* * 1 Land Resettlement Robin Palmer Land Reform in Zimbabwe Afri

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1 * * 1 Land Resettlement Robin Palmer Land Reform in Zimbabwe African Affairs vol. 89 no pp Michael Bratton The Comrades and the Countryside The Politics of Agricultural Policy in Zimbabwe World Politics vol. 39 issue pp B. H. insey Land Reform Growth and Equity Emerging Evidence from Zimbabwe s Resettlement Programme Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 25 no pp Lionel Cliffe Zimbabwe s Agricultural Success and Food Security in Southern Africa Review of African Political Economy no pp

2 % Simon Mawondo In Search of Social Justice Reconciliation and the Land Question in Zimbabwe in David Kaulemu ed. The Struggle After The Struggle The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy 2008 pp Lloyd M. Sachikonye The Promised land From expropriation to reconciliation andjambanja in Brain Raftopoulos and Tyrone Savage eds. Zimbabwe Injustice and Political Reconciliation Harare Weaver Press 2005 pp Lloyd M. Sachikonye From Growth with Equity to Fast-Track Reform Zimbabwe s Land Question Review of African Political Economy vol. 30 no. 96 Jun pp I 63% II 74% 18% 21% See Government of Zimbabwe Transitional National Development Plan 1982 / /85 vol. 1 Harare 1982 p Report of the Presidential Land Review Committee on the Implementation of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme under the chairmanship of Dr. Charles M. B. Utete Zimbabwe 2003 vol. 1 p Jeffrey Herbst State Politics in Zimbabwe Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press 1990 pp

3 Ian Douglas Smith One-on-one with the President The Sunday Mail Harare December Robert Mugabe Address to the National by the Prime Minister Elect Government Printer Salisbury March Brain Raftopoulos and Tyrone Savage eds. Zimbabwe Injustice and Political Reconciliation Harare Weaver Press Introduction x-xi 2005.

4 % 95% 100% 33% 2 3 Danis Norman Intensive Resettlement programme 1981 Accelerated Resettlement Program squatter 5 1 Ruth Weiss Zimbabwe and the New Elite London British Academic Press 1994 xiv. 2 Clever Mumbengegwi Continuity and Change in Agricultural Policy in Ibbo Mandaza ed. Zimbabwe the Political Economic of Transition Dakar CODESRIA 1986 p David Bloomfield Teresa Barnes and Luc Huyse eds. Reconciliation After Violent Conflict A Handbook International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2003 p Angus Selby Commercial Farmers and the State Interest Group Politics and Land Reform in Zimbabwe PhD. dissertation Oxford University 2006 p

5 % 2 A B C D A B C A / D 4 C 1980 / / / / / / / % Salisbury Government of Zimbabwe Transitional National Development Plan 1982 / /85 vol 2 Harare Government Printer 1983 p I 1050 II III Government of Zimbabwe Resettlement Programme Policies and Procedures Ministry of Lands Resettlement and Rural Development IV V 450 See Government of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Agricultural Investment Plan ZAIP A Comprehensive Framework for the Development of Zimbabwe s Agriculture Sector Ministry of Agriculture Mechanization and Irrigation p B. H. Kinsey Forever Gained Resettlement and Land Policy in the Context of National Development in Zimbabwe Africa vol. 52 issue pp Lionel Cliffe The Politics of Land Reform in Zimbabwe in T. A. S. Bowyer-Bower Colin Stoneman Land Reform in Zimbabwe Constraints and Prospects Aldershot Ashgate Publishing Company 2000 p. 38. Jocelyn Alexander State Peasantry and Resettlement in Zimbabwe Review of African Political Economy vol. 21 no p Jeffrey Herbst State Politics in Zimbabwe Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press 1990 p. 46.

6 % % 35% 40% Land Acquisition Act % % The Economist Intelligence Unit EIU Country Report Zimbabwe Malawi no p. 13. Jocelyn Alexander The Unsettled Land State-making and the Politics of Land in Zimbabwe Oxford James Currey Harare Weaver Press Athens Ohio University Press 2006 pp Ruth Weiss Zimbabwe and the New Elite London British Academic Press 1994 p Ian Scoones et al Zimbabwe s Land Reform Myths and Realities Suffolk James Currey 2010 p See United Nations Development Programme UNDP Zimbabwe Land Reform and Resettlement Assessment and Suggested Framework for the Future Interim Mission Report January 2002 p Colin Stoneman ed. Zimbabwe Land Policy and the Land Reform Program in T. A. S. Bowyer-Bower and Colin Stoneman Land Reform in Zimbabwe Constraints and Prospects Aldershot Ashgate Publishing Company 2000 p Michael Bratton The Comrades and the Countryside The Politics of Agricultural Policy in Zimbabwe World Politics vol. 39 issue pp Robin Palmer Land Reform in Zimbabwe African Affairs vol. 89 no pp Sam Moyo Land Reform under Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe Land Use Change in the Mashonaland Provinces Nordiska Afrika institutet Uppsala

7 Utete Report 3 Jim Sinclair / / James Mackay Zimbabwe Black and White Poor and Rich New African no. 256 Jan p Carolyn Jenkins The Politics of Economic Policy-Making in Zimbabwe The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 35 no p Report of the Presidential Land Review Committee on the Implementation of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme vol. 1 p Angus Selby Commercial Farmers and the State Interest Group Politics and Land Reform in Zimbabwe PhD. dissertation Oxford University 2006 pp Robin Palmer Land Reform in Zimbabwe African Affairs vol. 89 no. 355 p Michael Bratton The Comrades and the Countryside The Politics of Agricultural Policy in Zimbabwe World Politics vol. 39 issue pp Luke Mhlaba Burying the Lancaster House Constitution Parade and Foto-Action April 1990 pp Sam Moyo Land Reform and Redistribution in Zimbabwe since 1980 in Sam Moyo and Walter Chambati eds. Land and Agrarian Reform in Zimbabwe Dakar CODESRIA 2013 p

