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1 Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, Sep. 2011, 19(5): 农田氮循环与土壤肥力管理 DOI: /SP.J * 张玉铭 1 胡春胜 1 毛任钊 1 张佳宝 2 董文旭 1 李立峰 3 ( ; ; ) 通过对 2000 年 2008 年栾城县农田土壤养分与 1979 年土壤普查资料的比较, 分析了养分肥力指标的变化程度, 研究了 30 年间该县农田土壤养分演变趋势及其原因, 提出了养分资源管理的相应对策研究结果表明, 2008 年土壤肥力状况较 2000 年和 1979 年发生了明显变化, 土壤有机质碱解氮有效磷和速效钾含量均有显著提高 (P<0.01), 碱解氮含量增加尤为显著土壤碱解氮平均含量由 1979 年的 56.7 mg kg 1 增加到 2000 年的 80.0 mg kg 1 和 2008 年的 mg kg 1, 1979~2000 年间土壤碱解氮以每年 1.1 mg kg 1 的平均速度增长, 年均增长率 1.9%, 增幅 41.1%; 进入 21 世纪后, 增长速度明显加快, 2000~2008 年间以每年 3.6 mg kg 1 的平均速度增长, 年均增长率 4.5%, 增幅为 36.4% 土壤有机质由 1979 年的 11.6 g kg 1 增加到 2008 年的 18.8 g kg 1, 平均每年以 0.24 g kg 1 的速度增长, 年均增长率为 2.1%, 增幅为 62.1% 30 年间土壤有效磷含量由 17.5 mg kg 1 增加到 24.7 mg kg 1, 增加幅度为 41.1% 由于受到北方石灰性土壤不缺钾的观点影响, 20 世纪该区域农民很少施用钾肥, 1979~2000 年间土壤速效钾含量呈下降趋势, 由 mg kg 1 下降到 mg kg 1, 下降幅度 20.8%; 进入 21 世纪, 由于秸秆还田措施的实施和含钾肥料的施用, 至 2008 年全县土壤速效钾平均含量又回升到 mg kg 1 栾城县农田土壤肥力水平较高, 生产潜力大, 该区域农田养分管理应以氮素的精确管理为核心, 以实现作物持续高产稳产与环境保护相协调为目标, 氮肥管理推行实时诊断与推荐施肥技术, 磷钾肥实施恒量监控储备施用技术, 推广秸秆直接还田, 实行有机无机相结合的培肥措施河北省栾城县土壤养分肥力演变养分管理秸秆还田施肥 : S331 : A : (2011) Change in farmland soil fertility and nutrient management strategy in the piedmont of Mount Taihang, North China Plain ZHANG Yu-Ming 1, HU Chun-Sheng 1, MAO Ren-Zhao 1, ZHANG Jia-Bao 2, DONG Wen-Xu 1, LI Li-Feng 3 (1. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving; Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang , China; 2. State Experimental Station of Agro-Ecosystem in Fengqiu; State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture; Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing , China; 3. Ningjin Middle School of Hebei, Ningjin , China) Abstract The trend, degree and mechanism of change in soil nutrient/fertility in farmlands of Luancheng, Hebei Province was analyzed using soil survey data for 2008, 2000 and 1979, from which a sustainable strategy for agricultural nutrient resource management was put forward. The results indicated a significant change in soil fertility for 1979 through There was a significant increase (P 0.01) in soil organic matter, Olsen-P, available K, and especially in available N. Average available N increased from 56.7 mg kg 1 in 1979 to 80.0 mg kg 1 in 2000, and to mg kg 1 in This represented an annual increment of 1.1 mg kg 1 and 3.6 mg kg 1 in 1979~2000 and 2000~2008, respectively. Available N increased by 1.9% and 4.5% annually for 1979~2000 and 2000~2008 and with a total corresponding increase of 41.1% and 36.4%, respectively. The rate of increase in 2000~2008 was higher than in 1979~2000. Soil organic matter content increased from 11.6 g kg 1 in 1979 to 11.6 g kg 1 in 2008, which represented an an- * (KZCX2-YW-Q1-07) ( ) (1964~),,, ymzhang@sjziam.ac.cn : :

