カテゴリー Ⅱ 日本建築学会計画系論文集第 82 巻第 739 号, ,2017 年 9 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 82 No. 739, , Sep., 2017 DOI

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1 カテゴリー Ⅱ 日本建築学会計画系論文集第 82 巻第 739 号, ,2017 年 9 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 82 No. 739, , Sep., 2017 DOI 滞留の生成連鎖の発生を制御したスタジアムの群集避難安全設計スタジアム劇場等における避難性状のマルチエージェントシミュレーションによる予測その 2 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR CROWD EVACUATION ON A STADIUM CONTROLLING THE GENERATION AND CONSECUTION OF ACCUMULATION OF EVACUEES Multi-agent simulation of evacuation flow on the theaters and stadia, Part.2 峯岸良和 * **, 竹市尚広 Yoshikazu MINEGISHI and Naohiro TAKEICHI When we design large scale sports facilities, we consult the architectural and fire-service regulations to secure evacuation safety. But these regulations define only the number, width or amount of evacuation facilities, such as path, exit, stairs, etc. And those regulations usually limit the flexibility of architectural design. For this circumstance, we propose the guidelines for design and management of evacuation crowd showing the process of actual design project of a large-scale stadium which holds 40,000 seats using multi-agent evacuation simulator. We mainly discussed three situations; 1) Evacuation from the spectator stand, 2) Merge and accumulation around stairs, and 3) Evacuation to / on the ground. As the results, we clarified that the most of problems are stem from the accumulation of evacuees and its consecution and we proposed the design method and crowd management policy of not to generate the consecution of accumulations and where to generate / not to generate accumulations. Keywords : evacuation design, evacuation guidance, stadium, evacuation simulation, accumulation, consecution,,,,, ) 7) 2 本論文は既報の続報として, 実プロジェクトの技術報告 * 竹中工務店設計本部博士 ( 工学 ) ** 竹中工務店設計本部博士 ( 環境学 ) 2) と避難シミュレーションの性能検証 3) を基に, 群集避難安全設計誘導手法の提案として再構成したものである Takenaka Corporation, Design Management Dept., Dr. Eng. Takenaka Corporation, Design Management Dept., Dr. Env. 2173

2 ࢪ ࢡ 㢟 ࡋ ࠊࡑ タィ ࢭࢫ ᶍࡋࡓ タィ ᑐࡋ ࠊ ࢪ 㑊㞴ࢩ ࢩ ẚ ウ ࡇ ࡗ ࠊᘓ 㛫ࡀ 㞟ὶ Exit to concourse ᙳ㡪 ලయ ࠊほᐈᖍ ࠊฟ ࠊࢥ ࢥ ࢫࠊ Exit to M concourse 㝵ẁࠊ ᆅ 㑊㞴ィ ࡍ ࡁ M () ᡂ ࡑ 㐃㙐 ࢬ ࡋࠊࡇ ᯝ Exit to concourse Exit from 6F stand ไᚚࡍ タィ㑊㞴ㄏᑟ ᪉ Ⅼ ࡍࠋ CL CL 5+6F () 㸰㸬ᑐ ᘓ ᘓ ᴫせ Table1 Fig.1,2 ࡍࠋほᐈᖍ 40,000 ᖍ ࡋࠊ ほᐈᖍࡀᒇ そ ࠊᅜ㝿ヨ㛤ദ ᇶ ࢡ ࢫ S ࡋ ィ ࡉ ࡓࢧ ࢫࢱࢪ ࠋ㝵ᵓ From 5+6F stand ᡂ ࠊ ࢥ ࢥ ࢫ 3 㝵タࡅࠊ1-3 㝵 ẁᖍࠊ4 㝵 ࢥ ᖍࠊ5,6 㝵 ẁᖍ ࢥ ࢥ ࢫ ࡗ ࠋほᐈ From 5+6F stand Exit to 3F concourse ᖍ 㑊㞴 ࠊほᐈᖍЍほᐈᖍฟ 㸦 ẁᖍ () CL ᥋㸧Ѝ ࢫ ࢫ㸦ࢥ ࢥ ࢫ㸧Ѝ㝵ẁ ࠋࡇ ࢫࢱࢪ 㑊㞴 ᵓᡂ ࡋ ࠊᮏᘓ (Outside䠅䞉Entrance gate ウ ࡌࠊࢫࢱࢪ ඹ ࡍ ၥ㢟Ⅼ ᐹࡍ ࠋ Table 1 Outline the stadium 7m 105m 10m 68m Exit from stand Field 㸱㸬ࢩ ࢩ ᪉ἲ 㸱㸬㸯㸬ࢩ ࢩ ᴫせ ሗ 10m Building name 㸸Suita City Football Stadium Client 㸸Fund-raise organization for stadium construction (Endowed to Suita City after construction completion) Usage 㸸Stadium Site area 㸸90,065.33m2 Total floor area 㸸63,908.71m2 Floor number 㸸6 floors above the ground Height 㸸40.33m Main structure 㸸RC, partly steel CL 7m 8) ࡍ ࢪ Ṍ ࢩ ࢩ SimTread ࡓࠋᴫ ሗ 1) ᥖ ࡀࠊ ᴫせ ௨ ࠋヲ ࡘ ሗ 8) ཧ ࡉ ࡓ ࠋ 1) 㑊㞴 ࢪ ࡋ ࡍ ࠋ 2) ฟ ࠊண ᣦᐃࡋࡓࠕ ᆅ ప ࢩ (Outside䠅䞉Entrance gate (Outside䠅䞉Entrance gate Evacuation stairs Evacuation route 3F ࡋࡓ ࢩ సᡂࡋࠊṌ Fig.1 Plans (Upper: 5+6F, Middle:, Bottom: 3F) ࢩ ໙㓄 ἢࡗ ࡍ ࡇ ᆅ ᣦࡍࠋ 3) Ṍ ศ ๓᪉ ᐃ㡿ᇦ ࡋࠊ Ṍ 㞀ᐖ ࡀࡇ 㡿ᇦ ධࡗࡓሙ ࠊ ᅇ㑊ࡍ ࡃࠊ 㐍 ᪉ ኚ ᅗ ࠋࡇ 㐍 ᪉ ኚ ࡗ ᅇ㑊 ࡁ ሙ ࠊῶ ࡍ ࠋࡇ ᪉ Max. Height 40.33m Roof Roof ῶ ࡗ ᅇ㑊 ࡁ ሙ Ṍ Ṇࡍ ࠋࡇ ヨ 0.2 ࡈ ࡍࠋ 4) ᶆ ࠊᣦ㔪ἲ 6) ᗘ 㑊㞴㛫 యᑍἲ ᐃ㡿ᇦ(Collison detection area)ࠊṍ ᗘ ῶᑡ ᅇ タᐃ ࢢࡋ ࠋලయ ۃ L ࠊࡍ 㑊㞴 Ṍ ᗘ (Vmax) 1.0m/s ۃ 4FL ࡋࡓ ࠊ༢ ᙧ 1.0m ᖜ 㛤 ᚋ ศ ۃ 3FL ࡀ 㛤 ὶ ࡀᴫ 1.5 /ms ࡋ ࠋ 5) 㝵ẁ ࠊ Ṍ ᗘ 0.5m/s ࡋࡓῶ 㡿ᇦ ࡋ ࡋ㸦㝵ẁ ẁᕪ ࡘ ไ ᙳ㡪 ࡏࡎࠊ 2174 㸦Upper stand㸸about 18,000 seats㸧 ۃ 6FL ۃ 2FL ۃ 1FL 㸦outside㸧 Shop Evacuation route VIP lounge Shop Balcony seats (about 2,000 seats) 㸦Lower stand: about 20,000 seats㸧 Club house, WC, etc. Locker room, etc Car park Fig.2 Section

