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1 ACTA ECOLOGICA SINICA Vol. 33 No. 14 Jul DOI /stxb Su B Y Chen S B Li Y G Yang W Y. Intercropping enhances the farmland ecosystem services. Acta Ecologica Sinica 苏本营 1, 陈圣宾 2, 李永庚 3 1,*, 杨文钰 Intercropping enhances the farmland ecosystem services SU Benying 1 CHEN Shengbin 2 LI Yonggeng 3 YANG Wenyu 1 * 1 Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China Ministry of P. R. China Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China 2 Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences Ministry of Environmental Protection Nanjing China 3 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Abstract With the fast increase of population and global environmental changes it is a big challenge to ensure food security with shrinking cropland and limited resources in an environment-friendly way which can maintain or even improve soil fertility and protect environment. Recently highlights have been shed on the integrated and efficient utilization of different cropping strategies including intercropping which is on the edge of being abandoned in the farming systems. Intercropping a land-use strategy of cultivating two or more crop species in the same pieces of land at the same time is an old and traditional cropping practice. Generally there are two main intercropping systems i. e. strip intercropping and relay intercropping both of which are trying to make more efficient use of the available growth resources on the bases of the complementary utilization of growth resources by the component crops. These cropping strategies are still common practiced in the world especially in developing countries such as China India Southeast Asia Latin America and Africa. The most common advantage of intercropping is the production of greater yield on a given piece of land by making more efficient use of the available growth resources using a mixture of crops of different rooting ability canopy structure height and nutrient requirements based on the complementary utilization of growth resources by the component crops. More importantly it also has other exclusive ecological functions such as improving soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation with the use of legumes increasing soil conservation through greater ground cover than sole cropping protecting more species by providing more habitats and allowing lower inputs through reduced fertilizer and pesticide requirements thus minimizing CB * Corresponding author. wenyu. yang@ 263. net

2 environmental impacts of agriculture Therefore intercropping has been considered as a paradigm of sustainable agriculture based on the complementary mechanism of different crop species. Ecosystem services which represent the benefits of human populations derive directly or indirectly from ecological processes and the ecosystem function are components of nature directly enjoyed consumed or used to yield human well-being. Undoubtedly as one of the largest and most productive ecosystems on the earth land the cultivated lands play irreplaceable roles in providing human well-being. However these ecosystem services are in a state of decline which have or will result in large and negative impacts on future human welfare. How to maintain or improve ecosystem services has become a grand task both in political and academic circles. Although there is a exponentially rising researches related to ecosystems services over the past decade however little attention has been paid to the ecosystem services from intercropping cropland. In this paper we highlighted the possible ecosystem services of intercropping agricultural strategy with respects of productivity soil fertility biodiversity conservation soil and water conservation pest and disease control and environment protection by analyzing the available related publications. We concluded that intercropping can not only improves cropland ecosystem services with respects of provisioning services but also improves multiple ecological services such as supporting services and regulating services compared with sole cropping. At last we propose a theoretical framework to evaluate the multiple ecosystem services of intercropping cropland and give evidence on how to quantify these services and functions together with some suggestions on future researches that should be strengthened in the field of agro-ecology. Key Words intercropping cropland ecosystem services productivity biodiversity soil conservation hazardous substances control soil fertility 1 2 5% 22% hm 2 3% Li

3 % 40% 8 1 Fig Values of agro-ecosystem services LER = n j = 1 ( Y ji /Y js ) LER Y ji j Y js j i s LER N P K 40% 70% 43 1 Latif

4 N P Table Land Equivalent Ratio in different intercropping systems Agrotype Intercropping pattern Strip ratio Land equivalent ratio References / Vicia faba /Zea mays / Vicia faba / Triticum aestivum / Vicia faba / Hordeum vulgare / Zea mays /Vicia faba / Zea mays / Triticum aestivum / Zea mays / Triticum aestivum / Zea mays / Medicago sativa / Zea mays /Glycine max / Zea mays / Lupinus polyphyllus / Zea mays / Lolium perenne / Zea mays / Trifolium repens / Zea mays / Triticum aestivum / Zea mays /Glycine max / Zea mays /Vigna radiata / Triticum aestivum / Zea mays / Triticum aestivum / Cicer arietinum / Triticum aestivum / Glycine max / Hordeum vulgare / Pisum sativum / Helianthus annuus / Cicer arietinum / Helianthus annuus / Glycine max / Manihot esculenta / Vigna unguiculata / Manihot esculenta / Arachis hypogaea / Cereal / Vigna unguiculata Risch % 18% 9% 20% 49 2

5 Zhu 94% 89% % 5% 51% 25% 54 Vieira 52 2 Abraham Singh N P K Saucke Ackermann 52% 63% 17 79% 96% 71% 97% Fig. 2 2 Schematic diagram of pests diseases and weeds control of intercropping Gove Zn Zn Zn 61 Cu Pb Zn Cd Fe

6 d 98. 2% 95. 8% % 13. 5% t Zougmore 20% 55% 70 94% 71 Ali 72 Chen Schmidt Curry Jones Sieving

7 % 100% 100% LER Fig. 3 Theoretical framework to evaluate the ecosystem services of intercropping cropland E' = 1 M n n in /M j 100% j = 1 20% 0 E' n M in M j j E' = 1 M j n n j = 1 - M in M j % E' M in M j j E = n j = 1 [ w j E' j ] E E' j j n w j j 0 1 n Mt

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1 GIS 95 Y = F y + (1 F) (1) 0 0 Y0 kg/hm 2 /day F y 0 y c kg/hm 2 /day [12] y m 20 kg/hm 2 /hour Y = cl cn ch G [ F( y ) T m yo + (2) (1 F)(

1 GIS 95 Y = F y + (1 F) (1) 0 0 Y0 kg/hm 2 /day F y 0 y c kg/hm 2 /day [12] y m 20 kg/hm 2 /hour Y = cl cn ch G [ F( y ) T m yo + (2) (1 F)( 24 1 Vol.24 No.1 94 2008 1 Transactions of the CSAE Jan. 2008 2008 1 100094 2 100035 3 100081 4 100081 5 100101 GIS ( ) 65.12 16.82 13.74 15.27 11.07 t/(hm 2 a) 10.93% 41.43% 46.93% 65.4%. Bi Jiye, Zhu