8 / / / 1980 / / / / / / / / I 0. 5% III IV 2 /3 Utete Committee % I % II % III % IV % V % 1985 Land Acquisition Act 30 No Present Interest Robin Palmer Land Reform in Zimbabwe African Affairs vol. 89 no. 355 p Report of the Presidential Land Review Committee on the Implementation of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme vol. 1 p Land Acquisition Act 1985 Part II Sections

9 10 1 International Crisis Group /1983 A 7 A Robin Palmer Land Reform in Zimbabwe African Affairs vol. 89 no. 355 p. 170 Joseph Hanlon Jeannette Manjengwa Teresa Smart Zimbabwe Takes Back Its Land Cape Town Jacana Media Pty Ltd pp International Crisis Group ICG Blood and Soil Land Politics and Conflict Prevention in Zimbabwe and South Africa International Crisis Group Press 2004 p Government of Zimbabwe Growth with Equity An Economic Policy Statement Harare 1981 Government of Zimbabwe Transitional National Development Plan 1982 / /85 Harare Nov Christine Sylvester Zimbabwe The Terrain of Contradictory Development Boulder and San Francisco Westview Press 1991 pp Michael Bratton The Comrades and the Countryside The Politics of Agricultural Policy in Zimbabwe World Politics vol. 39 issue2 p Jeffrey Herbst State Politics in Zimbabwe Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press 1990 pp

10 1% David Smith Angus Selby Commercial Farmers and the State Interest Group Politics and Land Reform in Zimbabwe PhD. dissertation Oxford University 2006 p Arthur Hazlewood Kenyan land-transfer programmes and their relevance for Zimbabwe The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 23 issue pp Report of the Presidential Land Review Committee on the Implementation of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme vol. 1 p Michael Bratton The Comrades and the Countryside The Politics of Agricultural Policy in Zimbabwe World Politics vol. 39 issue2 p John Brown 1989 See Angus Selby Commercial Farmers and the State Interest Group Politics and Land Reform in Zimbabwe PhD. dissertation Oxford University 2006 p Calvin O. Masilela and Diedre Rankin Land Reform in Zimbabwe ZANU-PF s Red Heering East African Geographical Review vol. 20 no p

11 Joshua Nkomo % Movement for Democratic Change Clever Mumbengegwi Macroeconomic and Structural Adjustment Politics in Zimbabwe New York Palgrave Publishers Ltd 2002 p United Nations Development Programme UNDP Zimbabwe Land Reform and Resettlement Assessment and Suggested Framework for the Future Interim Mission Report January 2002 p Colin Stoneman and Lionel Cliffe Zimbabwe Politics Economics and Society London and New York Printer Publishers Limited 1989 p. 46. Peter Stiff Cry Zimbabwe Independence-Twenty Years On Alberton Galago Publishing 2000 Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe Report on the 1980 s Disturbances in Matabelandand the Midlands March 1997 Jeffrey Herbst The Herald Sunday Mail See Jeffrey Herbst State Politics in Zimbabwe Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press 1990 p. 51.

12 % % % Constitutional Commission The Draft Constitution with Amendments and Clarifications Cited in Sadomba War Veterans in Zimbabwe s Revolution p Brian Raftopoulos and Ian Phimister Zimbabwe Now The Political Economy of Crisis and Coercion Historical Materialism vol. 12 no p Sam Moyo Three Decades of Agrarian Reform in Zimbabwe The Journal of Peasants Studies vol. 38 no p Zimbabwe Crisis Mugabe Declares War on Country s White Farmers The Independent London April White Farmers Are the Enemy Rants Mugabe The Sun London April Bobin Palmer Land and Racial Domination in Rhodesia Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press 1977 pp Brain Raftopoulos and Tyrone Savage eds. Zimbabwe Injustice and Political Reconciliation Harare Weaver Press 2005 p. 2. John Paul Lederach Building Peace Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Society Washington DC United States Institute of Peace 1997 pp

13 Abstract After Zimbabwe gained independence in 1980 the Mugabe government immediately carried out a land resettlement policy and a racial reconciliation policy. However there is intrinsic contradiction between the two policies the aim of land resettlement was to resolve the unequal dual land tenure system between the Black and the White but in order to reach racial reconciliation the Mugabe government needed to make some concessions on land issues. The Mugabe government began the land resettlement process from the end of 1980 but by the year 2000 it did not achieve its original goal to quench the land hunger of the Black farmers. One of the main reasons for this failure came from the racial reconciliation policy because under this context the white farmers did not want to give up their land and the Mugabe government put emphases on other issues. As a result of the failure of the land resettlement and the political and economic crisis in the late 1990s the Mugabe government carried out a Fast Track land reform in Through the Fast Track land reform the white commercial farms were occupied or acquired by force and resettled to the black farmers. This indicated the ultimate failure of the racial reconciliation policy Simon Mawondo In Search of Social Justice Reconciliation and the Land Question in Zimbabwe in David Kaulemu ed. The Struggle After The Struggle Wastington DC The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy 2008 pp Angus Selby Commercial Farmers and the State Interest Group Politics and Land Reform in Zimbabwe PhD. dissertation Oxford University 2006 p Cyprian Muchemwa Emmaculate Tsitsi Ngwerume and Mediel Hove When Will the Long Nightmare Come to An End Africa Security Review p

越南政經改革與憲政制度之演變

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