國立中山大學學位論文典藏.pdf

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1 Civil Education in Taiwan: Liberalism Versus Communitarianism

2 i

3 Abstract This thesis is an attempt to understand the accomplishment and restrictions of present liberalism from the viewpoint of communitarianism. Liberalism (or constitutional democracy) is the representation of the long-term history of mutual influences among political, cultural and economic structures in western civil society. It is not an abstract noun; on the contrary, it represents the result of dialogues among numerous individuals and communities under specific contexts of time and space. Civil society emerges at the same time when individuals depart from the traditional community. Accordingly, there is a qualitative change in the citizenship from active republicanism to passive liberalism. In other words, citizens are no longer interested in political participation, and turn to self-realization in personal matters. On the one hand, it results in a diverse and prosperous society; on the other hand, the positive citizen participation gradually collapses during this process. The phenomenon mentioned above requires us to find an institution or procedure to balance the common goods and private interests. Meanwhile, certain virtues of the citizenry are requisite to maintain the system. If not, no matter how perfect the institution is, it will be threatened by failure. Therefore, in order to promote the virtues of the citizens and to respond to the vigorous individuality and a diverse and prosperous society, constitutional democracy should be taken as the core of our civil education. Keywords: liberalism, communitarianism, anti-perfectionism and neutrality, civil education, constitutional democracy, individuality. ii

4 iii

5 Civil Education in Taiwan: Liberalism Versus Communitarianism iv

6 v

7 ( ) May,

8 J. S. McClelland McClelland, / / / 4 5 Len Doyal & Ian Gough

9 2 (the Supreme Good) / (the practical life of the rational part of man) (NE.1098a6 Aristotle, 2003b 37) (NE.1098a16 Aristotle, 2003b 37) Rollo May 3 May, Nicomachean ethics NE. 3 May 3

10 May, May, May, May May Conrad H. Waddington developmental landscape Wilson

11 5

12 Noam Chomsky Chomsky, Noam Chomsky 6 Chomsky,

13 7 ( ) underground / / 7 7

14 (power process) ( 1998:562) story / 8

15 ( ) 9

16 ( ) vs. 1 2 Noam Chomsky 10

17 3 4 11

18 /

22 16

23 (NE.1094b10 Aristotle ) G. M. K. Hunt Hunt, 1990: 5 (NE.1097b10 Aristotle, 2003a 18-9) 17

24 (Politica, 1252a Aristotle, ) 10 (Politica, 1280b ) 10 (Politica, trans. By H. Rackham)

25 Kymlicka, (Calvino, 1986:39-40) 19

26 words

27 Bernstein, (Calvino, 1986:89-100) (Calvino, 1986: 97)

28 (1) (2) (3) 22

29 (Calvino, 1986:97-100) 12 (Calvino, 1986:99) Kundera,

30 foundationalism Mautner,

31 25

32 26

33 MacCallum,

34 28

35 Bernstein,

37 (freedom) (political independence) (self-determination) (personal autonomy) (self-direction) (Rohmann, 1999: 145-6) 31

38 Isaiah Berlin vs. Berlin, 1986 Berlin 32

39 Berlin, Berlin, Berlin,

40 1 Berlin Constant Berlin Constant barbaros barbarian barbaros 34

41 Watkins, Benjamin Constant( ) Constant, Constant,

42 Constant civil liberty political liberty Constant Constant Constant,

43 Constant, Constant Constant, Constant Constant,

44 Constant, Constant Constant, Constant,

45 Constant, Constant, Constant Constant,

46 Constant, Constant, Constant Constant, Constant 40

47 Constant Constant 41

48 Douglass C. North(1920-) 1995 ( ) North,

49 43 North, North, North, North North 1995

50 5 North, North,

51 North 4 North, North, Thorley,

52 ( ) ( ) (Model Parliament of the Three Estates) 6 ( ) 7 ( ) (Commons)

53 9 10 North, North

54 North, North Simon,

55 Simon, Weale,

56 North North 50

57 North North North 51

58 North19, North,

59 Fromm, Erich Fromm( ) Jocob Christoph Burckhardt( ) 53

60 Fromm, North, North, Braudel, (Renaissance) 18 North

61 Fromm, Bullock, Bullock, Bullock, Bullock, Bullock

62 Bullock, (Elizabeth ) 20 Thorley,

63 (social dualism) Watkins, Politica, 1253a31 Aristotle, Watkins, Watkins Watkins Watkins Watkins

