both durations simulated by the tw o schemes are longer than actual duration of the thunderstorm to different degree. Whatever the land cover c

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1 38 3 Vol. 38 No Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences Jun J doi /j. cnki. dqkxxb Wang Ya Miao Jun-feng Tan Zhe-min Impact of land surface parameterizations on simulated thunderstorm process over the Ningbo area J. Trans Atmos Sci in Chinese Noah RUC WRF Noah RUC Noah RUC 3 Noah Noah RUC Noah RUC Noah RUC doi /j. cnki. dqkxxb P4 A Impact of land surface parameterizations on simulated thunderstorm process over the Ningbo area WANG Ya 1 2 MIAO Jun-feng 1 TAN Zhe-min 3 1. School of Atmospheric Sciences NUIST Nanjing China 2. Shanghai Meteorological Bureau Shanghai China 3. Key Laboratory of Mesoscale Severe Weather of Ministry of Education Nanjing University Nanjing China Abstract The new generation mesoscale model WRF is used to simulate a typical thunderstorm process in Ningbo area on 24 June 2006 and the impacts of land surface parameterization schemes Noah and RUC on numerical simulation of the thunderstorm process are tested. The results show that for surface thermodynamic field before the thunderstorm happened the simulated results w ith Noah scheme are more close to the observations. However with RUC scheme the simulated results do not reflect the diversity of underlying surface coverage and the impacts of city underlying surface and the difference betw een rural and urban areas is not obvious. The start and development processes simulated by Noah scheme are more reasonable and the results simulated by RUC scheme describe the key stages in the e- volution process of thunderstorm well such as three merging processes. Because the considered factors and physical process parameterizations are different the strength and center of accumulated precipitation simulated by Noah scheme are more consistent w ith the observations than those simulated by RUC scheme. The duration of thunderstorm is strongly sensitive to land surface process parameterization and GYHY miaoj@ nuist. edu. cn.

2 both durations simulated by the tw o schemes are longer than actual duration of the thunderstorm to different degree. Whatever the land cover category in Ningbo area the sensible heat flux latent heat flux simulated by Noah scheme is greater than less than that simulated by RUC scheme during the day. Key words thunderstorm process land surface process parameterization Noah scheme RUC scheme numerical sensitivity Miao et al WRF Talbot et al d WRF MM WRFV ~ h 30 mm Xiu and Pleim 1

3 301 08 NCEP FNL 1 1 500 850 hpa MCS2 2b 1 500 hpa MCS1 MCS12 24 N 2c MCS3 18 MCS3 MCS12 850 hpa MCS123 18 24 1 14 WRF 2 1.

3 NCEP FNL hpa MCS2 2b hpa MCS1 MCS12 24 N 2c MCS3 18 MCS3 MCS hpa MCS WRF MM WRF a 2a MCS1 1 Noah 16 OSU Pan and 3b Xiangshan Bay Mahrt Fig. 1 NCEP FNL m s - 1 dagpm a. 500 hpa 14 b. 850 hpa 14 J kg - 1 Wind field arrows units m s - 1 and geopotential height field contours units dagpm at BST 24 June 2006 based on NCEP FNL 1 1 reanalysis data a. 500 hpa shaded area represents the lift index at BST units b. 850 hpa shaded area represents convective available potential energy at BST units J kg - 1

302 38 2 Fig. 2 2006 6 24 0. 5 dbz a. 14 51 b. 16 20 c. 17 40 d. 19 16 Radar basic reflectivity images observed by Ningbo Radar on 24 June 2006 elevation angle is 0. 5 units dbz a. 14 51 BST b.

4 Fig dbz a b c d Radar basic reflectivity images observed by Ningbo Radar on 24 June 2006 elevation angle is 0. 5 units dbz a BST b BST c BST d BST WRF V2. 0 3b Noah Dudhia RRTM Monin-Obukhov Noah YSU Lin Miao et al RUC Kain-Fritsch D3 D4 Boston University /NCEP MODIS 30 NCEP / 3c RUC Rapid Update Cycle Smirnova et al WRF-ARW V3. 2 Noah RUC NCEP FNL km 35 σ 1 h 16 h 2 km 24 spin-up 100 hpa 3 D4 D4

5 Noah RUC Table 1 Differences between Noah and RUC land surface process parameterization schemes Noah RUC cm 6 2 cm 2 Richards Noah RUC 1. 5 km 3 MCS 5a b D4 RUC 4b f 2 Noah RUC MCS1 Noah 4c g RUC MCS1 MCS2 Noah Noah RUC 4d g RUC 34 Noah 2 /3 20 km 18 1 h Noah 5c d m RUC

304 38 3 a. b. D4 m c. D4 Fig. 3 Modeling domain settings of the simulation a. Domains 1 2 3 and 4 denoted by D1 D2 D3 and D4 b.

