麦轮作种植体系为研究对象, 围绕有机肥配施化肥影响氮磷形态转化及其有效性的机理氮磷转化的微生物学机制与调控农田氮磷持续高效利用等方面进行研究 Cropping system: rice-wheat Soil fertility improvement, sustainable high use efficiency of N and P

Grain yield (t ha -1 ) 产量 (t/ha) Some physiological properties of rice yield formation 水稻产量的形成生理机制 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 y = -1.3317x + 48.862 R²= 0.

17 Grain yield (t ha -1 ) 产量 (t/ha) Some physiological properties of rice yield formation 水稻产量的形成生理机制 y = x R²= Temperature ( ) Rice yield in negative correlated with canopy temperature y = x x R²= LD HD Rice yield in positive correlated with leaf photosynthetic rate Photo (μmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 )

18 水稻养分需求特征与土壤养分供应 The properties of nutrients absorption in rice plants and N supply from soil 氮素营养阶段需求特性 N absorption and biomass accumulation curves of rice 氮素吸收速率曲线 N absorption curve 水稻干物质累积曲线 biomass accumulation curve 秧苗移栽最大分蘖幼穗分化开花成熟生长阶段营养生长期生殖生长期成熟期

19 水稻养分需求特征与土壤养分供应 The properties of nutrients absorption in rice plants and N supply from soil Mineral N in paddy soil during rice growth 水稻生育期土壤耕层矿质态氮素含量变化 FP 数据来源 : 4+X 试验

20 文献总结 ---- 影响 CFEN 的因素 Carbon Fixation Efficiency per Nitrogen Rice plants need nitrogen nutrition, the variation of biomass increased with shoot nitrogen content. CFEN 变化范围较大, 变化范围 :23.88 ~ g C g -1 N. 随地上部氮含量的增加, 地上部 C 含量之间的差异逐步增加地上部 N=5 g m -2 时, 碳积累量差异可达 199 g m -2 ; 地上部 N=20 g m -2 时, 碳积累量差异可达 g m -2

21 百公斤籽粒吸氮量 (kg/100kg) 百公斤籽粒吸氮量 (kg/ha) 水稻百公斤籽粒吸氮量与施氮量的关系 ( 文献 ) y = 4E-06x x R² = 施氮量 (kg/ha) N rate (kg/ha) 100kg grain N needed is increased with nitrogen supply and rice grain yield 水稻产量对百公斤籽粒吸氮量的影响 ( 文献 ) y = x R² = 百公斤籽粒吸氮量随施氮量和水稻产量增加而增加水稻产量 (kg/ha) Rice grain yield(kg/ha)

22 分蘖数分蘖数氮素吸收, 分配及功能 ( 分蘖 ) The role of N on tiller formation 当叶片氮浓度 >20.36mg/g 时, 形成分蘖 ; 氮素浓度每增加 5.65mg/g, 分蘖增加 1 个当地上部氮浓度 >13.28mg/g 时, 形成分蘖 ; 氮素浓度每增加 4.84mg/g, 分蘖增加 1 个 y = x P< 叶片氮浓度 (mg g -1 ) Leaf N content (mg/g) When leaf N content >20.36mg/g, tiller is emerged, one formed tiller needs 5.65mg/g N increased, y = x P< 地上部氮浓度 (mg g -1 ) Shoot N content (mg/g)

23 氮肥施用调控水稻产量因素分析 : The effects nitrogen supply on yield formation factors No. of panicles 亩穗数 ( 万 ) 穗粒数 ( 粒 ) Spikelets per panicle panicles 穗数穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle 施氮量 (kg/ha) N rate (kg/ha) Rice panicles formation in positive correlated with N supply, but spikes are negative with N supply, how to regulate N supply?