64 Watkins, Watkins,

65 24 Crawford Brough Macpherson( ) 24 Wilson

66 Watkins, 25 Smith,

67 (individual initiative) Watkins, Watkins, Gray, Gray,

69 63

70 Bullock Bullock,

71 Bullock, North / / / Kymlicka Kymlicka,

72 Bullock, Lent, (asocial Individualism) Mulhall, Ibid Ibid. 15 Kymlicka,

73 Ibid

74 Ibid Bullock Bullock, Constant 68

75 Fromm,

76 Kymlicka, M. Oakeshott( ) 70

77 Oakeshott, Oakeshott Kymlicka, Ibid

78 Ibid. 296 Ibid. 297 Politica.1253a35 NE.1106a2 Aristotle, 2003b

79 North 73

80 Politica.1280a b6 Aristotle, Kymlicka Kymlicka, Kymlicka Ibid. 74

81 362 Ibid Fernando Pessoa

82 Pessoa, Fernando Pessoa Fernando Pessoa 2002a Stanley Milgram

83 Milgram six degrees of separation Buchanan, Mark Granovetter Buchanan,

84 Galston 29 Kymlicka,

85 79

86 80

87 Tocqueville Fromm,

88 1 aidos dike Aidos dike 1 Protagoras

89 aidos dike aidos dike aidos dike (aidos) (dike) 83

90 polis Stone, Ibid. 54 logos Ibid. 4 polis Ibid. 41 Ibid

91 Ibid. 56 Ibid. 57 David Held Held,

92 Heale, Macpherson Macpherson 1 Macpherson,

93 Macpherson, Macpherson 87

94 Macpherson Macpherson 88

95 Macpherson, Ibid Macpherson Held,

96 Watkins, Dunn, Tocqueville 90

97 Bullock, Tocquerville, Tocquerville

98 Tocquerville, Ibid. 4 (the equality of conditions) (the sovereignty of the people)

99 Pilgrim Fathers 3 4 Tocquerville, (1620) (Plymouth) ( ) (Mayflower) (Richard Hooker) (Marian exile) St. Thomas universal consent law of reason

100 5 Tocquerville, Ibid Tocquerville Ibid millennialism 81 6 mixed government

101 Tocqueville, vs. 95

102 Tocqueville,

103 7 8 Tocqueville, Tocqueville, Tocqueville, Tocqueville, Tocqueville Tocqueville, Tocqueville, Tocqueville 7 8 Tocqueville 97

104 Tocqueville, Ibid. 67 Ibid

105 Tocqueville Tocqueville, Ibid. 145 Ibid Tocqueville (the tyranny of the majority) Tocqueville 99

106 Ibid. 118 Plato, Tocqueville Tocqueville, Tocqueville 100

107 Tocqueville, Tocqueville (liberal democracy)

108 Ibid. 15 (subsidiary awareness) 11 (tacit knowledge) (Ibid. 15) Michael Polanyi focal awareness vs. tacit knowledge knowing how

109 (social learning theory) (1) (2) Ibid Ibid

110 Tocqueville Tocqueville, Tocqueville Thomas Jefferson( ) Jefferson,

111 (liberal state) Tocqueville Tocqueville,

112

113 Watkins,

114 108

115 Ginott,

116 Bullock,

117 (conception of the good)

118

119 Bruce Ackerman (a) (b)

120 John Dewey 114

121 Dewey, subsidiary awareness 1 civil society civil

122

123 Ibid

124 2 Kymlicka, (rational liberty) 2 Kymlicka,

125 Galston

126 120

127 Kymlicka, (discipline) Daniel Bell Bell,

128

129 Ibid

130

131 Sartori,

132

133 Hannah Arendt( ) Arendt 127

134 128

135 Bell Bell, b

136 Bell, Galston Kymlicka,

137 Kymlicka, Ibid

138 132

139 Oakeshott North Kymlicka 133

140 Ibid Tocquerville 134

141 Tocqueville, Karl Popper

142 136

143 New Institutionalism

144 Thomas Jefferson a INK 2002b INK

145 Aristotle Aristotle. 2003a. Aristotle

146 Aristotle. 2003b. Aristotle W. D. Ross trans., Nicomachean ethics. [computer file] Raleigh, N.C. : Alex Catalogue. Aristotle H. Rackham trans., Politica Bell, Daniel Berlin, Isaiah Bernstein, Richard J Beyond objectivism and relativism : science, hermeneutics, and praxis. Oxford : B. Blackwell. Bernstein, Richard J Braudel, Fernand Buchanan, Mark Bullock, Alan Calvino, Italo Patrick Creagh. tran. The Uses of Literature. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanvich. Calvino, Italo Chomsky, Noam /11 140

147 Constant, Benjamin Dewey, John Doyal, Len & Ian Gough Dunn, John (ed.) Fromm, Erich Ginott, Haim. G Gray, John Gray, John Liberalism. Buckingham: Open University Press, Second Edition. Heale, M. J Held, David Models of Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press. Hunt, G. M. K. (ed.) Philosophy and politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Jefferson, Thomas Kitto, H. D. F Kundera, Milan Kymlicka, Will Lent, Adam (ed.)

148 MacCallum, Gerald C Macpherson, C. B The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy. New York OUP. Mautner, Thomas Dictionary of Philosophy. London: Penguin. May, Rollo McClelland, J. S Mulhall, S. & A. Swift Liberals and Communitarians. Oxford: Blackwell, 2 nd edn. North, Douglass C Oakeshott, Michael Pessoa, Fernando Plato Rohmann, Chris A World of Ideas: A Dictionary of Important Theories, Concepts, Beliefs, and Thinkers. New York: Ballantine Books. Sartori, G Simon, A. Herbert Smith, Adam Stone, I. F Thorley, John Tocquerville, Alexis de Watkins, Frederick

149 Weale, Albert Wilson, Brian Wilson, Edward Osborne

Microsoft Word - 01馮樹勳三校.doc

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