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1 Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, Jun. 2015, 23(6): DOI: /j.cnki.cjea * 1 雍太文 1 刘小明 1 杨峰宋王小春 1,2 春 1 周杨文钰 1 丽 1** 1 李星辰 (1. / ; ) 为探寻玉米大豆套作体系下作物间的资源竞争关系, 揭示玉米大豆套作系统的增产机理, 本研究以玉米大豆套作系统 ( 简称玉豆套作 ) 为对象, 通过 2 a 大田定位试验, 研究了玉豆套作带状连作 (A1) 玉豆套作带状轮作 (A2) 玉豆套作等行距种植(A3) 玉米单作(A4) 大豆单作(A5)5 种种植方式对玉米大豆的产量养分吸收及种间竞争能力的影响结果表明, 与单作和等行距种植相比, 带状种植的玉米产量降低大豆产量显著增加, A2 的大豆产量分别比 A5 和 A3 高 25.5% 和 89.2% 与带状连作相比, 带状轮作促进玉米增产和对 N P K 的吸收, 玉米籽粒产量及植株 N P K 的吸收总量分别提高 7.5% 18.5% 9.1% 14.1% 与大豆单作相比, 带状套作显著增加了大豆的经济系数和养分收获指数, A2 的经济系数和植株 N P K 收获指数分别增加 40.9% 11.9% 20.6% 39.9% 带状种植方式下, 玉米对 N P K 的竞争力弱于大豆 (A ms <0, CR ms <1), 但带状轮作提高了玉米的种间竞争力和营养竞争比率玉米大豆套作体系下, 相对带状连作和等行距种植, 带状轮作种植有利于玉米与大豆间的和谐共生, 促进了玉米大豆对养分的吸收, 提高了系统的产量和土地当量比率 (LER) 玉米大豆带状套作连作轮作产量养分吸收种间竞争 : 147.3; S181; S344.3 : A : (2015) Effect of planting patterns on crop yield, nutrients uptake and interspecific competition in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system YONG Taiwen 1, LIU Xiaoming 1, SONG Chun 1,2, ZHOU Li 1, LI Xingchen 1, YANG Feng 1, WANG Xiaochun 1, YANG Wenyu 1 (1. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu , China; 2. Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, College of Resources and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu , China) Abstract To deal with the contradiction between population growth and land shortage, maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system has become increasingly popular and widely adopted in Southeast China. The conventional maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system used by farmers have not been good for high maize-soybean yields and nutrient uptake. To therefore explore the characteristics of competition for resources between crops and the mechanism of yield increase under maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system, a two-year field experiment was conducted where the effects of planting patterns on crop yield, nutrient uptake and interspecies competition for resources were investigated. The tested planting patterns included maize-soybean relay intercropping in continuous strips with wide-narrow rows (A1), maize-soybean relay intercropping in rotation strips with wide-narrow rows (A2), maize-soybean relay intercropping in continuous strips with equal rows (A3), maize monoculture (A4) and soybean monoculture * ()( ) (CARS-04-PS19) ( ) ** :, mssiyangwy@sicau.edu.cn :,, yongtaiwen@sicau.edu.cn;, : :

