representativeofchinesepeopleused folkscene and peopleofstate to translate society puting moreemphasison people folk scene and forpeople Inthes

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1 CJS 35 : society : ; ; : society DOI: /jcnki /c TheFormationofModernChineseNotionof Society CUIYingling Abstract:Therehadbeenthreestagesofconceptreengineeringandthree timesofchangesaftertheconceptof society enteredchina:atthefirststage foreignersinchinausedtranslationalchineseconcept hui ( association ) emphasizingthecharacteristicsofassemblyandcolectionyanyongjingasa * : (Author:CUIYinglingDepartmentofSociologyWuhan University) ylcui2013@163com ** (13CSH083) (13JJD770021) ( ) [This researchwassupportedbytheyouthprojectsofthenationalsocialsciencefoundationofchina TheResearchoftheInteractiveRelationshipbetweentheEducatedYouthandtheEthnic Society (13CSH083)MajorProjectsofHumanitiesandSocialSciencesofKeyResearchBase Ministry of Education The Modern New Word and Traditional Deconstruction (13JJD770021)and SpecialFundsfor Luojia Young Scholarsof Wuhan University The ResearchonNativizationofModern WesternConceptofSociety ( )] 29

2 representativeofchinesepeopleused folkscene and peopleofstate to translate society puting moreemphasison people folk scene and forpeople InthesecondstagethemodernChineseintelectualspreferred qun ( group )asthecorrespondingchinesetranslationof society which represented a modern inclination to the idea of group rather than individual It wascomposed ofthree aspects:firstlytryingto balance individualrightsandgrouprights qun stilputmoreemphasisontherightsof group;secondlyitadvocatedtobecomeagoodgroupbyusingthestrengthof humannaturesuchasbenevolenceloveandsoonandthirdlyitemphasized onachievingarichandstrongnationbyvarioussocialchangeandmeansthe notionof group representedstrongtensionresponsibilityandpositivesocial participationoftheintelectualsfacinganationalcrisisinthethirdstage Chinesescholarsmainlyused shehui totranslate society whichestablished thebasisofcommonvaluesofmodernchineseconcept society Astheresult ofexploringidealsocietyandidealgovernmentsystemsthenew conceptof society replaced group eventualyduetotworeasons:onewasthespreadof newthoughtsespecialythethoughtsof socialism and revolution andthe otherwasthescholarspursuitofidealsocietyandstatefrom association group to society the shift profoundly embodied that the Chinese intelectualsfinalyhavereturnedtotheirowntraditions:activelyinvolvingin theresponsibilityofrealsocialtransformationsandconcerningabouttheideal feelingsofthehumanultimatefuturenamelytheconsciousnessof Tianxia Keywords:associationgroupsocietyTianxia society social 14 socialis sociuscompanion aly associate society 1531 société societat 16 society 30

3 individual ( 2005: ) society society sociology ( 2003; ; 2000) ( 1984; 1996; 1988; 2013; 2006) ( ) ( 1988; 1985; 2007; 2001; 2011) ; ( 2012) (2011) : ( ) ;

4 : ( ) ( 2010) society society society (RobertMorrison) ( )322 : tounite;toassemble;to meettogether;tocolect;anasociation;akindofbenefitssociety;a 1 society 32

5 club;the meeting or visiting of persons of equal rank; the communicatingofinformationtosuchbywriting society 1847 (WalterHenryMedhurst) ( ) 1189 society : asociety forthemaintenanceofreligiousservices thewhitelotus society : NoticeofNewBooks:Transactionsof thehong Kong Branchofthe AsiaticSocietyvol5Translationof HeuenTsang stravelsinthewestbymrjulien : : ( 2006: ) 1872 (JustusDoolitle) ( ) 449 society : ofpersonswhowritetheir namesandsubscribemoney 1879 (Wiliam Lobscheid) 1093 society apublicsociety toenterasociety 1883 society 1885 (John Fryer) society : : 2 : 2 : Thisideaofaperfectsocietysupposesanassemblageoffree citizenseachcontributinghislabooursforthebenefitofthewholeandrecevingan( ) 33

