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1 Paulo Sergio Custodio November 2004 We need to know what we are looking for Transportation is only part of the problem Transportation may be a solution or a bigger problem A car oriented policy only leads to congestion, air pollution and a worse living city 1

2 A better use of space needs priorities This means integrating Pedestrians Bicycles Public Transportation Cars It is necessary a transportation policy towards mobility Integration of transportation modes - Trunk modes - Feeding Modes - Auxiliary modes - Complementary modes - Access modes Fare policy

3 Inadequate planning may conduct to bad answers We need to know demand and have transportation policies to avoid situations in where we spend a big amount of money for results like: - Guadalajara (Mexico) Metro: takes 40% of cities budget to carry 120 thousand passengers per day (needs help of state and nation). Feasibility studies predicted 400 thousand - Mexico city Line B: Carries 80 thousand passengers per day. Feasibility studies predicted 350 thousand B São Paulo Metro Line 5: cost of 700 million US$ of a 9 km line to carry 32 thousand passengers per day. Feasibility studies predicted 350 thousand. - Brasilia Metro: cost of 1,200 million US$ to carry 10 thousand passengers per day - Delhi Metro Line 1: 9 km at a cost of 1.8 billion US$ to carry 12 thousand passengers per day. Feasibility studies predicted 400 thousand

4 Or end up with some low efficiency BRTs solutions BRT Jakarta - Indonesia Lima Peru Bogotá before Transmilenio São Paulo - Brasil Jakarta Indonesia BRT BRT Jakarta (opened Feb, 2004) - Small stations - Small buses - Inadequate transfer terminal ( )

5 BRT Lima Peru BRT - Only infrastructure - Bad operation - No management BRT São Paulo Brazil BRT - Insufficient infrastructure - Good control - Good management - Small buses for the demand

6 Taipei - Taiwán Causes of unsuccessful or inefficient BRT systems BRT Systems were built where there was space but no demand at all (Campinas ( Campinas, LRT, São Paulo Metro Line 5, Delhi 5, 1 Metro Line 1) ) Systems were not good enough to face other modes competition -Brasilia (), (Brazil), Guadalajara (Mexico) and ( ) ( Medellin (Colombia) Metro Lines ) Low investment systems (São Paulo, ( Jakarta, Delhi) ) 6

7 To have the best result we need good planning Good demand estimations - Origin-destination matrices - Trip generation models - Network data - User behavior Good modeling practices But first we need to develop some general concept for a BRT System BRT Infrastructure Exclusive bus lanes Transfer terminals Conventional Stations Services Trunk Services -stopping -express Feeding services - - Institutional and operations management Technical management Efficient high capacity operating system Commercial speeds over 20 km/h 20 / Electronic fare collection system Control system New modern buses 7

8 Feeded Trunk System Feeder service Feeding area Express service Stopping service Feeder service Transfer Station Conventional Stations High demand destinations Capacity Defaults 10 Years Ago 10 Bus Tram Metro passengers/hour-direction /- 8

9 Bus Can Buses be Operated As Metro?? Tram/VLT /VLT Transmilenio Metro passengers/hour-direction / Buses can be operated better than metros High capacity for most of the demands generated in most of the cities High speed Transmilenio has an average Transmilenio speed of 26.6 km/h that can be considered 26.6 / very good as compared with São Paulo 30 Metro that has an average speed of 30 / km/h More flexibility to attend demand ( Much lower costs (investment and ) operational) It is sustainable over time with no subsidy on operations 9

10 A BRT needs good standards BRT Speeds over 22 km/h Capacity up to 48,000 passengers per hour per direction Reliability operation control Safety closed stations and operation control Comfort stations, terminals and vehicles Sustainability 22 / 4.8 BRT has many versions BRT Some with capacity but low performance Some with high performance but low capacity The challenge is to have high capacity with high performance BRT 10

11 To get a successful BRT BRT Planning, infrastructure, management and operational design must be integrated Infrastructure and operational design must be made at the same time Managers and operators need to be trained before starting operations of the system The bottleneck of a BRT system is stations and terminals design BRT The capacity of the system is calculated at the station The station also has a capacity in terms of passengers that is related to its internal space Terminals also needs to be efficient in the way they do not produce delays to the operation Another problem is the location of the garages to avoid dead km to the system. 11

12 To get speed and capacity a BRT needs To minimize delays at stations and terminals To use express services To avoid saturation of stations We tried before several solutions Use the right lane Use central lanes with stations on the right hand side Use central lane with central stations with buses with doors on the left side And we got some conclusions: 12

13 Central stations with buses with left side doors is the best solution Station design needs to meet capacity with hign performance A normal bus has low capacity if you keep low delays at stations ( /) capacity (passengers/hour) Bus s to p o peratio nal capacity ren= t1= x= bus length (meters) ( ) ren = renovation index t1 = boarding time x = saturation index 13

14 35 Speed decreases with bus stop saturation 30 speed (km/h) (/) Cars Buses Saturation 40% saturation means an average of 62 buses per hour per direction 40% 62 Capacity decreases with station boarding time Bus stop operational capacity ren=0.2 ren=0.5 ren=1.0 x=0.4 L=18 m Transmilenio boarding time / passenger (seconds) / ( ) 14