3 1.6 ẁ ὶ ࡀᴫ 1.3 /ms ࡋ ࠋࡇ 1.4 ሙ యᑍἲ ᐃ㡿ᇦ タᐃ Fig.3 ࡍࠋ 1.2 6) 4) ὶ ࡀ ὶ ࠊ ᶓ ὶධࡍ 㝿㐍 ᪉ ࡀ 90 ኚ ሙ ࠊὶ 1.5 /ms ᑠࡉࡃ ࠋ WA Pedestrian WB Fm Walking direction Avoid other pedestrian Normal 䠄70 2䠅䠇WB 810 Slowed WB 150 Avoid obstacles Normal 䠄10 2䠅䠇WB 600 Slowed WB 75 DB Collision detection area Settings of size of the collision detection area Situation Velocity WA [mm] Fm [mm] Body size of a pedestrian WB㸦width㸧㸸420mm DB㸦depth㸧㸸250mm Velocity [m/s] ᗘ ὶ㔞ࡀప ࡍ ᯝ ࡋ 㸧ࠊ 㝵 SimTread3),10) Kimura-Ihara (at an university campus)9) Mori-Tsukaguchi (Commuter crowd at underground path)10) 1.0 Togwa (Commuter crowd on an overbridge)11) Zin (New year visit to one of the biggest shrine in Japan)12) Density [persons/m2] Fig.5 Relation between ρ-v of past researches * Velocity: Velocity at the time Normal: When the velocityӎ0.7vmax Slowed: When the velocity<0.7vmax ࠋࡇ ᑐࡋࠊ 12) ࢱ ࡑ ユ㞟 ᐁ ไᚚࡉ ࡓ 㞟 ࠋ௨ ࠊᮏ Fig.3 Size of a pedestrian and collision detection area ࡉ 㞟ὶ ࠊᛴࡂࡍࡂࡎࠊ ࡘࠊ ࡗࡃ 㐣ࡂ ᗤ ࠊⴠࡕ 㑊㞴ࡋ 㞟 ࠋ 㸱㸬㸰㸬ᐦᗘ㸫Ṍ ᗘ 㛵㑊㞴㞟 Ṍ ἣ ጇᙜᛶ ᢸಖ ࡓࠊᐦᗘ ᅖ ࡀࠊᮏࢩ ࢩ ࠊ Ṍ ࡍ ࡓ ࠊ 㞟 ᐦᗘࡈ ᗘ 㛵ㄆ ࡗࡓࠋ ᐇ ࡀ యᑍἲ ᐃ㡿ᇦࡀ ᖸ ࡋ ࡍ ࡓ ࠊ Ṍ ࡀ ࡁ ᐦᗘ ࠊᴫ 4.5 /m2 ᗘ ࠋ ẚ ࡋ ࠊᴫ ࡇ ఝࡍ ࡇ ᶆ ࡋࡓࠋ ᪉ ࠊẟ ሯ ࢱ ࠊ4.2~5.6 /m2 ᗘ ࢱ ぢ㸱㸬㸰㸬㸯㸬ド᪉ἲ Fig.4 ࡍ 㛗ࡉ 20mࠊᖜ 2m సᡂࡋࡓࠋࡇ ࠋࡇ ࢱ ࢡ๓ ὶⅬ ࡅ ࢱ ᛮ Ṍ ᴫ ᆒ 㓄 ࡋࠊx ᪉ 㸦㠃ᕥ 㸧 ࡀࠊᮏࢩ ࢩ ࡇ ᐦᗘ ࡁ ࡓ ࡗ Ṍ ࡉࡏࡓࠋࡇࡇ ࠊṌ ࡀ ➃ 㐩ࡋࡓ ࠊࡑ y ࠊ ࡉ ࡓ ᯝ ゎ㔘ࡍ 㝿 ὀពࡀᚲせ ࠋࡍ ࡕࠊ ᗙᶆ ᗘ ࢡ ᣢࡋࡓ ࠊ ᕥ➃ ࡉࡏ ࡇ ࠊ ࡀⴭࡋࡃከࡃ ࡗࡓ ࠊⅆ ᐖ ᙉ 㑊ᚰ Ṍ సᡂࡋࡓࠋࡇ Ṍ ࡉࡏ ࠊᒁᡤ ඛ ᛴࡄ ἣ ࠊᐇ㝿 ࢩ ࢩ ᯝ ᐦ Ṍ ᗘ ቑῶ ࠊ 㞟 య ᖹᆒṌ ᗘ ᐦᗘࡀ㧗ࡃ ࡇ ண ࡉ ࠋ ᮏࢩ ࢩ ࠊ ᴫ ᐃ ࡗࡓࠋ Ṍ 㠃 ᐦᗘࡈ 4.0 /m2 ᗘ ᐦᗘ ሙ ࠊᐇ㝿 ࡇ 㞟 ᖹᆒṌ ᗘ ᚓ ࠊ 㞟 ᖹᆒᐦᗘ ᑐࡍ ᖹᆒṌ 㧗ᐦᗘ ᛶࡀ ࠋ ᪉ ࠊᮏሗ ᗘ 㛵 ᚓࡓࠋ 㞟 ᐜࡍ ᚲせ㠃ホ౯ ࡍ ࡀࠊࡇ ほⅬ Loop 2.0m ࠊᮏࢩ ࢩ Ᏻ ࠋ Loop area Loop area 2.0m ρ㸻0.5person/m2 㸲㸬ࢩ ࢩ ࡑ 㐃㙐 ᡂ ศᯒ 㸲㸬㸯㸬ᘓ య ࡅ 㑊㞴ᛶ ᮏᘓ ほᐈ ဨࡀ 㑊㞴ࡋࡓሙ ᐃࡋࠊࡇ ሙ ρ㸻2.0person/m2 2.0m ほᐈ ဨࡀᆅ ᴫ 8 ศ 㑊㞴 ࡁ ࡇ タィ䡔 ᶆ ࡋࠊほᐈᖍ ࠊฟ ࠊ㝵ẁࠊࢥ ࢥ ࢫ 㑊㞴タ㓄 ρ㸻4.0person/m2 20m y ᐜ㔞タᐃࡋࡓὀ 㸧ࠋᐇ㝿㑊㞴ㄏᑟ ࠊΰ 㑊ࡅ ࡓ ࠊ Vmax (1.0m/s) Slow down Stopped (0m/s) ⅆ ἣ ᛂࡌࠊ㑊㞴ࡀᚲせ ࢰ ほᐈ 㑊㞴ࡉࡏࠊ Fig.4 Examples of simulation results of loop paths ࡑ 㒊ศ ほᐈ ᚅᶵࡉࡏ ㄏᑟ ࡀࠊタィド ࡋ ဨࡀ 㑊㞴ࡋࡓሙ ᐃࡋࡓࠋ ࡓࠊ 㸱㸬㸰㸬㸰㸬ド ᯝ グヨ ᚓ ࡓ ᯝ Fig.5 ࠊ ሗ ᐇ ᐦᗘ- ࡇ 㑊㞴 ࠊ㑊㞴 ࡌ ࡀ ព ᗘ 9),10),11),12) ẚ ࡋ ࡍࠋ ᗘ ࠋFig.6 ࠊࢫࢱࢪ య 㑊㞴ᛶ ᢕᥱ ࡋ ࠊ ࡘࡁࡀぢ ࡀࠊᐦᗘ 0~3.0 ࢩ ࢩ 㑊㞴㛤ጞ 2 ศᚋ ᵝᏊ ࡍࠋ /m2 ᗘ ᐦᗘࡀቑຍࡍ ᚑ Ṍ ᗘࡀప ࡍ ኚ ഴ ඹ ࡋ ࠋḟ 㧗ᐦᗘ 㸲㸬㸰㸬ほᐈᖍ㑊㞴 ᑐࡍ ࢥ ࢥ ࢫ 㝵ẁᖜ ᙳ㡪 ᅖ ぢ ࠊᮏࢩ ࢩ ࠊᐦᗘ 3.0~4.2 㸲㸬㸰㸬㸯㸬ウ ࢱ /m2 ᗘ ᛴ ᗘࡀప ࡋ ࠋ ᪉ࠊᮌ ཎ 9) ẟ ሯ 10) ࢱ 3.0~5.6 /m2 ࠊ ᗘ ᮏ Fig.7 ࡍ 5 㝵ほᐈᖍ 5 㝵 ࢥ ࢥ ࢫ 㝵ẁ 㒊 ศ ࠊ௨ ࡍ 4 ࡘ సᡂࡋࠊ㑊㞴ᛶ ࠊ ࡁࡃ 0.3~0.5m/s ᗘ ࠋᮌ ཎ ィ Ꮫ ࢫ ᡂ ࡑ 㐃㙐ࡀࠊほᐈᖍ 㑊㞴 ཬ ࡍᛶ ᢕᥱࡋࡓࠋ ෆ ࡇ ௨ ヲ ࡀࠊẟ ሯ ィ ࢱ ලయ ᚋ ィ ᯝ ඹ ࠊFig.8 ࡍࠋ 㥐㞟 ࠊඛ ᛴࡄ 㞟 Plan-A1㸸๓グ 4.1 ࡋࡓ ࠋタィㄪ ᚋ ࠊ 2175