2 (A5). The density of maize and soybean under relay intercropping was equal to that under monoculture. The results showed that compared with monoculture and equal width spacing, relay strip intercropping decreased maize grain yield while increased soybean bean yield significantly. Maize grain yield under A2 treatment was 4.9% and 5.7% lower than those under A4 and A3 treatments, respectively. However, soybean bean yield under A2 treatment was 25.5% and 89.2% higher than those under A5 and A3 treatments, respectively. Compared with A1 treatment, maize grain yield and N, P, K uptake increased under A2 treatment. The maize grain yield and N, P, K uptake under A2 treatment were 7.5%, 18.5%, 9.1% and 14.1% higher than those under A1 treatment. However, yield and N, P, K uptake of soybean were not significantly different between A2 and A1 treatments. Compared with the monoculture treatments, the economic coefficient and nutrient harvest index of soybean in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems significantly increased. The economic coefficient and N, P, K harvest indexes of soybean under A2 treatment increased by 40.9%, 11.9%, 20.6% and 39.9%, respectively. In maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems, maize competition was weaker than that of soybean for N, P, K (A ms < 0, CR ms < 1). However, rotation helped improve interspecific competition and nutrient competition ratio of maize. In 2013, interspecific competition was close to 0 while nutrient competition ratio was close to 1 under A2 treatment. Comparison of A2 with A1 and A3 treatments showed that rotation benefited harmonious symbiosis between maize and soybean. This symbiosis enhanced nutrient uptake of both maize and soybean, subsequently increasing yield and land equivalent ratio (LER) of the cropping system. Keywords Maize; Soybean; Relay strip intercropping; Continuous cropping; Rotation cropping; Yield; Nutrient uptake; Interspecific competition (Received Dec. 18, 2014; accepted Apr. 1, 2015),,,,,,, : (Pisum sativum Linn.) (Hordeum vulgare Linn.) [1] (Triticum aestivum Linn.) [Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.] [2] [3] (Zea mays Linn.) [Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp.] [4] (Medicago spp.) [5] (Oryza.sativa Linn.) (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) [6] (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) [7], [8 10],,,,,,,, [10 12],, 10,,, [13], [14], [15 16], [17], [18],,,, 2 a,,,, 1 材料与方法 ()(30 07 N E), 2012 : ph 6.8, g kg 1, 0.90 g kg 1, 0.50 g kg 1, g kg 1, mg kg 1, mg kg 1, mg kg 1 605, ; 12, 1.2, 3, (A1) (A2)(A3), (A4) (A5), 5, 3 36 m 2, 5.85 hm 2, 11.7