6 a. b. D4 m c. D4 Fig. 3 Modeling domain settings of the simulation a. Domains and 4 denoted by D1 D2 D3 and D4 b. Model terrain units m in D4 and the distribution of automatic weather stations c. land cover category in D4 2 Suresh b f Noah 10 m s m s - 1 Noah RUC RUC Noah RUC RUC RUC Noah 4c g 4a e 18

3 305 4 Fig. 4 2006 6 24 D4 1. 5 km dbz 10 m m s - 1 a. Noah 13 b. Noah 15 c. Noah 18 d. Noah 20 e. RUC 13 f. RUC 15 g. RUC 18 h. RUC 20 Simulated radar reflectivity shaded areas units dbz at 1.

7 Fig D km dbz 10 m m s - 1 a. Noah 13 b. Noah 15 c. Noah 18 d. Noah 20 e. RUC 13 f. RUC 15 g. RUC 18 h. RUC 20 Simulated radar reflectivity shaded areas units dbz at 1. 5 km level and wind field at 10 m units m s - 1 in D4 on 24 June 2006 a. Noah scheme at BST b. Noah scheme at BST c. Noah scheme at BST d. Noah scheme at BST e. RUC scheme at BST f. RUC scheme at BST g. RUC scheme at BST h. RUC scheme at BST Noah RUC a b 7a 7b 2 c E N 1 h 100 mm Noah RUC 50 mm Noah 5a b 13 RUC Noah Noah Noah RUC RUC m s Noah RUC mm h - 1

8 Fig. 5 Noah a c RUC b d m a b 10 m c d m s - 1 5a a b Air temperature units at 2 m and c d wind speed units m s - 1 at 10 m in Ningbo area at BST 24 June 2006 simulated by a c Noah and b d RUC schemes The polygon area in Fig. 5a denotes the central city area of Ningbo city 6 Fig. 6 D4 a. 2 m b. 10 m m s - 1 Comparisons between the hourly site-averaged results simulated by different experiments and the observations in D4 a. air temperature at 2 m units b. wind speed at 10 m units m s h Noah 5 mm h - 1 RUC mm h % Noah RUC

3 307 7 2006 6 24 12 20 mm a. b. Noah c. RUC Fig. 7 Accumulated precipitation from 12 00 BST to 20 00 BST 24 June 2006 shaded areas units mm a. observed results b. simulated results by Noah scheme c.

9 mm a. b. Noah c. RUC Fig. 7 Accumulated precipitation from BST to BST 24 June 2006 shaded areas units mm a. observed results b. simulated results by Noah scheme c. simulated results by RUC scheme 5 WRF Noah RUC 2 8 D4 mm h Noah Fig. 8 Area-averaged rainfall intensity simulated by different experiments and the observed results in D4 u- nits mm h - 1 RUC 2 2 D4 2 Noah 9 2 Noah RUC 3 Noah RUC Noah RUC 4 Noah 5 6

10 Fig. 9 D a W m - 2 b W m - 2 c W m - 2 d km e J kg - 1 f J kg - 1 N Noah R RUC Hourly-averaged a sensible heat flux units W m - 2 b latent heat flux units W m - 2 c net radiation units W m - 2 d boundary layer height units km e convective available potential energy units J kg - 1 and f convective inhibition energy units J kg - 1 simulated by different experiments with different land cover categories in D4 on 24 June 2006 N Noah scheme R RUC scheme the red green yellow and blue colors denote urban mixed forest croplands and water bodies respectively Noah RUC Noah RUC References tics of urban heat island in Tianjin J. Trans Atmos Sci J Chen Liqiang Zhou Xiaoshan Yang Sen Numerical simulation and analysis of vertical environment character of a severe storm J. Meteor Mon in Chi J Zhou Bing Climate characteristic and variation tendency of thunderstorm in China J. Trans Atmos Sci in Chinese Yunfei et al A case study on triggering of thermal convective J He Hongrang Wei Shaoyuan Zeng Wenhua Analysis and madeling study of severe thunderstorm behind a subtropical high over the Changjiang- Huaihe area J. Scientia Meteorologica Sinca in Chinese J Huang Liping Miao Junfeng Liu Yuekun Spatial and temporal variation characteris- nese Huang Liping Miao Junfeng Liu Yuekun et al Observational analysis of influence of sea-land breeze on diurnal character- J Chen Sirong Zhu Weijun istics of urban heat island in Tianjin during summer J. Trans Atmos Sci J Li Yunying Rucong Fu precipitation J. Acta Meteor Sinica in Chi-