4 (4:09) (4:34) (4:48)(4:14) (5:08) Area of Fig.7 Area of Fig.7 (5:32) (5:17) (4:45) (3:56) To M5 th concourse To 5 th concourse (5:38) From Upper stand To 5 th concourse M concourse To 3 rd floor From upper stand (6:20) To lower concourse From upper stand To 3 rd floor To M5 th concourse To 5 th concourse From upper stand To ground floor 5+6FUpper stand Area of Fig.7 (8:01) (7:00) (Upper stand and concourse) (8:24) (8:35) (6:48) (8:17) (7:25) Congested (higher density, low velocity or stopped) (6:50) Area of Fig.7 From 5 th floor From 5 th floor Low density (higher velocity) To ground floor (8:35) From 5 th floor From 5 th floor From 5 th floor (7:43) (6:50) (7:13) (6:02) To ground floor 3Flower stand 4F (VIP area etc.) (8:18) (8:17) and concourse Fig.6 Evacuation behavior predicted by multi-agent evacuation simulation (2min After evacuation start [(x:xx) : evacuation time] (7:06) 3 Plan-A2Plan-A1 Plan-A3Plan-A1 Plan-A4Plan-A1 2 1 Fig Plan-A1 Plan-A2 Exit2 Eixt1 Plan-A3 1 Plan-A4 Exit1 Plan-A2 Plan-A3 Fig.8 Plan-A2~Plan-A4 1) Plan-A2 Plan-A3 2176