2 nual increment of 0.24 g kg 1. Soil organic matter increased by 2.1% annually and by 62.1% in total for 1979~2008. Soil Olsen-P content increased from 17.5 mg kg 1 to 24.7 mg kg 1 in the 30-year period, represented a total increase of 41.1%. It was then evident that no shortage existed in soil potassium due to the calcareous nature of soils in North China coupled with occasional potassium fertilizer application in the past century. This resulted in a decrease in available K from mg kg 1 to mg kg 1 in 1979~2000, representing 20.8% decrease over the period. Available K increased to mg kg 1 in 2008 as a result of incorporating straw into the soil and increasing potassium fertilizer application in the current century. Soil fertility in the farmlands of Luancheng was high with a high potential for agricultural production. While the key to nutrient management in the region lied with nitrogen, the overall objective of nutrient management was sustainable high crop yield and sound environment. While nitrogen management should include real-time soil nutrient deficiency diagnosis and dosage, phosphorus and potassium management should based on constant soil nutrient monitoring and conservative phosphorus/potassium application. Fertilizer management practices that incorporate straw into the soil and combine the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers should be implemented in the study area. Key words Luancheng County of Hebei Province, Soil nutrient, Change in fertility, Nutrient management, Incorporating straw into soil, Fertilization (Received May 26, 2011; accepted Jul. 20, 2011),,,,, [1], [2],,,,,, ,,,,, 2 30,, 1 材料与方法 1.1,, 50.1 m, 12.2,,, 500~600 mm, mm, , 200 d hm 2,, , , GPS, 1 km, 0~20 cm, 289, 1 图 1 河北省栾城全县土壤采样点分布示意图 Fig. 1 Sketch map of soil sampling points in Luancheng County, Hebei Province 1.3,, (Olsen-P), 1.4 SPSS 2 结果与分析 2.1,

3 5 : 1145,,,,,,,, ( 100%) 5, 95% 85%~95% 70%~85% 50%~70% 50% 1, , , (P<0.01), , (P<0.01), 21,, (P<0.01) (4 ), (2~3 ) 土壤有机质 1979, g kg 1, g kg 1, 0.24 g kg 1, (, ) 2.07%, 62.1%,,, 1979 ( 2a), 30, 25%,, 30, 2, (4 ) % 4, 26.2% 5, 5 Item Critical value (mg kg 1 ) 表 1 土壤养分含量分级标准 Table 1 Classification standard of soil nutrient contents (5 ) Very low (5 th rank) (4 ) Low (4 th rank) Rank (mg kg 1 ) (3 ) Middle (3 rd rank) (2 ) High (2 nd rank) (1 ) Very high (1 st rank) Available N 70 <30 30~70 70~90 90~120 >120 Available K 90 <90 90~ ~150 >150 Available P 14 <7 7~14 14~30 30~40 >40 Organic matter 10 10~20 20~30 30~40 40 Year Table 2 表 2 30 年来栾城县农田土壤养分总体变化 General changes of soil nutrients in farmland soil of Luancheng County during 30 years Organic matter Available N Available P Available K Content (g kg 1 ) Rank C.V Content (mg kg 1 ) Rank C.V PBC Content (mg kg 1 ) Rank C.V PBC Content (mg kg 1 ) C C C B B B B C A A A A PBC: Percentage of the samples, whose value are below critical value, to the total sample; C.V: Coefficient of variation; 1% Different capital letters mean significant difference among years at 1% level. Rank C.V PBC

4 图 2 栾城县各乡镇 1979 年 2000 年和 2008 年农田土壤有机质变化趋势 Fig. 2 Changes of soil organic matter in every town of Luancheng County in 1979, 2000 and 2008, %, 4 ( 2b), 20 90,, 2000, 5, %, 3 ; 3, 31.8% %; 3, 58.5%;, 48.0% 42.4%; 20%,,,,,,,,,, [3],, (4 ), [4],, [5],,,,, [4] 土壤碱解氮 mg kg mg kg mg kg 1, (P<0.01)( 2) 1979~ mg kg 1, 1.9%, 41.1% 21,, 2000~ mg kg 1, 4.5%, 36.4%, ;, %, %, 96.9%,,,,, 25%, 3 30,,, ( 3a) 1979, 4, %, % 58.6% % 3, ,, 2 1, 74.4% 21.6%, 5% 3 4 ( 3b),,

5 5 : 1147, 土壤有效磷, [6],,, 30, mg kg mg kg mg kg 1 ( 2) 1979~ mg kg 1, 0.9%, 20.0% 2000~2008, 0.46 mg kg 1, 2.2%, 17.6%,, %, %, 1979, 3,,,,,, 51.7%~71.7%( 2) ~2008,, 0.05~0.17 mg kg 1, 0.2%~1.0%;, 0.37~0.62 mg kg 1, 2.0%~4.0%;,, 1979 (21.7 mg kg 1 ),,, 图 3 栾城县各乡镇 1979 年 2000 年和 2008 年农田土壤碱解氮变化趋势 Fig. 3 Changes of soil available N in every town of Luancheng County in 1979, 2000 and 2008 图 4 栾城县各乡镇 1979 年 2000 年和 2008 年农田土壤有效磷变化趋势 Fig. 4 Changes of soil available P in every town of Luancheng County in 1979, 2000 and 2008