6 : 661 hm 2, 100 cm 50 cm, 17 cm, 34 cm, 1, 2, 3, 6 m 2 m, A1 A2 2.. 2, 160 cm, 40 cm, 2, 40 cm, 60 cm, 17 cm, 1, 2 ; A3 1.

3 6 : 661 hm 2, 100 cm 50 cm, 17 cm, 34 cm, 1, 2, 3, 6 m 2 m, A1 A , 160 cm, 40 cm, 2, 40 cm, 60 cm, 17 cm, 1, 2 ; A , 100 cm, 50 cm, 17 cm, 1, 2, , A1 A2, 2013, A2,,, A3 A4 A5,,, N 72 kg hm 2 P 2 O kg hm 2 K 2 O kg hm 2, N 108 kg hm 2 ; N 60 kg hm 2 P 2 O 5 63 kg hm 2 K 2 O 52.5 kg hm , 4 1, 7 29 ; 6 10, , 4 3, 8 1 ; 6 11, 图 1 不同种植方式示意图 Fig. 1 Diagrammatic sketch of different planting patterns A1: ; A2: ; A3: ; A4: ; A5: A1: maize-soybean relay intercropping in strip continuation with wide-narrow row; A2: maize-soybean relay intercropping in strip rotation with wide-narrow row; A3: maize-soybean relay intercropping in strip continuation with equal row; A4: maize monoculture; A5: soybean monoculture. The same below ,, 2 2, 8 16, min 75, ; 60,,,, (LER), [7,19] LER m =Y im /Y sm (1) LER s =Y is /Y ss (2) LER ms =LER m +LER s (3) : LER m LER s LER ms ; Y im Y is (N P K ); Y sm Y ss (N P K )LER ms >1, ; LER ms <1, N P KLERY-LER N-LER P-LER K-LER [7,19] : A ms =(Y im /Y sm ) (Y is /Y ss ) (4) : A ms A ms >0, ; A ms <0, N P K A ms Y-A ms N-A ms P-A ms K-A ms [7,19] : CR ms =(Y im /Y sm )/(Y is /Y ss ) (5) : CR ms CR ms >1, ; CR ms <1, N P K CR ms Y-CR ms N-CR ms P-CR ms K-CR ms =/ (6) (%)= N(P K) / N(P K) 100% (7) = + (8) 1.4 Microsoft Excel 2003,

4 DPS 7.05LSD 2 结果与分析 2.1 1,, ;,, 2013, A2 A1 7.5% 6.0%,, A2, 4.9% 2.4%, 27.5% 13.8%, 25.5%;,, A3 A5 33.7% 55.3%,, 2013, A2 A1 6.9% 6.8%, A3 8.9% 14.4% Year Plant pattern 表 1 种植方式对玉米大豆生物量的影响 Table 1 Effects of planting patterns on biomass of maize and soybean kg hm 2 Maize Soybean Maize-soybean Total biomass Total biomass Total biomass A ±512b 6 375±104b ±408b 2 159±227b 1 871±75a 4 030±286a 8 421±578a 8 246±161a ±468a A ±213b 6 464±311ab ±364b 2 118±158b 1 759±116a 3 878±258a 8 654±125a 8 223±331a ±396a A ±198a 7 126±596a ±627a 1 163±112c 1 011±65c 2 174±176b 8 358±227a 8 137±660a ±800a A ±269b 7 039±298ab ±531ab A ±245a 1 413±202b 4 143±85a A ±187c 7 713±150b ±175c 3 930±411b 2 054±145a 5 984±556b ±428a 9 768±163b ±508b A ±107b 8 295±194a ±187b 4 347±593b 2 143±208a 6 491±776b ±700a ±226a ±740a A ±284a 8 532±130a ±157a 2 158±130c 1 051±84c 3 210±214c 9 083±209b 9 583±181b ±552c A ±109bc 8 475±184a ±293ab A ±584a 1 697±129b 7 891±483a 0.05 Values followed by different letters with a column are significantly different at 0.05 probability level. The same below. 