ࡓ Plan-A4 Exit2 ࠊࢥ ࢥ ࢫ ࡀ ࡀࠊ ࠊほᐈᖍ ฟ ࡍ ࠊほᐈᖍෆ 㑊㞴 ṧࡋ ὶ Exit2 యࡀ ࢡ ࡗ ࡓ ࠊࡇ ࡀࡕ ࡍ ࡇ ࡓ ࠊ௨ Ⅼ ࡍ ᚲせࡀ ࠋ (1) ๓ ࠊ 㧗ᐦᗘ ࡀ ࡌ 㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ ὶࡍ ᑐࡋ ࡀ㐃㙐ࡋ 㸦շ㸧 ࠋࡇ ᑐ ࡀࡕ ࡇ ࡋࠊᮏᅗ ࡋ ࡃ ࡀࠊPlan-A1 ᐦᗘ ప ࡃ ࡗ 㸦ո㸧ࠋࡇ ࠊ ࡀ 1.

2m ࠊ1 ࡘ ฟ ࡀ 2 ᮏ ᢸࡍ ࡗ ࠊ ࡀ ᪉ ࡋࠊ ᚋ᪉ࠊࡘ ほᐈᖍ ᪉ ࠊEixt1,2 ࡀ ࢡ ࡇ ࠊ ࠊࢥ ࢥ ࢫ ࡀ ṧ ࡀࡕ 㑊㞴 ࡀ 㟢ࡉ ࡍ ࡇ (1) ࡘ ࠊ Ᏻᐃ ሙᡤ ࡀ㛗ࡃᏑᅾࡍ ࠊ ಽ ࡌ ࡎࠊEixt1,2 ὶฟࡀጉࡆ ࡓ ࠋ ⴠ ᶵ ࡀቑ ࡓ ࠊ ᡭࡍ タ ࡋ ᑐ ᅗ 㸲㸬㸰㸬㸲㸬ほᐈᖍฟ ࢥ ࢥ ࢫ 㝵ẁ タィ Ⅼ ௨ ࠊほᐈᖍ ࡘ ࡌࡉࡏࡎ 㑊 ࡇ ࡀ ࠋ

ฟ ๓ 㛗 ࡇ ࠊࡇ ព (1) ᵝ ࠊほᐈᖍ ప 㐃 ࡍ ᚲせࡀ ࠋ ࡀᑐᛂࡋ ࡍ ࠋ ࡇ ࠊほᐈᖍ 㑊㞴 ṧࡋࡀࡕ ࡋ ࠊࢥ ࢥ ḟ ࠊほᐈᖍෆ ࠊᴟຊࠊ ඖ Ᏻᐃ 㧗ᐦᗘ ࡍ 㛫 ࡃࡍ ࡀᮃ ࡋ ࠋࡇ ࡓ ࠊ ࢫ ΰ㞧 ῶࡍ ẁᖍ 㐺 ࡋ ࡍ ࠋᮏᘓ グ ࢥ ࢥ ࢫ 㐃㙐ࡀ ࡍ ࡇ ຍ ࠊほ Fig.

5 ࡓ Plan-A4 Exit2 ࠊࢥ ࢥ ࢫ ࡀ ࡀࠊ ࠊほᐈᖍ ฟ ࡍ ࠊほᐈᖍෆ 㑊㞴 ṧࡋ ὶ Exit2 యࡀ ࢡ ࡗ ࡓ ࠊࡇ ࡀࡕ ࡍ ࡇ ࡓ ࠊ௨ Ⅼ ࡍ ᚲせࡀ ࠋ (1) ๓ ࠊ 㧗ᐦᗘ ࡀ ࡌ 㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ ὶࡍ ᑐࡋ ࡀ㐃㙐ࡋ 㸦շ㸧 ࠋࡇ ᑐ ࡀࡕ ࡇ ࡋࠊᮏᅗ ࡋ ࡃ ࡀࠊPlan-A1 ᐦᗘ ప ࡃ ࡗ 㸦ո㸧ࠋࡇ ࠊ ࡀ 1.0m ᖜ ᑐࡋࠊฟ ᖜ (2) ᒇෆ タ㛢㙐 ᒇ ᣢࡘ タ ࠊほᐈᖍ ⅆ ࡀ 2.2m ࠊ1 ࡘ ฟ ࡀ 2 ᮏ ᢸࡍ ࡗ ࠊ ࡀ ᪉ ࡋࠊ ᚋ᪉ࠊࡘ ほᐈᖍ ᪉ ࠊEixt1,2 ࡀ ࢡ ࡇ ࠊ ࠊࢥ ࢥ ࢫ ࡀ ṧ ࡀࡕ 㑊㞴 ࡀ 㟢ࡉ ࡍ ࡇ (1) ࡘ ࠊ Ᏻᐃ ሙᡤ ࡀ㛗ࡃᏑᅾࡍ ࠊ ಽ ࡌ ࡎࠊEixt1,2 ὶฟࡀጉࡆ ࡓ ࠋ ⴠ ᶵ ࡀቑ ࡓ ࠊ ᡭࡍ タ ࡋ ᑐ ᅗ 㸲㸬㸰㸬㸲㸬ほᐈᖍฟ ࢥ ࢥ ࢫ 㝵ẁ タィ Ⅼ ௨ ࠊほᐈᖍ ࡘ ࡌࡉࡏࡎ 㑊 ࡇ ࡀ ࠋ ࡓࠊほᐈᖍ ᖖࠊ ど㞴ࡉࡏ ࡓ ᮲ ࡋ ࠊほᐈᖍ ฟ 㓄 ᖜ௨እ ࠊࡑ ಖ ほⅬ ࠊ ᪉ ໙㓄ࡀ ࡁࡃ ࡓ ࠊࡇ ᪉㔪 ὶฟඛ ࢥ ࢥ ࢫ ࢥ ࡍ ᚲせࡀ ࠋࡇ ࡓ ほᐈᖍ ప ᪉ࡀ㐺 ࡋ ࡍ ゝ ࠋ ࠊ ࡑ ඛ ὶฟඛ 㝵ẁ ᖜ ศ ಖࡍ ࠊ (2) ࡘ ࠊⅆ ไ㝈 ࠊᒇ ᙧ ᕤኵ ࡓ ࠊࢥ ࢥ ࢫ 㑊㞴 ࡃ ࡁ 㠃 ᑐᛂ ᛶࡀ ࠋ ࡓࠊ 㝆せࡍ 㛫 ప タࡅࠊ ࡀ ࡌ ࡋ ࠊࡑ ࡀほᐈᖍ ฟ ๓ 㛗 ࡇ ࠊࡇ ព (1) ᵝ ࠊほᐈᖍ ప 㐃 ࡍ ᚲせࡀ ࠋ ࡀᑐᛂࡋ ࡍ ࠋ ࡇ ࠊほᐈᖍ 㑊㞴 ṧࡋࡀࡕ ࡋ ࠊࢥ ࢥ ḟ ࠊほᐈᖍෆ ࠊᴟຊࠊ ඖ Ᏻᐃ 㧗ᐦᗘ ࡍ 㛫 ࡃࡍ ࡀᮃ ࡋ ࠋࡇ ࡓ ࠊ ࢫ ΰ㞧 ῶࡍ ẁᖍ 㐺 ࡋ ࡍ ࠋᮏᘓ グ ࢥ ࢥ ࢫ 㐃㙐ࡀ ࡍ ࡇ ຍ ࠊほ Fig.6 ࠊ3 㝵 ẁᖍ ࢥ ࢥ ࢫ ࡍ ࡓ ᐈᖍฟ ࢡ ࡋࡓ ࡀ ࡌ ࡍ ࡇ ࡀᚲせ ṧ 㑊㞴 ከ ࡍ ᪉ ࠊ5,6 㝵 ẁᖍ 㟢 ࠋࡇ ࡓ ࠊほᐈᖍฟ ᖜ せ ᖜ ィ௨ ほⅬ ほᐈᖍ㑊㞴㸦ṧ 㑊㞴 ࡀᑡ 㸧 ࡋ ࠋ ࡍ ᚲせࡀ ࠋ 㸲㸬㸱㸬㝵ẁ ὶ ᪉ ࠊPlan-A1 Plan-A4 ࠊほᐈᖍ 㑊㞴ᚋ ᗘࠊ 㸲㸬㸱㸬㸯㸬ウ ࢱ ὶࡍ ࡇ ࡃࠊ ࠊ ᢤࡅࡓᚋ ࠊ Fig.7 ࠊ4㸪5 㝵 ẁᖍ ほᐈ ᒇእ㝵ẁ 3 㝵 ࢡ ᙳ㡪 ࡅ ࢫ ࢬ 㑊㞴 ὶ ࡗ ࠊ㑊㞴㝆 ࡋࡓ ࡕࠊ3 㝵 ẁᖍ ࢥ ࢥ ࢫ 㑊㞴 ὶࡋ ࠊ Ᏻឤ ῶࡉࡏ ࡍ タィゝ ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇ ሙ ࡀ 3 㝵 ᆅ 㝵ẁ ࡋ 㑊㞴ࡍ ࠋࡇ 㝵ẁ [2.2m] (7:47) [2.2m] ո Exit2 stand [2.6m] Exit3 1 From to 3F [4.0m] (4:58) (6:14) concourse From Exit2 4F 1 From 3F to Ground From Exit3 Exit2 (From stand) Plan-A1 (10:48) 1 Fig.7 Detail of evacuation route ձ Exit2 Plan-A2 Exit2 (5:39) ն շ One exit is closed Stair1 is narrow 3F 1 ն Main entrance (8:04) (From stand) մ Exit4 յ ղ Area of concourse is small յ (8:21) 2 Ground Exit2 (5:13) 1 From Exit1 [4.0m] (6:55) Exit2 ճ Exit2 (8:00) Exit2 (7:37) 1 Exit2 (From stand) Plan-A3 (From stand) Plan-A4 Fig.8 Evacuation behavior around stand, concourse and stairs (4min. after evacuation) [(x:xx) : evacuation time] 2177