15 For higher demand we need stations with sub stops 176 m 36 m 34 m Single bus stop can have a maximum capacity of 9 thousand passengers per hour per direction using articulated buses. Sub stops need overtaking lane at the stations Outside fare collection improves boarding time 15

16 Transmilenio uses sub stops and overtaking lane... Transmilenio BRT cannot be operated as a metro BRT Demand pattern and trunk services Service 1 1 Service 2 2 Service 3 3 Turning points It is necessary to take advantage of bus flexibility 16

17 Speed and capacity can be improved with express services Express service A semi express services B C D D Stopping services bus stop Bus depot also needs to be efficient 1- Entrance Gate 2- Administration 3- Social Area 4- Fuelling Area 5- Cleaning area 6- Spare parts supply area 7- Corrective maintenance 8- Preventive maintenance 9- Lubrication, body repair and painting 11- Parking lot 12- Private parking 14 Parking area

18 Improvement You may have a wide variety of solutions Capacity Boarding time Sub-stops t1 Nsp Dir Express lines% % Lanes original 3, level platform 5, outside collecting 9, bus convoys 16, sub-stops 28, express lines 36, % 2 express lines 43, % 2 express lines 52, % 2 It is necessary to think on all details Infrastructure and operational design Management Operations Keep good standards over time 18

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20 OPTIONS FOR FINANCING BUS RAPIDTRANSIT Walter Hook, Kunming, China Funded by the Hewlett Foundation BRT is Much Cheaper than Metros TransMilenio Versus the JICA-Proposed Metro: Same Cost BRT TransMilenio JICA 1

21 Operations Can and Should be Self Financing Quito: two systems at the same cost: Rail system Bus Rapid Transit system The Economics of Bus Rapid Transit Bus Rapid Transit $1-5 million / km Metros and rail $ million / km

22 Steps One: Design the System from the Beginning with the following in Mind: Operations Should Be Financed From Fare Revenues Bus Procurement should be paid for by Private Bus Operators Ticketing system can be paid for by ticketing system operator Stations can be partially paid for by advertisers Spend Government Money on Creating the Conditions for Profitable Operation, NOT ON BUS PROCUREMENT Invest in sidewalks, trees, street furniture, bike parking, public space, comfortable stations, and other amenities to increase the profitability of the system. Don t skimp on quality of life. TRANSMILENIO S.A. Planning, Management and Control Infrastructure (Public) Corridors Stations Garages Complementary Infrastructure Billeting (Private) Equipments Smart Cards Trust Fund Operation (Private) Companies Buses Employees 3

23 Division of Responsibility and Financing Between Public and Private Sectors Public Sector Infrastructure construction (IDU) Planning (City, TM) Development; contracting service provision (TM) Control (TM) Contracts Private Sector Bus acquisition, operation and maintenance Fare collection system implementation and operation Resources management (trust fund) Designing the System to be Self Financing Do not try and save money on planning. BRT is performing Heart Surgery on your City. You should find the best surgeons you can, not the cheapest ones. Carefully estimate projected demand on the planned BRT Corridors. Requires traffic modeling Consider shifting from Direct bus routes to Trunk and Feeder routes. Consider banning competing bus services in the same corridor Set the technical specifications for the bus at a level that potential bus operators can afford. BRT BRT 4

24 INITIAL CALCULATIONS ESTABLISHED THAT THE INITIAL FARE FOR TRANSMILENIO SHOULD BE 40 CENTS PER PASSENGER TRANSMILENIO 40 Daily operational costs (Phase I) I 470 vehicles X 247 Kms/day X $3,005/Km 470 X 247 / X 3,005/ $233/ passenger X 379,260 Passengers 233/ X 379,260 $78/ passenger X 670,000 Passengers 78/ X 670,000 $516MM X 3% $516MM X 3% $516MM X 0,5% $516MM X 0,5% ILLUSTRATIVE 670,000 Passengers 670,000 = $770/passenger = $770/ Trunk line Cost Cost of feeder System Cost of fare Collection TransMilenio Manager TransMilenio Fiduciary Total daily cost Financing Sources: System Planning Local and national Sources Bi-Lateral assistance agencies (e.g. GTZ, USAID) GTZ USAID United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (UNDP) Grants from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) (GEF) Loans from the World Bank and other Development Banks Private foundations 5

25 TransMilenio Planning Costs TransMilenio Firm Contracted $ Amount Paid By McKinsey & Subcontractors 3,569,231 UNDP Investment Bank $192,308 Dept. of Transportation Steer Davies Gleave $1,384,615 Dept. of Transportation Landscaping/ Architectural Designs $115,385 Dept. of Transportation Total $5,261,538 3,569,231 UNDP $192,308 Steer Davies Gleave $1,384,615 / $115,385 $5,261,538 System Planning: Connecting BRT Corridors to Each Other and to other Mass Transit Options Can Dramatically increase Demand AND REVENUE BRT BRT Corridors in Delhi were selected for political purposes and do not connect. This hurts demand and REVENUES. BRT 6