6 ( 2002: ) (2006) (1868) SocietyaCompetitiveSystem society 1887 The Societyforthe Difusion of ChristianandGeneralKnowledgeamongtheChinese society social society sociology 1881 ( ) (OnEducation) (WhatKnowledgeisofMostWorth) 1882 (2011: ) : sociology : 1Each man whoisimmediatelyorremotelyimplicatedinany formofindustry(andfewarenot)hasinsomewaytodealwiththe mathematicalphysicaland chemicalpropertiesofthings;perhaps alsohasadirectintelestbiology;andcertainlyhasinsociology : 2Equalyatpresentandintheremotestfuturemustitbeof incaculableimportancefortheregulationoftheirconductthat men shouldunderstandthescienceoflifephysicalmentalandsocial;and thattheyshouldunderstandalotherscienceasakeytothescienceoflife ( )appropriaterumuerotionandeachrespectingthoselawswhichhavebeenordained forthegeneralbenefitinrealitynosocietyiswithoutfeebleandsicklypersonswhobeing unabletosupportthemselveshavetobebeholdentheirneighboursforsupport Itappears equalyreasonabletoexpectofeveryindividualinsocietyanobservanceofitsleadingmoral rulesandlegalprovisions Wilam and RobertChambers:PoliticalEconomyPublishedby WiliamandRobertChambersEdinburgh1852p4/6( 2009) 34

7 : social : 1Thisliesinthefactthatfromthefarpastdowneventothe presentsocialneedshavesubordinatedindividualneedsandthatthe socialneedhasbeenthecontrolofindividuals : 2Andthisitiswhichdeterminesthecharacterofoureducation Notwhatknowledgeisof mostrealworthistheconsideration;but what wilbring mostapplausehonourrespect what wil most conduce to social position and influence what wil be most imposing : 3 Only in propotion as men draw certain rudeempirical inferencesrespectinghumannaturearetheyenabledtounderatand eventhesimplestfactsofsociallife : 4 thoseactivities whichareinvolvedinthe maintenanceof propersocialandpoliticalrelations : society : 1Butbecausesocietyconsidersthempartsofagoodeducation : 2Thus: societyis madeupofindividuals;althatisdonein societyisdonebythecombinedactionsofindividuals;andthereforein individualactionsonlycanbefoundthesolutionsofsocialphenomena : 35

8 society sociology 3 society 4 society 1865 : ( 2003:25) : Thesubjectsof internationallawareseparatepoliticalsocietiesofmenlivingindependently ofeachotherandespecialythosecaledsovereignstates (Wheaton 1836: ) politicalsocieties society society ( 2009)

9 society : ( 1986:3 5 17) TheStudyofSociology sociology social science science of sociology the morphology and physiologyofsociety scienceofsociety ( 1986:18) 1891 ( 2006:33-34) (2007b:92) : (2007b:97) : 37

10 ( 1992:29) 1896 ( 2007b) (1998a:68 71) : : (2001:16) : ; ( 1998a:75) ( 1998b:75) (2001:16) ; (1984) (1998a:444) 1898 ( 1998b: ) : 38

11 ( 1998b: ) 1896 ( 1999a:27) (1999a:93) 1897 < > : (1999a:94) : (1999a:109) : : : : : ( 2006:27) (1999b:559) society society

12 society (2010: ) 1902 ;1903 ;1904 ; society ( kloofters ) (1826 ) society ( 2003) (1982:228) ( ) society 1887 (2001:393) : ( : ) ( ) ( : ) 40

13 1897 (2007c:335) : ; : : ( 2007d:15) ( 2007d:103) : : ( ) : ( 1986:125) 1897 : ( 1999) 1898 (1999a: 168) < > : society 1902 : 41

14 ( 1960:250) society (1903: ) ( ) (1908:932) society : 1therelationshipofmentooneanotherwhenassociated inanyway ;companionship ;felowship 2a number of persons associated for mutualorjoint usefulnesspleasureorprofit ;asaliterarysociety: 3thepersons colectivelyconsidered wholiveinanyregionoranyperiod ; ; 4Those who mutualy give and receive formal enterainments social 1916 society ( ) : ( 1960: ) 5 : : ( ) 150 :