4 Fig.9 Plan-B13 4 4m Plan-B2Plan-B1 3 10.5m 3 4 Plan-B3Plan-B2 3 4 Exit43 Plan B4 Plan-B3 3 4 4m 3 6.5m Fig.9 4 4 2) Plan-B1 3 2 Index Free walking (max. vel=1.

(10:58) (5:14) (From stand) 4F From To 3F (11:32) 2 From 4F Stair2 : 10.

6 4 Fig.9 Plan-B13 4 4m Plan-B2Plan-B m 3 4 Plan-B3Plan-B2 3 4 Exit43 Plan B4 Plan-B m 3 6.5m Fig ) Plan-B1 3 2 Index Free walking (max. vel=1.0m/s) Slow down (5:20) Consecution of Stopped accumulation of (5:00) (5:20) evacuees from 3F to (5:52) (5:16) (6:26) To 4F (9:40) (From stand) 4F From To 3F 2 : 4m (narrow) (13:48) From 4F 2 Exit4 (10:58) (5:14) (From stand) 4F From To 3F (11:32) 2 From 4F Stair2 : 10.5m (broaden) Evacuee head to shortest route to 2 Exit4 (7:15) Door is open 3F Plan-B1 3F Plan-B2 (6:16) (4:55) (5:22) (5:19) (6:10) (5:01) (5:17) (5:13) (From stand) 4F From 2 (8:09) To 3F From 4F Door is closed Exit4 (6:49) (From stand) 4F From (8:19) 2 To 3F From 4F Handrails are installed to divide crowd flow Exit4 (6:51) 3F Plan-B3 Fig.9 Merge behavior around stairs1 and stairs2 (4 min. after evacuation) [(x:xx) : evacuation time] 3F Plan-B4 2178

1 3 1 4 Plan-B2 Plan-B1 1 5 Plan-B1 1 3 90 4) Plan-B3 2 Exit4 Plan-B4 Plan-B3 Stair2 3 2 Plan-B3 Plan-B3 Plan-B4 Pattern-1 Fig.10 Pattern-2 15 Fig.12 Pattern-1 Pattern-2 8 8 Evacuation route 8.