6 ,,, 1979~2008, 9%( 4a) ( 4b), 3,, 4~5 1~2, t, t, %, ; (),,, [7] 土壤速效钾, [8] 2, , mg kg mg kg 1, 1.3 mg kg 1, 20.8%, 2,,, [9], 21,,,, 2000, %, 4.8 mg kg 1, 4.3%; 1979, 6.3%, ( 5a), % 2, %, ; 2000,, 3, 62.0%, %; %, %, %;, 1, 62.9% 63.3%( 5b),, 1985, 1986, 46 t, t, t, 21,, 70%~80%,,, 合理施用化肥, 氮肥管理推行实时诊断与推荐施肥技术, 磷钾肥实施恒量监控储备施用技术,,,,,,, 图 5 栾城县各乡镇 1979 年 2000 年和 2008 年农田土壤速效钾变化趋势 Fig. 5 Changes of soil available K in every town of Luancheng County in 1979, 2000 and 2008

7 5 : 1149 増,,, [10] (), [11],,,,,,,, [10], [12 13] [10],,,,,,,, 3~5 1,, [10,14 15],,, [16 18],,, [6], 3~5 1, 3~5 1,,,,,,,,,,,,, 推广秸秆直接还田, 实行有机无机相结合的培肥措施 3, kg, kg, kg,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 3~4 1,,, ;,, 25 1, 2.3.3,, : F=y (1 R y ) N/E (1), F (kg hm 2 ), y (t hm 2 ), R y, N 1 t (kg), E,,,,,, (1),, ( 3),,,,, 3 结论与讨论 ,,, > >, () t 2006

8 Table 3 Target yield (t hm 2 ) 表 3 基于土壤养分等级的栾城县推荐施肥量 Recommended fertilization rates basic on soil nutrient content level in Luancheng County Nutrient Recommended fertilization rate (kg hm 2 ) Soil nutrient content (mg kg 1 ) Wheat Maize 6~7.5 Available N 30~70 158~ ~266 70~120 89~ ~149 Available P 7~14 78~98 14~30 44~55 30~40 20~25 Available K 90~150 68~84 61~ t, 53.6%,,, 500 kg(n) hm 2, 700 kg(n) hm 2,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 3 ;,, ,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 30, (4 ),,,,,,, [19],,,, [20] 参考文献 [1],,,. [J]., 2002, 33(3): [2],,,. [J]., 2010, 12: [3]. [M]//.. :, 1998: [4],,. [J]., 2002, 39(3): [5],,,. [J]., 2010(5): 6 10 [6]. [M]//.. :, 1998: [7],,,. [J]., 2001, 9(4): [8]. [M]//.. :, 1998: [9],,,. [J]., 2003, 14(11): [10],,,. [M]. :, 2006: [11],,,. [J]., 2006, 43(1): [12],,,. [J]., 2010, 18(6): [13]. [D]. :, 2003 [14],,,. [J]., 1995, 1(2/4): [15]. [D]. :, 2001 [16],,,. [J]., 1999, 36(1): [17] Hesketh N, Brookes P C. Development of an indicator for risk of phosphorus leaching[j]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2000, 29: [18] Maria D C H, Jose J. The Olsen-P method as an agronomic and environmental test for predicting phosphorus release from acid soils[j]. Nutrient Cycling of Agroecosystem, 2007, 77: [19],,,. [J]., 2005, 42(2): [20],,,. [J]., 2007, 39(5):

1 GIS 95 Y = F y + (1 F) (1) 0 0 Y0 kg/hm 2 /day F y 0 y c kg/hm 2 /day [12] y m 20 kg/hm 2 /hour Y = cl cn ch G [ F( y ) T m yo + (2) (1 F)(

1 GIS 95 Y = F y + (1 F) (1) 0 0 Y0 kg/hm 2 /day F y 0 y c kg/hm 2 /day [12] y m 20 kg/hm 2 /hour Y = cl cn ch G [ F( y ) T m yo + (2) (1 F)( 24 1 Vol.24 No.1 94 2008 1 Transactions of the CSAE Jan. 2008 2008 1 100094 2 100035 3 100081 4 100081 5 100101 GIS ( ) 65.12 16.82 13.74 15.27 11.07 t/(hm 2 a) 10.93% 41.43% 46.93% 65.4%. Bi Jiye, Zhu