26 Muara Angke a Tanjung Priok Kota Kalideres Rawa Buaya Grogol Senen Tanah Abang Pulo Gadung Manggarai Rawa Mangun Pulogebang Ciledug Kampung Melayu Klender Blok M Lebak Bulus Pasar Minggu Pondok Gede Pinang Ranti Peak Hour Demand : pax/hr Kp. Rambutan Open Systems versus Closed Systems Open Systems Feeder-Trunk technique 7

27 Closed BRT systems are more expensive but have much higher REVENUE BRT Quito s Ecovia Line Ecovia Open BRT systems are much cheaper but less profitable BRT Taipei and Kunming s Open BRT has cueing problems during peak hours, compromising capacity and profits BRT 8

28 Bogota Before TransMilenio had an open busway. It was not profitable. TransMilenio TransMilenio re-allocated the same 30,000 passengers per hour onto 1/3 as many buses: Profits per bus tripled. TransMilenio 30,000 1/3 Quito also cut the old bus lines and reallocated passengers onto 1/3 as many much larger buses, increasing profits. 2/3 Quito s Avenida 10 de Agosto, Before and After the HCBS System was Implemented. Avenida 10 de Agosto HCBS 9

29 Jakarta built Asia s first closed BRT system: It just breaks even. Why? BRT TransJakarta did not cut parallel buses and does not have free transfers from feeder buses. Only 5500 out of 12,000 passengers take the BRT. The rest are on normal buses. 12, BRT 10

30 Quito, Bogota, Curitiba all have free transfer from Feeder Buses operated by the same authority BEATERIO LUCHA DE LOS POBRES CHILLOGALLO MOR VALVERDE ORIENTE QUITE SOLANDA TNTE H. ORTIZ MALDONADO MENA MARISCAL SUCRE RECREO FERROVIARIA R. DE CH EZ LULUNCOT PANECILLO CENTRO HIST ICO N FLORESTA COL OCCIDENTAL AM ICA AMAZONAS 6 DICIEMBRE CONDADO COTOCOLLAO SAN CARLOS PRENSA AEROPUERTO GALO PLAZA LA Y INCA ELOY ALFARO DEL MAESTRO COMIT? DEL PUEBLO CARCEL TROLLEY (MAIN TRUNK LINE) FEEDER LINES TransMilenio 60% of the demand comes from feeder buses 60% 11

31 Closed Terminals Can Create Free Transfers for feeder buses even on open systems. Sao Paulo Infrastructure Cost and Capacity Comparison of BRT systems BRT Line Hong Kong Metro Bangkok Skytrain Caracas Metro Mexico City Metro Kuala Lumpur LRT Putra LRT Putra Bogota TransMilenio TransMilenio Sao Paulo Busways Porto Alegre Busway Curitiba Busway Quito Bus Rapid Transit TransJakarta Capital Cost/Km ($million) / Actual capacity (passengers / hour / direction) // 12

32 Comparative BRT System Costs BRT City Type of system Kilometres of Segregated lines (km) Cost per kilometre (US$million / km) / Taipei Bus rapid transit Porto Alegre Bus rapid transit Quito (Eco-Via Line) ( Eco-Via) Bus rapid transit Las Vegas (Max) (Max) Bus rapid transit Curitiba Bus rapid transit Sao Paulo Bus rapid transit Bogotá (Phase I) Bus rapid transit Cost Breakdown on Infrastructure Costs, Bogota, TransMilenio Phase II TransMilenio Component Studies and designs Exclusive Ways General traffic lanes Public space 1 Stations 2 Pedestrian overpasses Terminals Parking and maintenance areas Properties Network services Maintenance Roads for feeder buses Control Center Others 3 TOTAL TRUNK LINES Total Cost US$ Million) Cost/Km (US$ Million) 13

33 Financing Sources: Infrastructure International Development Banks National Development Banks National Government Grants Provincial or Municipal General Revenue Petrol taxes Road pricing / congestion charging Parking fees Land value taxation Sales or leasing of commercial space near stations Commercial banks Municipal bonds Private Investors? / Sources of Financing, TransMilenio Phase I TransMilenio Source Percentage Local Fuel Surcharge 46% Power Company Privatization & Other 28% Local Revenues Reprogrammed World Bank Credit 6% National Government Funds 20% 46% 28% 6% 20% 14

34 Investing more in Stations and High Quality Urban Design Can Increase the Status of the System and Win Political Support: New Design for La Paz, Bolivia Leveraging Investment out of the Private Sector Government needs to know how profitable the BRT system being designed will be. Based on this profit estimate, the technical specification for the bus can be set as high as this profit margin will allow. Holding a competitive bid among private bus operators is key to reducing the bus procurement cost Competitive bidding process is also critical to reducing operating cost per kilometer. Fixed operating payment per kilometer gives operators an incentive to reduce operating costs. BRT 15

35 TransMilenio Bidding Criteria TransMilenio X - - X / Buses Should Be Selected Based on Financial Viability as well as other considerations. Propulsion technology Cost per vehicle (US$) Diesel/Clean Diesel / CNG, LPG bus CNG LPG Hybrid electric bus Fuel cell bus Metro rail car Million Million 16

36 BUS OPTIONS REGULAR BUS Clean Diesel Hybrid-electric vehicles Fuel cell technology Electric trolley Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) (CNG) (LPG) High Status Buses Can Elevate System Image but should not compromise financial viability. New BRT Bus, Las Vegas, USA BRT New BRT Bus, Delhi BRT 17