1p/s Entrance are blocked by high density crowd and evacuation flow from the building (stairs) is restricted. 4.0~4.5person/m 2 Entrance for football field becomes neck for evacuation flow.

7 Plan-B2 Plan-B1 1 5 Plan-B ) Plan-B3 2 Exit4 Plan-B4 Plan-B3 Stair2 3 2 Plan-B3 Plan-B3 Plan-B4 Pattern-1 Fig.10 Pattern-2 15 Fig.12 Pattern-1 Pattern Evacuation route 8.2p/s Football stand (Not accessible Car park (Accessible for evacuees) 9.9p/s 10.2p/s Entrance Football field 8.3p/s Baseball field 4.1p/s Entrance are blocked by high density crowd and evacuation flow from the building (stairs) is restricted. 4.0~4.5person/m 2 Entrance for football field becomes neck for evacuation flow. Football field are blocked by high density crowd and evacuation flow from the building (stairs) is restricted. Baseball field 7.1p/s 14.1p/s 15.2p/s Major road Car park Park (Accessible for (Accessible for evacuees) evacuees) xx.x p/s : flow rate of evacuees [person/sec] 0m 100m Fig.10 Evacuation circulation of outside the stadium of Pattern-1 Index Free walking (max. vel=1.0m/s) Slow down Entrance for football field becomes neck for evacuation flow. 2 Stopped 1.0person/m 8 min. after evacuation Fig.11 Evacuation behavior outside the stadium of Pattern-1 0m 100m 2179

Park (Accessible Major road (A lot of traffic) Baseball stand (Not accessible Football stand (Not accessible Park (Accessible Car park (Accessible Football field Baseball field Baseball field Sports

12 Evacuation circulation of outside of the stadium of Pattern-2 Head of the evacuation flow Football field To railway station 0m Head of the evacuation flow Around the stadium 100m Head of the

8 Park (Accessible Major road (A lot of traffic) Baseball stand (Not accessible Football stand (Not accessible Park (Accessible Car park (Accessible Football field Baseball field Baseball field Sports field Evacuation route Pedestrian bridge To railway station Route from/to railway station Major road (A lot of traffic) Area where evacuees can accumulate outside the site Car park (Accessible Fig.12 Evacuation circulation of outside of the stadium of Pattern-2 Head of the evacuation flow Football field To railway station 0m Head of the evacuation flow Around the stadium 100m Head of the evacuation flow Accumulation of evacuees are generated behind necks Evacuees can wait in the park Evacuees can wait in the car park 0m 100m Fig.13 Evacuation behavior outside the stadium of Pattern-2, 8min. after evacuation 8 min. after evacuation Evacuees can wait in the park Evacuees are walking on the road: They are in low density (About 1.0persons/m 2 ) Forehead evacuee After distributed the evacuees wide area, they are lead to open space; baseball field Evacuees can wait in the park 0m 100m Evacuees can wait in the car park 15 min. after evacuation Fig.14 Evacuation behavior outside the stadium of Pattern-2, 15min. after evacuation 2180

9 Pattern-1 Fig.11 2 Pattern-2 Fig.13 Fig.14 1 Pattern /m 2 Fig (1) (2) (3) 3 (1) (2) (1) 2 (2) 2181

SimTread 1) 8 2) Fig.8Fig.9 4 Plan 3) Plan-B2 Fig.14 Route to upper stand (stairs) Shut the role screen to close the doors to upper stand Before and during games After games and in emergency Fig.

: Multi-agent simulation of evacuation flow ontheaters and stadia with pithced spectator stands, Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), Vol. 80, No. 712 pp.1233-1241, 2015.