24 基于作物营养生理的养分管理 Physiological based nutrients management 18 号移栽 CK 处理 18 号移栽高效基肥 N 30kg/ha 18 号移栽高产高效 70kg/ha 18 号移栽再高产 80kg/ha 18 号移栽习惯处理 130kg/ha

25 有机无机配合施用技术 -- 用地与养地相结合 Organic + chemical fertilizer In Rugao, Jiangsu 优质有机肥 organic fertilizer + 化肥 chemical fertilizer

26 水稻养分投入量 Fertilization treatments FP HY HYHE SN RN 0N Total N (kg/ha) Chemical N (kg/ha) Organic N (kg/ha) 磷 (P 2 O 5 90kg ha -1 ) 以基肥施入土壤钾肥 (K 2 O 90kg ha -1 ) 以 50% 基肥和 50% 促花肥施入土壤 ; 小区面积 90 m 2 水稻育秧 30 d 后移栽, 种植密度为每亩 2.05 万穴, 每穴定植 3 株, 株行距为 cm

27 有机无机配施对不同生育时期植株冠层温度变化的影响 Effects of different fertilization on canopy temperature Tillering Booting Flowering PK FFP OPT SN RN SP RP 不同施肥处理显著的影响不同生育时期植株冠层温度变化, 不施氮处理冠层温度始终最高 ; 其他施肥处理在分蘖期和孕穗期植株冠层温度存在明显差别, 有机无机配施花期叶片温度较低, 说明叶片衰老延缓 FFP: 农民习惯 ;OPT: 优化施肥 ;SN: 替氮 ;RN: 减氮再替氮 ;SP: 替磷 ;RP: 减磷再替磷

28 不同施肥处理对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响 Effects of different fertilization on rice yield and formation factors Total N (kg/ha) Chemical N (kg/ha) Organic N (kg/ha) FP HY HYHE SN RN 0N

29 不同施肥处理对水稻氮素利用率的影响 Effects of different fertilization on NUE N rate (kg/ha) PFP AE N 与农民习惯相比其他几个处理的氮肥农学效率氮肥回收利用均显著提高有机无机配施替氮和减氮处理化学氮肥的偏生产力显著高于高产高效再高产和农民习惯氮肥优化减量施用以及有机无机配合施用可以提高水稻氮素利用率和氮素收获指数

30 两个数据集的土壤综合肥力指数均表现为 :NPKS NPKM>NPK>Control, 即有机肥 ( 畜禽粪便秸秆 ) 的投入有利于土壤肥力的提高 The organic fertilizer increase soil fertility index, NPKS NPKM>NPK>Control

31 相关性分析表明, 全量数据集和最小数据集条件下, 土壤综合肥力指数与水稻产量均表现出正相关 Rice yield is correlated with soil fertility index

32 高产高效试验农户种植高产高效试验农户种植如皋 ( 低肥力 )Rugao, Jiangsu 常熟辛庄 ( 高肥力 ) Changsu, Jiangsu 高产高效试验农户种植农户种植

33 Xinghua, Jiangsu

34 In Zhuzhou, Hunan 后期氮肥要巧施, 贪青灌浆全靠它

35 In Zhuzhou, Hunan

36 Xinghua, Jiangsu

明确有机肥培肥地力对产量的贡献 The contribution of organic

37 明确有机肥培肥地力对产量的贡献 The contribution of organic fertilizer on rice yield and chemical fertilizer reduction OPTM Conclusion about Zero growth of chemical fertilizers: large potential to reduce base fertilizer, improve soil fertility, increase rice yield by panicles.

38 Thanks for your attention!

39 How much N is needed to form yield? 百公斤籽粒需氮量 100kg grain N needed of rice in Yangzte river Rice yield under N free 100kg grain N needed Rice yield under N 100kg grain N needed 省份不施氮产量百公斤籽粒吸氮量施氮区产量百公斤籽粒吸氮量江苏省 Jiangsu 安徽省 Anhui 江西省 Jiangxi 上海省 Shanghai 浙江省 Zhejiang 平均数据来源 :3414 试验

5月15期

5月15期中国农学通报 2012,28(15):106-111 Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 旱地小麦休闲期不同耕作措施对土壤水分蓄纳利用与产量形成的影响贺立恒, 高志强, 孙敏, 李青 ( 山西农业大学农学院, 山西太谷 030801) 摘要 : 为了提