37 Sources of Financing: Buses, Ticketing Systems, Operations Revenues from the Farebox Revenues from Advertising/ Merchandising Private Investment from bus operators and ticketing system operators Loans secured by bus manufacturers Bi-Lateral export banks International Finance Corporation National Development Banks Commercial banks / After Structure is Agreed and System is Designed, then consider: How fast the money can be made available. Local and national sources are much faster How much local control can be retained over the BRT system Private financing often comes with conditions that compromise user needs and social objectives. The cost of capital from different sources The allocation of risk among stakeholders BRT 18

38 Private investment into the buses is not just about getting the money Privately owned buses tend to be better maintained because they own the asset. Private operators are usually better able to negotiate a lower price and better service contracts for the buses from manufacturers Private operators are more likely to make a reasonable choice of bus technology not influenced by political considerations that may compromise service quality Procurement is the most typical source of government corruption. Current Financing Situation in China Little or No National Government Role in Municipal Public Transport No National or Local Gasoline Tax exept in Hainan. Municipalities have a lot of revenue from the sale of land to real estate developers. Some cities have a licensing fee to operate a motor vehicle inside the city. Guangzhou it is Y980/year and Y10/day. This fee can be increased. Some marginal parking revenues. 980 / 10 / 19

39 Current Discussions on BRT Financing in China BRT Metro and Highway Companies created public-private partnerships, corporate entities which can borrow money from state banks like the Bank of Construction, etc. Municipalities cannot borrow money directly from state banks. BRT is small enough that it does not require approval from the State Development Reform Committee Beijing BRT will be a Public- Private Partnership between state construction company, the municipal bus company, the municipality, and other interests. BRT BRT Concerns about Public Private Partnership for BRT Company A Construction Company Owner may inflate the construction costs. A Public Bus Company owner may have all the management problems of the public bus company. The city will have no recourse if the quality of service is poor or the bus maintenance is poor. A bus manufacturer owner will lock the bus operator into a monopoly bus supplier, inflating bus costs. If the BRT company has to pay off loans from the ticket sales, it may drive up ticket prices and complicate integration of the ticketing system with other modes. BRT 20

40 Final Recommendations for Chinese cities Infrastructure Investment funds should come from Municipality and Bank loans Bus financing should come from bus operating companies and private banks Create a public BRT Corporation that can borrow money from state banks. BRT Corporation should not be expected to pay for the infrastructure from ticket sales. BRT Ensuring High Quality Service The BRT Corporation should not have private investment from bus manufacturers, construction companies, or bus operators in order to protect the interests of bus passengers. Bus operations should be contracted out to more than one private operator to ensure competition Contracts should include quality of service targets with rewards and penalties. BRT 21

41 Thank You! The Institute for Transportation and Development Policy 22

42 Bus Rapid Transit A Sustainable Mobility Solution for Chinese Cities Breakthrough Technologies Institute What is BRT? BRT is a complete rapid transit system Family of technologies Advanced buses, off-vehicle fare collection, signal priority, passenger information systems, etc. Rail-like like operating structure Frequent operation, limited stops and express service, etc. Multimodal access Pedestrian, bicycle, feeder services BRT BRT Breakthrough Technologies Institute 1

43 The Urban Bus BRT Continuum BRT Urban Bus Enhanced Stations, Improved Boarding Frequent Service, Improved Route Structure, Feeder services BRT Busway Off-vehicle fare collection ITS Pedestrian, bicycle access US BRT Initiatives Strong Federal Government Commitment US Secretary of Transportation Norm Minetta: BRT is the most cost-effective transit investment available. US Federal Transit Administrator Government vigorously supports BRT Legislation pending to make it easier to invest in BRT Federal government created a consortium of cities interested in BRT BRT Norm Minetta BRT BRT BRT BRT Breakthrough Technologies Institute 2

44 US BRT BRT Why BRT? New roads do not solve congestion problems Within 4 years, almost all new capacity is filled New capacity increases operation and maintenance costs In Virginia, growing O&M costs soon will constitute most of the road budget 4 BRT 3

45 Why BRT? BRT performs as well or better than rail US Transportation Research Board, TCRP-90 Capital costs can be a small fraction of the cost of rail In US, operating costs also appear to be lower Implications: Can build more capacity for same investment Leaves resources for other priorities BRT BRT TCRP TCRP-90 : Why BRT? Significant air quality benefits Lower NOx emissions than US cars Significantly lower PM 2.5, greenhouse gas, and other emissions than electric rail based on coal BRT PM 2.5 4

46 NOx Emissions (Grams/Passenger Mile Washington DC Scenario) ( / DC ) 0 Metro Lt. Rail BRT Private Car Breakthrough Technologies Institute PM 2.5 Emissions PM 2.5 (Grams/Passenger Mile Washington, DC Scenario) ( / DC ) Metro Lt. Rail BRT Breakthrough Technologies Institute 5