11 3 309 nese Ningbo J. J Trop Meteor in Chinese. J Li Zhinan Kang Yuxia An analysis of northeastern route banded storm weather J. Meteor Mon in Chinese Talbot C Augustin P Leroy C et al Impact of a sea breeze on the J Lu Ping Yu Rucong Numerical analysis on the impacts of surface latent heat flux transport on Sichuan rainfall process J. Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research in Chinese WRF J Ma Hongyun Guo Pinwen Song Jie Simulation of heavy rainfall case in the Changjiang-Huaihe valley using the WRF model with different land surface schemes J. Chinese J Atmos Sci in Chinese Meng Weiguang Li Jiangnan Wang Anyu et al Effects of condensation heating and surface fluxes on the development of a south China Mesoscale Convective System MCS J. J Trop Meteor in Chinese Zhaoxia et al Earlier identification and numerical simulation J Meng Weiguang Li Haorui Zhang Yanxia et al A modeling study of the impacts of Pearl River Delta urban environment on convective precipitation J. Chinese J Atmos Sci in Chinese J Miao Junfeng An o- J Yang Wei Miao verview of numerical studies of interaction of urban heat island and Junfeng Tan Zhemin Impact of land surface parameterizations sea breeze circulations J. Trans Atmos Sci in Chinese. Miao J F Chen D Borne K Evaluation and comparison of Noah and Pleim-Xiu land surface models in MM5 using G TE2001 data Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface air temperature J. J Appl Meteor Climatol Miao J F Chen D Wyser K et al Evaluation of MM5 mesoscale model at local scale for air quality applications over the Swedish west coast Influence of PBL and LSM parameterizations J. Meteor Atmos Phys Miao J F Wyser K Chen D et al Impacts of boundary layer turbulence and land surface process parameterizations on simulated sea breeze characteristics J. Ann Geophys Pan H L Mahrt L Interaction between soil hydrology and boundarylayer development J. Bound-Lay Meteor Smirnova T G Brown J M Benjamin S G Performance of different soil model configurations in simulating ground surface temperature and surface fluxes J. Mon Wea Rev J Song Jiehui Shou Shaowen Liu Xu et al Observational studies and numerical simulation of a land and sea breezes case over eastern Suresh R Observation of sea breeze front and its induced convection over Chennai in Southern Peninsular India using Doppler weather radar J. Pure Appl Geophys boundary-layer dynamics and the atmospheric stratification in a coastal area of the North Sea J. Bound-Lay Meteor J Wang Ya Miao Junfeng Tan Zhemin Numerical study of the impact of differences between sea and land underlying surface on thunderstorm in Ningbo area J. Acta Meteor Sinica in Chinese J Wang Yuguo Wu Zengmao Chang Zhiqing et al Numerical simulation of three MCS J dimensional structure of sea-land breeze at west coast of Liao Dong Bay J. Marine Forecasts in Chinese J Xiao Hui Wu Yuxia Hu of hail stoms occurring in Xunyi region J. Plateau Meteorology in Chinese. Xiu A Pleim J E Development of a land surface model. Part I Application in a mesoscale meteorological model J. J Appl Meteor on simulation of a thunderstorm over Tai Lake region J. Trans Atmos Sci in Chinese WRF J Zeng Xinmin Wu Zhihuang Song Shuai et al Effects of land surface schemes on the simulation of a heavy rainfall event by WRF J. Chinese Journal of Geophysics in Chinese J Zhang Chunxi Zhu Peijun Zheng Yongguang et al A study to the trigger mechanism and unstable conditions of spring heavy rainfall with numerical simulation J. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis in Chinese J Zhang Minfeng Feng Xia A study on climatic features and anomalies of the thunderstorm in China J. J Trop Meteor in Chinese.

~ a 3 h NCEP ~ 24 3 ~ ~ 8 9 ~ km m ~ 500 m 500 ~ 800 m 800 ~ m a 200

~ a 3 h NCEP ~ 24 3 ~ ~ 8 9 ~ km m ~ 500 m 500 ~ 800 m 800 ~ m a 200 31 1 2013 3 Journal of Arid Meteorology Vol. 31 No. 1 March 2013. J. 2013 31 1 62-69. doi 10. 11755 /j. issn. 1006-7639 2013-01 - 0062 211101 2000 ~ 2010 3 h 2. 5 2. 5 NCEP 2 5 ~ 7 02 11 05 ~ 08 2 ~ 8