2.2,, ( 2),, A1 A2 A5 45.2% 40.9%,, A3 A1 A2, 2.3, N P K ( 3), N P K P K, N P K N,, A2 N N P K A5 24.4% 9.8% 9.6% 22.4%;, N P K, Table 2 表 2 种植方式对玉米大豆经济系数的影响 Effects of planting patterns on economic coefficients of maize and soybean 2012 Year Year 2013 Plant pattern Maize Soybean Maize-soybean Maize Soybean Maize-soybean A a 0.465a 0.495a 0.550a 0.344a 0.488b A a 0.454a 0.487a 0.558a 0.331a 0.489b A a 0.466a 0.493a 0.552a 0.327a 0.514a A a 0.565a A b 0.216b

5 6 : 663, A3 N N P P K K A5 35.7% 43.1% 38.2% 48.8% 31.2% 54.0%, N P K,, N P K, 2013, A2 N N P P K K A1 20.4% 18.5% 8.5% 9.1% 10.0% 14.1% N P K, 2013, A2 N N P P K K A1 11.2% 11.6% 4.5% 5. 9% 6.9% 10.9%, A3 46.9% 39.3% 14.5% 14.6% 37.2% 28.4% Nutrient N P K Year Plant pattern 表 3 种植方式对玉米大豆吸 N 量吸 P 量及吸 K 量的影响 Table 3 Effects of planting patterns on N, P and K uptake of maize and soybean kg hm 2 Maize Soybean Maize-soybean Total uptake Total uptake Total uptake A1 52.6±4.3b 71.8±2.0a 124.5±2.6a 18.5±2.4b 127.3±6.2a 145.8±7.4a 71.1±5.4a 199.1±8.1a 270.3±7.1a A2 55.3±1.3ab 72.9±5.5a 128.1±6.1a 20.0±2.3ab 120.2±6.8a 140.3±8.8a 75.3±3.6a 193.1±5.4a 268.4±8.9a A3 61.7±1.4a 76.1±9.1a 137.7±7.7a 9.6±0.8c 66.4±6.0c 76.1±6.6c 71.3±0.8a 142.5±15.1b 213.8±14.3b A4 48.0±5.4b 78.2±3.4a 126.3±8.6a A5 24.3±2.2a 98.1±11.4b 122.4±9.2b A1 49.0±13.8a 104.7±6.7b 153.7±17.4b 37.2±3.9b 158.0±11.2a 195.2±11.6a 86.3±17.5a 262.7±4.7a 348.9±15.2a A2 56.0±2.3a 126.1±7.7a 182.1±7.4a 41.3±3.8b 166.2±18.2a 207.4±17.4a 97.3±5.7a 292.2±24.3a 389.5±22.7a A3 58.3±1.7a 117.3±7.8ab 175.6±8.8ab 22.4±1.3c 81.6±9.4c 104.1±10.7b 80.8±2.6a 198.9±17.2b 279.7±19.5b A4 52.1±3.4a 116.2±2.5ab 168.3±5.6ab A5 61.9±5.8a 132.2±10.1b 194.2±6.2a A1 3.6±1.2a 13.4±0.2a 17.0±1.2a 4.7±0.5b 13.3±0.6a 18.1±1.0a 8.3±0.9a 26.7±0.7a 35.0±0.3a A2 3.3±0.5a 12.3±0.6a 15.6±1.1a 5.2±0.3ab 12.3±1.1a 17.5±1.4a 8.6±0.8a 24.6±1.3a 33.2±2.1a A3 4.3±0.9a 12.6±0.9a 16.8±0.7a 2.7±0.2c 7.5±0.4c 10.2±0.5b 7.0±0.7a 20.1±0.9b 27.1±0.5b A4 3.7±0.7a 12.6±0.7a 16.3±1.3a A5 6.5±1.4a 10.2±0.9b 16.7±0.45a A1 7.2±0.8a 24.6±2.0a 31.8±1.5b 5.3±0.7b 15.5±0.4a 20.7±0.9b 12.5±1.4a 40.1±1.9a 52.6±0.8a A2 7.9±0.3a 26.7±3.9a 34.7±3.8ab 5.9±0.6b 15.2±1.8a 21.1±2.4b 13.8±0.4a 41.9±5.6a 55.7±6.0a A3 8.2±0.2a 28.7±1.8a 36.9±2.0a 3.7±0.4c 8.0±0.7b 11.7±1.2c 12.0±0.6a 36.6±2.4a 48.6±2.9a A4 8.5±2.3a 27.9±0.6a 36.4±2.1a A5 11.2±1.1a 14.9±0.4a 26.1±0.9a A ±3.1a 26.8±0.7a 170.4±2.5a 127.3±14.2a 63.3±3.3a 190.6±16.7a 270.9±13.8a 90.1±4.0a 361.0±16.3a A ±16.9a 27.9±3.5a 176.2±16.5a 126.0±9.4a 61.2±5.2a 187.2±14.2a 274.2±13.7a 89.2±7.9a 363.4±14.7a A ±9.3a 31.9±5.1a 195.2±4.2a 65.7±6.4b 36.8±3.9c 102.5±9.6b 229.0±5.3b 68.7±7.0b 297.7±7.4b A ±26.0a 32.4±1.4a 185.1±27.2a A ±13.5a 50.1±5.2b 199.4±9.4a A ±31.7a 30.9±3.2a 135.0±28.6a 87.2±9.2b 38.4±5.5ab 125.6±14.1b 191.4±32.2ab 69.3±4.5a 260.6±32.9ab A ±14.1a 34.0±2.7a 154.1±16.3a 94.8±9.1b 40.0±4.9a 134.9±13.6b 214.9±10.2a 74.1±6.5a 289.0±15.6a A ±2.6a 33.9±3.8a 158.2±3.8a 46.8±5.8c 20.1±2.6c 66.9±8.1c 171.1±8.4b 54.0±5.0b 225.1±10.5b A ±8.1a 36.4±6.0a 157.5±13.4a A ±12.9a 32.6±1.5b 168.8±11.6a 2.4 4,, N P K,,, A1 A2 N A5 13.6% 11.9%, P A5 25.7% 20.6%, K A5 43.0% 39.9%, N P K A1 A2 A3, N P K,

6 表 4 种植方式对玉米大豆养分收获指数的影响 Table 4 Effects of planting patterns on nutrient harvest indexes of maize and soybean % Nutrient N P K Plant pattern Maize 2012 Year Year 2013 Soybean Maize-soybean Maize Soybean Maize-soybean A1 57.8ab 87.3a 73.7a 68.4a 80.9a 75.4a A2 56.8ab 85.7a 71.9a 69.2a 80.0a 75.0a A3 55.1b 87.3a 66.5b 66.8a 78.4a 71.1a A4 62.0a 69.1a A5 80.0b 68.1b A1 79.0a 73.8a 76.2a 77.2a 74.6a 76.2a A2 78.6a 70.3a 74.3a 76.9a 72.1a 75.1a A3 74.7a 73.8a 74.3a 77.7a 68.1b 75.4a A4 77.4a 76.8a A5 61.1b 57.0c A1 15.7a 33.3a 25.0a 23.9a 30.5a 26.8a A2 16.0a 32.7a 24.5a 22.1a 29.7a 25.6a A3 16.4a 35.9a 23.1a 21.4a 30.0a 24.0a A4 17.7a 23.0a A5 25.2b 19.4b, A1 A2 N A3 8.4% 6.8% 2.5 (LER) 5, (LER ms >1), LER ms,, N P K,, LER m, LER s, 2013, A2 Y-LER m N-LER m P-LER m K-LER m A1 7.5% 20.7% 8.8% 12.3% Table 5 表 5 种植方式对玉米大豆套作系统土地当量比率 (LER) 的影响 Effects of planting patterns on land equivalent ratios (LER) of maize and soybean relay intercropping systems LER Type of LER Y-LER 2012 Year Year 2013 Plant pattern LER m LER s LER ms LER m LER s LER ms A a 1.336a 2.242a 0.911b 1.216a 2.127a A a 1.263a 2.182a 0.979a 1.270a 2.249a N-LER A a 0.729b 1.741b 1.007a 0.624b 1.631b A a 1.303a 2.223a 0.900b 1.201a 2.101a A a 1.237a 2.170a 1.086a 1.261a 2.347a P-LER A a 0.687b 1.661b 1.009ab 0.623b 1.632b A a 1.312a 2.376a 0.880a 1.039a 1.919ab A a 1.221a 2.198a 0.957a 1.024a 1.981a K-LER A a 0.746b 1.748b 1.025a 0.537b 1.562b A a 1.268a 2.097a 0.854a 1.180a 2.034a A a 1.231a 2.098a 0.959a 1.233a 2.192a A a 0.743b 1.727b 0.938a 0.620b 1.558b Y-LER N-LER P-LER K-LERN P K; LER m LER s LER ms Y-LER, N-LER, P-LER and K-LER are land equivalent ratios calculated with grain yield, N uptake, P uptake and K uptake respectively; LER m, LER s and LER ms are land equivalent ratios of maize intercropping, soybean intercropping and maize-soybean relay strip intercropping, respectively.