47 CO 2 Emissions CO 2 (Grams/Passenger Mile Washington DC Scenario) ( / DC ) Metro Lt. Rail BRT Private Car Breakthrough Technologies Institute Why BRT? Air Quality Results consistent with 2001 International Energy Agency study Buses offer the most. environmentally-friendly mode of motorised travel on the planet. Bus-dominated transport can cut CO2 emissions by 100% compared with car-dominated transport Advanced diesel technologies can significantly reduce CO, PM, and HC emissions compared with standard buses BRT % CO2 CO PM HC 6

48 Why BRT? Air Quality Bus air quality will continue to improve BRT 2 PM ( 2010 ) Source (): Fulton, Lew, Sustainable Transport: New Insights from the IEA s Worldwide Transit Study (2001) 4 Leading Projects 4 7

49 Key Facts: Population: 16 million (metro area) City prohibited spending local tax dollars on metro construction in 1998 Mayor, City Council members went to Curitiba Committed to 2 phase implementation of BRT Over 560 kilometers new service Los Angeles : 1600 () 1998 Curitiba 2 BRT 560 Breakthrough Technologies Institute Los Angeles Phase 1 (Rapid bus, not yet BRT) Simple Route Layout Frequent Service In some cases, 90 sec headways Less Frequent Stops Level Boarding Color-coded Buses and Stations Bus Signal Priority Passenger Information System 7 corridors currently open No exclusive lanes 1 ( BRT)

50 Los Angeles Phase 2 2 Exclusive Lanes Higher Capacity Buses Multiple Door Boarding Off-Vehicle Fare Collection Feeder Network Coordinated Land Use Planning 60 foot, articulated, BRT vehicle manufactured by NABI (Compressed Natural Gas). 60 BRT NABI ( ) Los Angeles Performance (Wilshire( corridor rapid bus) Corridor ridership increased 42% (to 90 thousand trips/day) Operating speed increased 29% Cost/passenger mile decreased 24% ( ) 42% ( ( 9 / ) 29% 24% Wilshire Metro Rapid 9

51 Los Angeles Cost Roughly $120 thousand per kilometer ½ stations ½ signal priority Phase I used existing bus fleet (CNG), so no additional costs for buses 12 / ½ ½ 1 (CNG), CNG), Los Angeles Comparison with Light Rail Cost/km / Weekday Boardings Average speed Ridership Rapid Bus (Wilshire( Wilshire) ( ) $102, , km/h +42% LRT (Gold Line) () $38, 000, , km/h -60% (below( projections) -60% (( ) 10

52 Key facts: Population: 1.26 million 4 busways (not full BRT) 3 bus only; 1 allows private cars 29.8 km bus only Mountainous terrain Requires significant tunneling Increases costs Pittsburgh ( BRT) East Busway Opened in km 9 stations Cost: $183 million 30,000 weekday boardings Pittsburgh / 11

53 West Busway Opened in km 6 stations Cost: $258 million 10,000 weekday boardings Pittsburgh / South Busway Opened in km 7 11 stops Cost: $27 million 11,000 weekday boardings / Pittsburgh 12

54 Pittsburgh Comparison with Light Rail Busways (3 exclusive) (3 ) LRT Length Total Cost Cost/km / Weekday Boardings 29.8 km $468, 000, 000 $15, 700, , km $937, 000, 000 $23, 300, 000 (reconstruction ) 24, 000 Cleveland Key Facts: Population: 2.25 million (metro region) Will be first full-featured featured BRT in the US Construction began October 2004 Completion Date: December () BRT

55 Cleveland Key facts: 60 foot, diesel/electric hybrid vehicles Left and right side boarding Space for on-street parking and deliveries Integrated bike lanes Expanded sidewalk space to support retail and cafes 60 / Cleveland 39,000 daily riders (projected 2025) Cleveland LRT currently carries about 10 thousand weekday riders km $168 million (projected) $15 million per km Includes a complete reconstruction of the street and sidewalks, plus installation of new bike and pedestrian facilities 3.9 / (2025 ) LRT 1 / () 150 / 14

56 Boston Population: 3 million BRT designed to be 5th line of Boston s s rail system 3 stage project Phase 1: Open Phase 2: Expected 2004 Phase 3: Expected 2010 Like Cleveland, will be full-featured featured BRT when complete BRT BRT 18 meter, articulated, CNG, 104 passenger capacity 18 CNG 104 Boston Phase 1 Dedicated bus lane on surface street Connects south suburbs to downtown Buses run every 5 minutes or less Silver Line ridership increased 95% in one year 90% of riders rate service as good to excellent Cost: $40 million % 90%

57 Phase 2 Boston Initially will be a separate BRT line from Phase I Tunnel connecting South Station (commuter rail) with Logan airport Phase 3 Tunnel connecting Phases I and II Projected to carry 60,000 riders per day when complete Blue line rail has 56,000 daily boardings 2 1 BRT () Logan Challenges Public acceptance Buses have a poor public image due to decades of under-investment Funding Policies tend to favor more expensive rail investments, despite clear performance advantages of BRT Vehicle availability Mostly standard buses BRT product beginning to be introduced BRT BRT 16

58 Opportunities BRT as part of a broader project to revitalize key urban corridors Cleveland BRT as part of new road infrastructure Toll lanes BRT as an upgrade to existing, popular bus routes Los Angeles BRT BRT BRT More Information gobrt.org vincent@fuelcells fuelcells.org Breakthrough Technologies Institute 17