10 SimTread 1) 8 2) Fig.8Fig.9 4 Plan 3) Plan-B2 Fig.14 Route to upper stand (stairs) Shut the role screen to close the doors to upper stand Before and during games After games and in emergency Fig.15 Spectators / evacuees circulation control using roll 4) 3 5) 6) 1.0 /m 2 7) 40, /m 2 13) 1) Minegishi, Y., Takeichi, N.: Multi-agent simulation of evacuation flow ontheaters and stadia with pithced spectator stands, Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), Vol. 80, No. 712 pp , (in Japanese), :,, 80, 712, pp , ) Minegishi, Y., Takeichi, N., Ohtani, H. and Hamaya, T.: Performance based fire safety design for ecology & compact stadium Suita City football stadium-, GBRC, Vol.41, No.1, pp.2-13, (in Japanese),,, : --, GBRC, Vol.41, No.1, pp.2-13, ) Minegishi, Y., Yoshida, Y., Takeichi, N., Sano, T., and Kimura, T. : Study on Relation of Density to Flow Rate of Pedestrian on Walkway - Simulated by Multi-agent Pedestrian Simulator Sim Tread, Summaries of technical papers of Annual Meeting Architectural Institute of Japan. A-2, Fire safety, pp , (in Japanese),,,, : - SimTread,, A-2,, pp , ) Tokyo Metropolitan ordinance on safety construction, Chap. 2 Special buildings, Sec. 8 performance facilities, at present (in Japanese) 2 8, ) Tokyo Metropolitan ordinance on fire protection, article No. 48 and No. 49 Spectator seats for theaters, at present (in Japanese) 48 49, New guideline for architectural fire safety planning, The Building Center of Japan, 1995 (in Japanese),, Notification No.1441 and No.1442 of the Ministry of Construction (May 31, 2000), Establishment of calculation method etc. for the verification method for floor evacuation safety (No.1441) and building evacuation safety (No.1442) (in Japanese) , ) Kimura, T., Sano, T., Hayashida, K., Takeichi, N., Minegishi, Y., Yoshida, Y., and Watanabe, H.: Representation of crowd in multi-agent model Development of pedestrian simulation system SimTread, Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), Vol. 74, No. 636 pp , (in Japanese),,,,,, : SimTread,, 74, 636, pp , ) Kimura, K.: A Survey for the state of crowds streaming in building, Transactions of the Institute of Japanese Architects, Vol.5, pp , 1937 :,, 5, pp , ) Mori, M., Tsukaguchi, H.: Pedestrian movements of footways, Proceedings of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, No. 268, pp , :, 268, ) Togawa, K.: Study on fire escapes basing on the observation of multitude currents, Report of the Building Research Institute, No. 14, :,,, 14, ) Zin, T.: Tyepes and velocity of pedestrians, Kasai, Vol. 33, No.1, :,, 33, 1, ) Edited by the Japan building disaster prevention association: Building disaster prevention, special topic Football stadium, the Japan building disaster prevention association, (in Japanese),,

11 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR CROWD EVACUATION ON A STADIUM CONTROLLING THE GENERATION AND CONSECUTION OF ACCUMULATION OF EVACUEES Multi-agent simulation of evacuation flow on the theaters and stadia, Part.2 Yoshikazu MINEGISHI * and Naohiro TAKEICHI ** * Takenaka Corporation, Design Management Dept., Dr. Eng. ** Takenaka Corporation, Design Management Dept., Dr. Env. When we design large scale sports facilities, we consult the architectural and fire-service regulations to secure evacuation safety. But these regulations define only the number, width or amount of evacuation facilities, such as path, exit, stairs, etc. And those regulations usually limit the flexibility of architectural design. For this circumstance, we propose the guidelines for design and management of evacuation crowd showing the process of actual design project of a large-scale stadium which holds 40,000 seats using multi-agent evacuation simulator. For this analysis, we validate fundamental relationship between density and velocity through the comparison with past observations and experiments to acquire the validity of generation of accumulation. We mainly discussed three situations, replicating the process of actual design, and as the results, we clarified that the most of problems are stem from the accumulation of evacuees and its consecution. Therefore we proposed the design method and crowd management policy of not to generate the consecution of accumulations and where to generate / not to generate accumulations. 1. Evacuation from the spectator stands 1) To let evacuee flow out from the spectator stand, it is necessary not only arranging the width and allocation of exits, but also controlling the accumulation of evacuees at the concourse, especially not to generate the consecution of accumulation to the exit from the spectator stands. 2) Evacuation time from upper stand should be shortened to avoid smoke exposure and not to remain high place in high density which will cause fear. 3) On the other hand, lower stand where the pitch is shallow and where is little probability to smoke exposure, the policy to remain evacuees at the stand to avoid merge and accumulation on the evacuation route like stairs and concourse can be possible. 2. Merge and accumulation around stairs High density accumulation on the stairs should be avoided not to cause falling over like dominos. 1) The most desirable policy is to prevent merge around stairs. But the plan or situation which will cause merge, the width of downstream stairs should be large to let evacuees flow to the lower part without generating accumulation. And installing physical guidance like handrails to avoid merge is preferable. 2) Generating accumulation of evacuees at safer place like plain concourse not to generate accumulation on the stairs where pitched and unsteady place. 3. Evacuation to / on the ground 1) Even there are a lot of spaces around the stadium, without letting precedent evacuees move to and stay the place far from the stadium, following evacuees cannot flow out there. Especially if the following evacuees remain on stairs, they will in unstable situation which will cause falling over like dominos. 2) If there are enough space, evacuees can stay safely around the stadium. But if there are not enough space around the stadium, guiding evacuees to keep walking on roads etc. and keeping them away from the stadium also can be reasonable guiding method. This guiding method has two main merit; one is that it is easy to control the direction of the evacuation and it is also easy to keep in low density of 1.0 persons/m 2 which stem from free walking. To conduct this policy, all the evacuees are kept walking until all the evacuee finish evacuation from the stadium. This means that the first evacuee arrived at the ground is kept walking about the time of total evacuation time of the stadium. (2017 年 2 月 7 日原稿受理,2017 年 6 月 1 日採用決定 ) 2183

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