Complex Spatial Digitization Tasks for the SAT Project

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1 Complex Spatial Digitization Tasks for the SAT Project Shigeki Moro The Association for Computerization of Buddhist Texts(ACBUT), Japan 0. Abstract The SAT project, which is digitizing the Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經 in Japan, aims, in cooperation with the Chinese digital Buddhist canon society CBETA (located in Taiwan), at the construction of a new highly accurate electronic Buddhist canon. In the work of digitizing the Taishō, we have already dealt with many of the basic problems, such as encoding and missing characters. But there are also very often more complex issues involved, such as in the case where the actual printed source has a wide range of spatial, graphically-oriented styles, which play a seminal role in expressing the author's theme. In this paper, I would like to offer a means for resolving the complexities that arise in the digitization of a text such as Euisang's Chart of the Dharma-realm of the Single Vehicle of the Huayan ( 화엄일승법계도, 華嚴一乘法界圖 ), and documents that include scores and other complex shapes found in the Taishō. This will be done by using the markup method named SVG. 1. Introduction: Limitation of Plain Text The SAT project, which is digitizing the Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經 in Japan, aims at the construction of a highly accurate new electronic Buddhist canon. In the work of digitizing the Taishō, we have already dealt with many of the basic problems, such as that of encoding 1 and missing characters. 2 But there are also very often more complex issues involved, such as in the case where the actual printed source has a wide range of spatial, graphicallyoriented styles, which often play a seminal role in expressing the author's thoughts. 1 Shigeki Moro. Tag-tsuki gengo to moji-code タグ付き言語と文字コ - ド. Internet-jidai no mojicode インタ - ネット時代の文字コ - ド. Tokyo: Kyoritsu-shuppan, Shigeki Moro. On the Missing-Characters (GAIJI) of the Taisho Tripitaka Text Database Published by SAT. Proceedings of 1999 EBTI, ECAI, SEER & PNC Joint Meeting 太平洋鄰里協會一九九九年會論文集. Taiwan: Computer Center of the Academia Sinica, 1999.

fig. 1: the Chart of the Dharma-realm of the Single Vehicle of the Huayan [T45: 711a] For instance, the Chart of the Dharma-realm of the Single Vehicle of the Huayan ( 화엄일승법계도, 華嚴一乘法界圖 ) written by

2 fig. 1: the Chart of the Dharma-realm of the Single Vehicle of the Huayan [T45: 711a] For instance, the Chart of the Dharma-realm of the Single Vehicle of the Huayan ( 화엄일승법계도, 華嚴一乘法界圖 ) written by Euisang 義湘 ( ), one of the most eminent early Silla 新羅 scholar-monks, is a graphical figure as well as a text (fig. 1). For this reason, it is very difficult to digitize it in plain text format. The following is a thinkable solution to arrange the Chart in plain text format. 1887A,45,0711a11: 死涅槃常共和是故界實寶殿窮坐 1887A,45,0711a12: 1887A,45,0711a13: 生意如出繁理益行法意如捉巧實 1887A,45,0711a14: 1887A,45,0711a15: 覺不人境中事利者嚴歸資糧善際 1887A,45,0711a16: 1887A,45,0711a17: 正思大能昧冥得還莊家得以錄中 1887A,45,0711a18: 1887A,45,0711a19: 便議賢入三然器本寶隨分陀無道 1887A,45,0711a20: 1887A,45,0711a21: 時雨善海印無隨際盡無尼羅得床 1887A,45,0711a22: 1887A,45,0711a23: 心寶佛十別分生叵息忘想必不舊 1887A,45,0711a24: 1887A,45,0711a25: 發益生滿虛空衆法佛爲名勤不來 1887A,45,0711a26: 1887A,45,0711a27: 初成別隔亂雜不性餘境妙不守自 1887A,45,0711a28: 1887A,45,0711a29: 十方一切塵中仍圓非眞徹無名性 1887A,45,0711a30: 1887A,45,0711a31: 含即念一念亦即融知性極相無隨 1887A,45,0711a32: 1887A,45,0711a33: 中是劫即一如相無所甚深絶寂錄 1887A,45,0711a34: 1887A,45,0711a35: 塵無遠量無是互二智證切一來成