59 BRT Planning Guide GTZ s Sustainable Urban Transport Programme Lloyd Wright University College London Lfwright@usa.net Contents BRT planning resource Step-by-step review of BRT Extensive photos, graphics, and design examples List of BRT publications and web sites 1

60 BRT planning process I. Project preparation Stage I: Preparation Political vision Legal basis Project team/structure Work plan and timeline Planning budget Stage II: Analysis Background analysis Stakeholder analysis Data collection Modeling Stage III: Communications Public participation Existing operators Marketing plan Public education plan II. Design Stage IV: Operations Corridor identification Feeder services Service options Passenger capacity Contingency planning Customer service plan Stage V: Business structure Business structure Institutional structure Incentives for competition Operational cost analysis Tariff options Revenue distribution Stage VI: Infrastructure Conceptual study vs. detailed study Busways, stations, terminals, depots, control centre Utilities, landscaping Cost estimation Stage VII: Technology Vehicles Fare collection systems Intelligent transport systems Technology procurement Stage VIII: Integration Pedestrians, bicycles, other transit systems, taxis Auto restriction measures Land use planning III. Impacts Stage IX: Impact analyses Traffic impacts Economic impacts Environmental impacts Social impacts Impacts on urban form IV. Implementation plan Stage X: Implementation plan Timeline and work plan Financing plan Staffing plan Contracting plan Construction plan Maintenance plan Evaluation plan I. / II. III. IV. 2

61 Training packages Module 3a and 3b: Mass Transit Options and Bus Rapid Transit Module 3c: Bus Regulation and Planning Bus Sector Reform Module 3d: Preserving and Expanding the Role of Non- Motorised Transport a 3b: 3c: 3d: English version can be ordered by contacting: GTZ Sourcebook GTZ Full version of Sourcebook translated to Chinese, available in May

62 BRT planning: The next phase A more detailed planning guide is on its way To be published in mid Funding organisations Hewlett Foundation Global Environment Facility Coordinating organisation Institute for Transportation & Development Policy (ITDP) 4

63 Sustainable Urban Transport through BRT: Progress in Mexico City, Potentials for China 通过快速公交系统实现可持续城市交通: 墨西哥城的进展, 中国的潜力 Lee Schipper, EMBARQ World Resources Institute 世界资源研究所 美国华盛顿特区 Washington, D.C. CITIES: Icons: Places, History, and Views What Happens if Transport Breaks Down? 城市:特征: 地理 历史 以及景观如果交通瘫痪 这个城市会变成怎样? London s Big Ben, Westminster, and Wheel 伦敦的大本钟,西敏寺以及摩天轮 Shanghai s Bund 上海外滩 Barcelona s Sagrada Familia 巴塞罗那圣家族教堂 Mexico s Plaza Mayor 墨西哥城市长广场 Berlin s Brandenburger Tor 柏林的勃兰登堡门 Xian Bell Tower 西安塔楼 1

64 What Is A Sustainable City?? Leaving No Costs or Burdens for Future Generations Environment, Equity, Economic Sustainability (World Bank) Caring for health and safety of present Balancing Economic Opportunity, Environmental Responsibility for People A good environment costs less than a bad one A good economy supports a clean environment A good economy thrives on livability,, ( ) What Is A Sustainable City?? Steered by the Public, Private and Civil Society Sectors Governance depends on sustainable consensus, stakeholder involvement All three sectors invest in a city, all three benefit A city is sustained by its people Transport must Serve, not Sever, Development of Sustainable Cities, 2

65 Economic Opportunities In a Livable Sustainable City Forces In Balance/under Control / Security Pollution Congestion ELEMENTS OF AN URBAN REGION Economy Amenities Housing Infrastructure/ Public Services And Transport / Free time Culture Symbols Society Cost of Urban Living Crime Face-to-face Interaction Which Ones Support Sustainable Cities? 3

66 Sustainable Transport: From Vision to Policy 可持续性交通从概念形成到政策实施 5) Monitoring, enforcement, evaluation accountability, and stakeholder process: governance Framework and hearts and minds5) 监督, 贯彻执行, 评估的可信性, 以及利益方的权益平衡: 管理手 段 整体思路 人心所向. 1) City s Vision and future: How transport serves vision, advances development and livability, overcomes constraints 1) 城市的定位和远景: 交通如何有助其定位, 高速发展以及可居住 性, 克服种种限制 2) Conceptualization: 4) Getting There: Inclusive definition of Policy Strategy, sustainable transport implementation, 2) 概念形成: technologies 包括 可持续性交通 的概念 4) 具体实施: 政策策略, 实施, 技术支持 3) Operationalization: Goals and challenges for clean air, Access, and safety/security 3) 运营的可行性: 为实现洁净空气 便利交通 以及安全所面临的目标以及挑战 Solutions" Exist But Are Politically Difficult Everything Starts with People and Vision 解决方案 与政治性缺陷并存: 一切都需从人以及长远规划着手 Bogota: Transmilenio Bus Rapid Transit 哥伦比亚波哥大的新 世纪交通系统运行 的快速公交 Vienna. Almost car free Old city, LPG buses 维也纳. 城内几乎见不到 私有车辆 公共汽车使用 液化天然气 London: Congestion Charge 伦敦: 交通堵塞收费 4

