July Arab World Studies No Angel M. Rabasa et al, The Muslim World after 9/11, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 200

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1 July Arab World Studies No Angel M. Rabasa et al, The Muslim World after 9/11, Santa Monica, CA: RAND,

2 % 12.9% golongan Islam [ ] Charles Kurzman, Liberal Islam: A Source Book, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report of the Size and Distribution of the World s Muslim Population, Washington, DC: The Pew Form on Religion and Public Life, 2009, p.28. R. E. Elson, Nationalism, Islam, Secularism and the State in Contemporary Indonesia, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol.64, No.3, 2010, pp

3 golongan kebangsaan 1945 Masyumi/ % % the Constituent Assembly 1965 the New Order corporatism Indonesian Mosque Council, DMI Council of Indonesian Ulama, MUI floating mass 1990 Indonesian Association of Muslim Donald J. Porter, Managing Politics and Islam in Indonesia, London & New York: Routledge, 2004, p.9. 86

4 Intellectuals, ICMI ICMI intelligentsia Center for Information and Development Studies, CIDES Republika civil Islam Robert W. Hefner Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam, HMI Nurcholish Madjid Donald J. Porter, Managing Politics and Islam in Indonesia, pp Robert W. Hefner, Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia, Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2000, pp Bahtiar Effendy, Islam and the State in Indonesia, p

5 Keharusan Pembaharuan Pemikiran Islam dan Masalah Integrasi Ummat Abdurrahman Wahid Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan, PDIP % % 14% 2 Partai Golkar % % 3 Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, PPP % 8% 5% 4 Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, PKS Bahtiar Effendy, Islam and the State in Indonesia, pp Donald J. Porter, Managing Politics and Islam in Indonesia, pp

6 tarbiyah % 8% 5 Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa, PKB % 11% 5% 6 Partai Amanat Nasional, PAN % % 2002 Partai Demokrat, PD % % Partai Bulan Bintang, PBB Anies Rasyid Baswedan, Political Islam in Indonesia: Present and Future Trajectory, Asian Survey, Vol.44, No.5, 2004, pp ; Saiful Mujani & R. William Liddle, Muslim Indonesia s Secular Democracy, Asian Survey, Vol.49, No.4, 2009, pp

7 Naksibendi Kadiri Angel Rabasa, F. Stephen Larrabee, The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2008, p.7. 90

8 the Gülen Movement Fethulla G len Faith University Zaman Samanyolu Mehtap Bank Asya Gazeteiler ve Yazarlar Vakfi, GYV (Demokrat Parti, DP 1961 Necmettin Erbakan Milli Nizam Partisi, MNP Milli Selamet Partisi, 1972 Refah Partisi, 1983 Anavatan Partisi, % % Angel Rabasa, F. Stephen Larrabee, The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey, pp Ibid., pp Ibid., pp Ibid., pp

9 Fazilet Partisi % 2001 Saader Partisi, SP Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP % % % conservative democracy Angel Rabasa, F. Stephen Larrabee, The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey, pp M. Hakan Yavuz, Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp Ibid., p.79. Ibid., p.254. Ibid., pp Thomas W. Smith, Between Allah and Atatürk: Liberal Islam in Turkey, The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol.9, No.3, 2005, pp

10 Civil Democratic Islam: Partners, Resources, and Strategies Mirela Bogdani, Turkey and the Dilemma of EU Accession: When Religion Meets Politics, London: I. B. Tauris, David Shankland, Islam and Politics in Turkey: The 2007 Presidential Elections and Beyond, International Affairs, Vol.83, No.1, 2007, pp Murat Somer, Moderate Islam and Secularist Opposition in Turkey: Implications for the World, Muslims and Secular Democracy, Third World Quarterly, Vol.28, No.7, 2007, pp

11 2001 National Endowment for Democracy, NED International Republican Institute, IRI National Democratic Institute, NDI the Asia Foundation Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy, CSID Middle East Partnership Initiative, MEPI 2004 G8 Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative, BMENA Cheryl Benard, Civil Democratic Islam: Partners, Resources, and Strategies, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2003, pp.ix-ixx. Angel Rabasa et al, Building Moderate Muslim Networks, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2007, p.iii. Ibid., p.xvii. 94

12 transformational diplomacy Radio Sawa Al Hurra U.S.-Muslim Engagement Project Angel Rabasa et al, Building Moderate Muslim Networks, pp.xviii-xx. Ibid., p.xxii. U.S.-Muslim Engagement Project. Changing Course: A New Direction for U.S. Relations with the Muslim World, Washington, DC and Cambridge, MA: Search for Common Ground and the Consensus Building Institute, 2008; 2009, pp.1-7. Laurel E. Miller et al, Democratization in the Arab World: Prospects and Lessons from Around the Globe,Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2012; 95

13 G. P. Makris, Islam in the Middle East: A Living Tradition, Malden, MA and Oxford, UK: Blackwell, Bassam Tibi, Islam between Culture and Politics, New York: Palgrave, 2001, p.ix. Ibid., p.2. Mohammed Ayoob, The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World, Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 2008, p

14 Civil Islam, Moderate Muslims and Their Role in US Diplomacy LIU Yi (Ph.D, Associate Professor, Department of History, Shanghai University) Abstract Civil Islam as a key term of international politics in the post-9/11 era, it firstly reflects the internal change of social structure in Muslim countries. Indonesia and Turkey are two important cases. With the largest Muslim population in the world, Indonesian politics is characteristic of secular nationalism, based on Pancasila promoted by Soekarno, and developed through the New Order regime of Soeharto. Turkey is a model of Islamic democracy. Under the legacy of Kemalist secularism, the political Islam arose due to economic development and political reform since the 1950s. The AKP won the general elections in 2002 and 2007, which became a miracle of world politics. Both Indonesia and Turkey provide us an alternative model of political Islam, different from the dominant image of violence and terror in the Middle East. At last, liberal or moderate Islam is also part of the US international strategy in the post-9/11 world. Key Words Civil Islam; Indonesia; Turkey; US Diplomacy 97

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