3 1887A,45,0711a36: 1887A,45,0711a37: 微量劫九世十世相諸法不動本一 1887A,45,0711a38: 1887A,45,0711a39: 一一即多切一即一一中多切一中 The above example is similar to that of CBETA. However, using this format, we cannot retrieve terms such as 法性 or 一即一切 which are very important for the Huayan/Hwaeom school, because the beginning character of the Chart 法 is not next to the second character 性, and the box-drawing symbols also separate the characters from each other. As I have already noted, it is unnatural to represent two-dimensional layout through a one-dimensional format like plain text. 3 In this paper, I would like to offer a means for resolving the complexities that arise in the digitization of a text such as the Chart, the musical scores for Shōmyō 聲明, and other complex shapes as found in the Taishō. This will be done by using the markup method named Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), which is an open technology for describing two-dimensional vectors and mixed vector/raster graphics in XML. 2. Complex text encoding with SVG 2-1 SVG SVG is an open-standard vector graphics language created as the XML vector-graphics format for the next-generation Web under the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and its members include Adobe, Apple, Corel, HP, IBM, Macromedia, Microsoft, Netscape, OASIS, Open Text, Quark, Sun, Xerox, etc. along with staff from the W3C. SVG is currently at the stage of Candidate Recommendation. 4 A number of SVG viewers and editors exist. 5 Two major browsers, Netscape 4.x/6 and Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.x, can display SVG vector-graphics with the Adobe SVG Viewer plug-in. The Mozilla project also supports SVG. Adobe Illustrator 9 would be the easiest tool to encode SVG. 2-2 The Chart in SVG According to Ishii Kosei, the Chart was written under the influence of a popular style of 3 Japan Association for East Asian Text Processing (JAET) ed. Dennō Chūgoku-gaku 電腦中國學. Tokyo: Kōbun-shuppan, p For more information on the implementations of SVG, see the W3C official list on web:

4 Chinese poems in the Tang period. 6 The following is an example of encoding the Chart in SVG. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG Stylable//EN" " stylable.dtd"> <svg xml:space="preserve" width="4.8in" height="4.2in" viewbox=" ">  <g> <text x="230" y="230"> 法 </text> <text x="200" y="230"> 性 </text> <text x="170" y="230"> 圓 </text> <text x="140" y="230"> 融 </text> <text x="110" y="230"> 無 </text> <text x="80" y="230"> 二 </text> <text x="50" y="230"> 相 </text> ( ) <text x="260" y="410"> 舊 </text> <text x="230" y="410"> 來 </text> <text x="230" y="380"> 不 </text> <text x="230" y="350"> 動 </text> <text x="230" y="320"> 名 </text> <text x="230" y="290"> 爲 </text> <text x="230" y="260"> 佛 </text> </g>  <g style="stroke:#990000;stroke-width:1.5;"> <path d="m h -14 m h -14 m h -14 m h -14 m h -14 m h -14 z"/> <path d="m v 14 z"/> <path d="m v 14 m 0 16 v 14 m 0 16 v 14 m 0 16 v 14 m 8 8 h 14 m 16 0 h 14 m 16 0 z"/> <path d="m h14 z"/> ( ) </g> </svg> Each character of the Chart is tagged by a <text> tag with attributes representing its location. It is especially important that the characters in the example above were arranged in the order in which we read it in the Taishō. Consequently we can retrieve the terms or phrases of the Chart. The bars connecting the characters are no longer the barriers, because they are described by the empty element tags named <path>. An SVG file can be embedded not only in a XML file but also in a HTML file using an 6 Ishii Kosei. Kegon shisō no kenkyū 華嚴思想の硏究. Tokyo: Shunjū-sha, pp

<OBJECT> tag or <EMBED> tag. The following shows the HTML example of the Chart in which <OBJECT> includes the text of the Chart as its element for the user agents that cannot handle the <OBJECT> tag.

5 <OBJECT> tag or <EMBED> tag. The following shows the HTML example of the Chart in which <OBJECT> includes the text of the Chart as its element for the user agents that cannot handle the <OBJECT> tag. <OBJECT data="hokkaizu.svg" type="image/svg-xml" height=480 width=420> 法性圓融無二相諸法不動本來寂 ( ) 窮坐實際中道床舊來不動名爲佛 </OBJECT> fig. 2: The Chart on Internet Explorer 5.5 with the Adobe SVG Viewer Is this a character? In esoteric Buddhist texts, we often encounter complex figures in which texts and graphics are mixed together. The following is the figure of The Foshuo Beidoujixing Yanming Jing 佛說北斗七星延命經 (T. No. 1803) describing The Big Dipper, in which each star has its name, personified figure, and talismanic drawing (zhoufu 呪符 ) which seems to be relevant to Daoism, with the exception of the sixth star who is attended with the smaller star. 7 Vertical layout is a property only of Internet Explorer 5.5 for Windows (see Vertical text is currently on the agenda for the next level of CSS (see

vector or raster graphics. Looking at zhoufu in detail, however, we can find that they are constructed with some Chinese characters.