67 Solutions" Exist But Are Politically Difficult Everything Starts with People and Vision : Below are EMBARQ Partner Cities EMBARQ Shanghai Buses Stuck In Traffic Xi An Buses lined up At the South Gate Hanoi and some Chinese cities balancing bikes and buses Mexico City: What the Aztecs Saw : What we see today 5

68 Mexico City Unfortunately dozens of other mega-cities nearly as bad, a few worse One of worlds three or four most polluted cities Massive congestion Hectic public transport carries 75% of all trips Small mini-buses carry more than 2/3 of public Metro carries most of rest Would you ride around in this? 4 75% 2/3? Playing chicken with the bus in the counter flow lane Features of Mexican Traffic Bovine Rapid Transit EMBARQ s ROLE (w GEF/W Bank): DEVELOP CLEAN BRT FROM THIS CHAOS EMBARQ/ 6

69 Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is a Flexible, Low-Cost, Integrated Package of Components...More Than Just Lines On A Map BRT)... CUSTOMER INTERFACE Fare Structure Marketing Strategy Safety and Security/ Travel Information Physical Design Urban Design TECHNOLOGY BRT Advanced Vehicles Low Emissions IT Control Systems Fare Systems Passenger Information Systems OPERATING PLAN Sound Management Network Structure Route Structure Service Frequency Service Span Station Spacing Integration with other Modes\ How Mexican Authorities (and others) Came to Embrace BRT Costs BRT----- TECHNOLOGY/MODE / Velocity (km/hr) Minibuses, colectivos, taxis, 12 to 20 4 Capacity of Transport and Cost of Infrastructure Buses in mixed traffic 10 to 12 Buses in Reserved Lanes 15 to 18 Trams in Mixed Traffic 10 to 12 Buses with exclusive corridors 15 to 30 Light Rail with excl. corr. 15 to 25 Metro Elevated 30 to 35 Underground 30 to Capacity ( 000 pax/hour/direction) Cost (millions de $USD / km) Adupted by SETRAVI from World Bank.- Armstrong W. Allan World Bank.- Documento 52S 7

70 Climbing The Bus Technology Ladder Lessons from EMBARQ s Mexico Program EMBARQ Conventional Technology at Minimal Cost Clean diesel hauling up to 240 passengers in double articulated Conventional size clean diesel or CNG, even LPG Very Low Emissions available today (EMBARQ Tests in Mexico->) Clean up Existing Vehicles (EMBARQ in Mexico City) Exhaust or engine retrofit of existing heavy vehicles; (->) Careful testing to pick best and most cost effective solutions Use cleanest diesel available (<15 PPM) 240, (EMBARQ ) (EMBARQ (<15 ppm) Climbing The Bus Technology Ladder Lessons from EMBARQ s Mexico Program EMBARQ Advanced Systems Maybe Now, Maybe Later Hybrids worth testing now (EMBARQ in Mexico City) Fuel cells? Feedstock and infrastructure main uncertainties Real issue: Learn without starving other options (EMBARQ )? : BRT Makes Bus Systems Healthy Enough to Afford Wise Choices to Clean the Air BRT 8

71 Key Lessons For Improving Urban Environment: Synergies EMBARQ Sustainable Technologies Necessary for health and welfare Supported by economic rules from institutions and good standards Justified by good economic calculations/co-benefits etc Sustainable Institutions Required for technology to be supported and used right Necessary for making rules for economic sustainability of transport Supported by leaders visions of city s economic development / Key Lessons For Improving Urban Environment: Synergies EMBARQ Sustainable Behavior Strong economic signals to all actors (consumers, operators, etc) Safety and security to encourage sustainable behavior Solid indicators for measuring real changes and improvements BRT ONE IMPORTANT PIECE OF A SUSTAINABLE CITY BRT 9

72 Applying The Lessons: EMBARQ in Shanghai : EMBARQ LONG RANGE VISION A LEADER, NOT A FOLLOWER World Class City Transportation White Paper EXPO 2010 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES Development of BRT System to meet demands of Expo and beyond Work with world s leading experts to develop world class system, 2010 BRT Applying The Lessons: EMBARQ in Shanghai : EMBARQ INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT Measure health of transport (and health of people) Clean air/emissions inventory measurements begun Access/congestion next indicator set ( ) / / BRT A KEY ELEMENT OF EMBARQ s PARTNERSHIP WITH THE SHANGHAI GOVERNMENT BRT EMBARQ 10

73 Created at WRI by Shell Foundation 由壳牌基金会设立 依附于世界资源研究所 Mission is to work closely with By 2015 there will be 23 mega-cities, and nearly 300 cities in the developing world are already 1 million strong empowered forces in urban areas to solve transport/environment problems 其宗旨是和城区利益群体一起合作 解决交 通/环境问题 Working in Mexico City and Shanghai 与墨西哥城 上海市的合作初见成效 Now in Xi an, Pune and Hanoi Visit us at 在西安,普那以及河内的项目正在进行中 访问我们的网址 到 2015 年前 全球将有 23 个超大城市 在发展中国家 中 已有近300个城市的人 口达到了100万 11