15 1903 : ; ; ( 1960:509) 1901 : ( 1960:51) : ( 1960:75) : ( 1960:83) 1903 : : ; ( 1960: ) 43

16 : ( 2007:17) ( ) 1950 : Society ( 1950:E ) society socialism society : ( ) (1986:33) (1895) 44

17 : ( 1986: 126) (1981: ) (1898) : : ( 2007d:170) : ( 2007a: 151) (1986b:270) : (1999a: 309) (1899) : ( ) : ( 1981:7) : ( 1993a: 47-48) : 45

18 ; ( 2003:27) (1981:219) : : : ( 1983:238) : ( 2007b: ) (1998b:91) : ( 1998b:74) ; ( 1999a:431) 46

19 (1986: ) animal-ethics sub-humanjustice humanjustice 6 ( ) (1986:1357) : ( ) : ; ; : : : ; ; : : ( 1986: ) : : ( 2005:1) : ( 2007b:392) 6 : 47

20 (1999a:26-27) (1896) : ; (1999a:93) (1896) : ; ( ) (1999b: ) (2009) (2008:38-39) ( ) 48

21 : ; : : ( 1986:1347) : ( 1986:1349) 1886 : ( 2007e:107) (2007b: ) : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; : ( 1998b:74) (1998b:460) : 49

22 (1999a:431) : ( 1999b:671) : ; ; ; (1999b:694) : ( ) ( ) 1895 (BenjaminAElamn) (1998:211) 50

23 : society ; : : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1931:18) 51

24 (2005) (2007b:324) : : ( 2007e: ) ( 2007f) 52

25 : ( 1998a:212) ( 1998a:215) ; ( 1998a:219) ; ; ; ; ( 1998a:235) ;18-19 ; ( 1993b:12-13) 53

26 ( 1993b:24) : 7 : 7 : (2009) 54

27 society society : : ( ) ( ) : ; ; ; ( 2004:265) 55

28 ( 2004:266) society (References) 1998 [M] : 1996 [M] : 1988 [J] (6): [M] : 1984 [J] (2): [M] 1988 [J] (6): [J] (4): ( )[M] : 1925 ( \ )[M] : 2003 : [J] (1): [M] 1982 [M] 1950 ( )[M] : 2009 : [M] : 1996 [J] (1): [M] 2003 [M] : 2010 : [M] : 2011 [J] (35) 1981 [M] : 1992 : 2007a ( )[M] : 2007b ( )[M] : 2007c ( )[M] : 2007d ( )[M] : 2007e ( )[M] : 2007f ( )[M] : 2007 [M] : [M] : 2008 [M] : 1999a ( )[M]

29 1999b ( )[M] 2006 [J] (2): [M] : 2013 [J] (4): [M] 1993a [M] : 1993b [M] : 1981 [M] : 2006 [M] 2005 : [M] : 1981 [M] : 2011 : [M] : 1984 [J] 4(6): [J] 5(2): a [M] : 1998b ( )[M] : 1903 [M] 2006 [M] : 2011 [J] (21 ): [J] (2): [M] 2009 : [G]// : : : ( )[M] : 2005 : [M] : 2012 [J] (3): [M] : 1908 [M] : 2004 : [M] : 1964 [M] : 2004 [M] 2001 [M] : 2003 [J] (5): ( )[M] : 2006 [J] (4): [M] 1960 [M] : 1931 [M] : 2000 [M] : : 57

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犪狀犱狅犳犲狉犺犻犵犺狆狅狑犲狉犲犱犪狀犱犱犻犳犲狉犲狀狋犻犪狋犲犱犻狀犮犲狀狋犻狏犲狊狋狅狊狌犫犮狅狀狋狉犪犮狋狅狉狊. 犎狅狑犲狏犲狉, 犻狋犮犪狀犪犾兼论官吏分途与层级分流现象社会 2016 1 CJS 第 36 卷周黎安摘要 : 本文重新梳理了行政发包制理论中行政与发包的关系, 将政治晋升机制正式引入行政发包关系, 定义了行政内部发包与行政外部发包的组织边界在此基础上, 本文重