6 fig. 3 the Esoteric drawing of the Big Dipper (T21: 425b) The names of the stars ( 貪狼星 etc.) and Katakana letters ( イ, ロ, ハ, etc.) for representing the order of the stars should be encoded using <text> tags; on the other hand, the drawing of the constellation, personified figures and Taoist-like zhoufu might be encoded as vector or raster graphics. Looking at zhoufu in detail, however, we can find that they are constructed with some Chinese characters. For example, in the seventh zhoufu, we can find two Chinese characters, 上 and 下 (fig. 4). fig. 4 the seventh talismanic drawing of the Big Dipper It would be difficult to regard these parts as Chinese characters or not. Sakade Yoshinobu interprets the words 不空 in the twelfth zhoufu on p as representing the author of the zhoufu. 8 The digitization of zhoufu awaits further studies. 2-4 Order of Characters The following quote from The Jiyao Rangzai Jue 七曜攘災決 (T. No. 1804) are figures in which Chinese characters are arranged in the shapes of humans. The characters in the right figure are the stars (e.g. mao 昴 means the Pleiades). This shows the correspondence between an astronomical body and a human body. 8 Sakade Yoshinobu. Shoki-mikkyō to dōkyō tono kōshō 初期密敎と道敎との交涉. Series Mikkyō 3: Chūgoku-Mikkyō. Ed. Tachikawa Musashi and Yoritomi Motohiro. Tokyo: Shunjūsha, p. 167.

7 fig. 5 Figure-like Characters [T21: 428b] fig. 6 Figure-like Characters in SVG At first sight, the order of the characters in the figures seems very simple: head to foot. The text, however, shows an unexpected order. 宿度法東方七十五度西方八十度北方九十八度南方百一十三度後井六至井十八後翼三至十五角前女初至虛初斗前婁七至胃七後箕三至斗四前奎井三十二至柳七後危十五至室初井前亢四至鵜七後井十八至三十後軫十一至角六亢前女十至虛八牛前胃三至昴二後斗八至斗二十後奎六至婁二前婁前柳七至星四鬼亢八至鵜十一後井二十七至柳三鵜前虛十一至危十二後角二至亢二女前昴初至畢二後斗二十至牛六後奎十至婁二前胃前星二至張八柳鵜十四至尾初後柳五至星三房前危五至危末後朱末至女末昴前張十至翼二後柳十至星末心前危十至室五後亢二至六鵜五虛前畢初至十二後婁九至胃九前星心初至尾十八後鵜四至房初危前嘴末至井三後女十一至虛末後胃四至昴二前畢前翼七至軫初張尾十五至箕九後柳末至張五前後心初至尾八尾室十一至壁七室前井七至十九後危四至十六嘴前翼九至軫三後胃九至畢十翼前斗四至十六後張十一至翼四後尾十二至箕二箕前壁六至奎九壁前十六至二十八後尾六至室初參前翼末至軫三軫後畢末至井初前斗二十一至牛七 (T21:427b18-427c6)

8 This shows that the order begins from jiao 角 and ends in zhen 軫. Thus the characters should be encoded in the following order: <text transform="matrix( )"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29; &st33;"> 角 </tspan></text> <text transform="matrix( )"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29;"> 斗 </tspan></text> <text transform="matrix( )"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29;"> 奎 </tspan></text> <text transform="matrix( )"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29;"> 奎 </tspan></text> ( ) <text transform="matrix( )"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29; &st35;"> 翼 </tspan></text> <text transform="matrix( )"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29; &st12;"> 箕 </tspan></text> <text transform="matrix( )"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29; &st16;"> 壁 </tspan></text> <text transform="matrix( )"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29;"> 參 </tspan></text> <text transform="matrix( )"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29;"> 軫 </tspan></text> The characters in fig. 6 should be also arranged the same as the stars ( 頥脇膝顂胸脊脛脛鼻臆腸足齒臂臀頭頂臂胯胯額肩心腿眉肩脇腿顂手 ). 3. Conclusion To sum up the characteristics of SVG we have seen thus far, we can say that SVG is a powerful solution for digitizing documents including both texts and graphics that are constructed in a two-dimensional layout. However, attention must be paid to the fact that the relationship between the texts or letters in an example is linear, in other words, one-dimensional. SVG does not suit non-hierarchical figures, such as word puzzles, palindromes, or some kind of map in which place names are written, and overlapping-hierarchical figures, such as some kind of family tree or Dharmalineage chart, etc. The mark-up scheme for these kinds of documents still remains a matter to be discussed. 9 9 David T. Barnard et al. proposed some SGML-based solutions for complex structures ( Hierarchical

9 Encoding of Text: Technical Problems and SGML Solutions. Computers and the Humanities 29.3 (1995): ). They include a solution using CONUR, which is not available in XML. C.M. Sperberg- McQueen and Claus Huitfeldt also proposed a solution named GODDAG which is not a SGML-style scheme in order to markup overlapping structures ( GODDAG: A Data Structure for Overlapping Hierarchies.

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