74 BRT Development In China - Challenges and Opportunities Kangming Xu International Consultant The Challenges 1

75 Urban Transport Programs in 80 s 80 Urban Transport Programs in 90 s 90 2

76 Vehicle Ownership in Beijing From 0 To 1,000,000 Years 48 10,000 1,000, ,000 2,000, Growth Trend of Vehicle Ownership 600 Vehicle ownership (million) U.S. Current Level High growth scenario (12%/year) Low growth scenario (8.8%/year) Source: Tsinghua University, State Council DRC 3

77 Energy Issue Oil Demand from Transportation 百万吨 Million tons Supply Gap Source: IEA Domestic Production Capacity Energy Issue Oil Consumption Production Import Daily (millions barrels) If crude oil price increase $10 Dollars per barrel, it will cost China 7 Billion US dollars extra for importing oil every year. Second largest oil consumption nation after the United States

78 Environmental Impacts Vehicle emissions contribute 60% of air pollution in large cities Elder Population On the Rise Elder population (age 60+) exceeds 130 million and counts for 20% of the elder population in the World. 5

79 Potential Impacts of Traffic Congestion Population > 2,000,000 >1,000,000 >500,000 No. of Cities In 2002, the GDP from cities accounted for 60% of the national GDP 2002 GDP GDP 60% Better Use of Road Space Need a Wise Strategy to Address Urban Mobility 6

80 Clean Air CO 2 Emission CO 2 ( Other Car Bike Taxi Metro BRT Bus Reducing Oil Consumption Energy Security 7

81 Need A New Solution Urban Transport Development Strategies Full View of Transportation Options, Find A Way Out! 8

82 Urban Transport Development Strategies Full View of Transportation Options Let s focus on moving people and goods, rather than cars. Let buses running fast, Keep bicycles on most streets, Provide a safe environmental for pedestrians, Move goods more effectively. Urban Transport Development Strategies Full View of Transportation Options : : : If focus on dealing with traffic jams & gridlock, You get a Vicious cycle, or a Dead End 9

83 Philosophy Excessive car use is a PROBLEM; Priority must be given to moving people; Public Transport is the best solution; BRT is quick and cheaper solution. ; ; ; Bus Rapid Transit 10

84 Development Strategies BRT Development Strategies ; ; ; Integration with Urban Development; Integration with Major Transit Demands; Integration with Other Public Transport Modes; Integration with Short-term term Infrastructure Improvements. 11

85 Integration with Urban Development ; Implement BRT corridors to connect suburban new towns and city core; Implement BRT corridors on Ring Road systems Integration with Urban Development First True BRT Corridor in China 12

86 Develop BRT on Ring Roads Previous Recommendation: 28km Proposed Elevated Roadway 28 Adopted Recommendation: BRT Boulevard on the Middle Ring Road Integrate with Major Transit Demands Implement BRT on high demand corridors to provide fast and reliable transit services for more passengers. 13

87 Integration with Other Public Transport Modes Integration with Metro Supplement Extension Transition Replacement Integration with Other Public Transport Modes Integration with Bus Trunk and Feed Transfer and Integration 14

88 Integration with Short-term Infrastructure Improvement Projects Consider BRT options for roadway improvement projects. Integration with Short-term Infrastructure Improvement Projects Beijing Nanzhongzhou BRT Corridor 15

89 Convert Busway to BRT Program Tasks: More effective busway Bus Route Optimazation Bus Fare Reforms Better Buses Kunming BRT Research Project Resources 16

90 National Policy Premier Wen s endorsement: Giving public transport priority is a right strategy for urban and transport development in China. Ministry of Construction Policy 38 Public Transport Development Policy State Council Policy 520 Promote BRT Development in Chinese Cities Domestic Experiences BRT Network Planning Experience Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, Xi an, Chongqing, Hangzhou. BRT Corridor Planning Experience: Beijing, Chengdu, Shanghai, Chongqing, Shengyan, Hongzhou. Implementation Experience Beijing 17

91 Domestic Technical Resources The Energy Foundation BRT Program Provide research grants and technical supports BRTChina web site: BRT Technical Center (early development stage funded by the Hewlett Foundation) International Resources,,, GTZ IDTP International Organization The World Bank, GEF and etc. Private and Company Foundations Hewlett Foundation, Packard Foundation, Shell, Volvo and etc. Non-government organizations GTZ, IDTP etc. 18

92 Development Trend BRT Development Trend 19

93 Suggestions National Level Development Policy Investment Policy Technical Research City Level Development Policy City Planning Investment Policy BRT Management Structure Traffic Management Comprehensive Transport Why Do We Need BRT It benefits everyone 20

94 Beijing BRT Photos The BRT Bus Beijing BRT Photos The BRT Bus 21

95 Beijing BRT Photos The BRT Bus Beijing BRT Photos The BRT Bus 22

96 Beijing BRT Photos Before Beijing BRT Photos Before 23

97 Beijing BRT Photos After Beijing BRT Photos After 24

98 Beijing BRT Photos After Beijing BRT Photos After 25

99 Beijing BRT Photos After Beijing BRT Photos After 26

100 Beijing BRT Photos After Beijing BRT Photos BRT Northern Terminal 27

101 Thank You!! 28