7 6 : ,, (A ms <0, CR ms <1),, (A ms >0, CR ms >1)( 6),,, , N P K ( 3), A3 A1 A2 ( 1);, , N P K ( 3), ( 1),, 2013,, (A ms ) 0, (CR ms ) 1 Table 6 表 6 种植方式对玉米大豆套作系统种间竞争力 (A ms ) 和营养竞争比率 (CR ms ) 的影响 Effects of planting patterns on interspecific competition (A ms ) and nutrient competition ratio (CR ms ) of maize and soybean intercropping system Type of calculation Y-A ms (Y-CR ms ) N-A ms (N-CR ms ) P-A ms (P-CR ms ) K-A ms (K-CR ms ) 2012 Year Year 2013 Plant pattern A ms CR ms A ms CR ms A b 0.684b 0.306b 0.757b A b 0.747b 0.291b 0.781b A a 1.414a 0.383a 1.639a A b 0.708b 0.301b 0.759b A b 0.769b 0.176b 0.865b A a 1.431a 0.387a 1.646a A b 0.813b 0.159b 0.848b A b 0.814b 0.067b 0.934b A a 1.349a 0.488a 1.917a A b 0.657b 0.325b 0.729b A b 0.718b 0.275b 0.786b A a 1.355a 0.319a 1.566a A ms ; CR ms ; Y-A ms (Y-CR ms ) N-A ms (N-CR ms ) P-A ms (P-CR ms ) K-A ms (K-CR ms ) N P K A ms (CR ms )A ms is interspecific competition of maize to soybean; CR ms is nutrient competition ratio of maize to soybean; Y-A ms (Y-CR ms ), N-A ms (N-CR ms ), P-A ms (P-CR ms ) and K-A ms (K-CR ms ) are interspecific competitions (nutrient competition) calculated by grain yield, N uptake, P uptake and K uptake, respectively. 3 讨论 ,,, Ngwira [4],, ; Mao [20],,,,,,,, [15] ;,,, 2012, A1 A2, 2013 A2,,, N N,,, N [21 22] ;, P, P [23], [24 25],, N K,,, 3.2,, Xiao [26],

8 N 79%; [27], N 32.81%; Betencourt [28] Mei [29] (Cicer arietinum Linn.) P, P,,,,,, [21],, (A3), (Y-A ms N-Y ms P-Y ms K-Y ms >0) (Y-CR ms N-CR ms P-CR ms K-CR ms >1), N P K, A3 N P K (N-LER s P-LER s K-LER s N-LER ms P-LER ms K-LER ms ) A1 A2, (Y-LER ms ) (A1 A2), (Y-A ms N-Y ms P-Y ms K-Y ms <0) (Y-CR ms N-CR ms P-CR ms K-CR ms <1),, N P K, N P K (N-LER m P-LER m K-LER m ), (Y-LER m Y-LER ms ),, N P K,,,,, (Helianthus annuus Linn.) β- [30] ;, (Cucumis sativus Linn.),, [31] 4 结论,,, N P K, N P K,,,,, 参考文献 [1] Haugaard-Nielsen H, Ambus P, Jensen E S. Interspecific competition, N use and interference with weeds in pea-barley intercropping[j]. Field Crops Research, 2001, 70: [2] Li L, Sun J H, Zhang F S, et al. Wheat/maize or wheat / soybean strip intercropping : yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients[j]. Field Crops Research, 2001, 71: [3] Subedi K D. Wheat intercropped with tore (Brassica campestris var. toria) and pea (Pisum sativum) in the subsistence farming system of the Nepalese hills[j]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 1997, 128: [4] Ngwira A R, Aune J B, Mkwinda S. On-farm evaluation of yield and economic benefit of short term maize legume intercropping systems under conservation agriculture in Malawi[J]. Field Crops Research, 2012, 132: [5] Zhang G G, Yang Z B, Dong S T. Interspecific competitiveness affects the total biomass yield in an alfalfa and corn intercropping system[j]. Field Crops Research, 2011, 124: [6] Shen Q R, Zhu G X. Bi-directional nitrogen transfer in an intercropping system of peanut with rice cultivated in aerobic soil[j]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2004, 40: [7] Yang W T, Li Z X, Wang J W, et al. Crop yield, nitrogen acquisition and sugarcane quality as affected by interspecific competition and nitrogen application[j]. Field Crops Research, 2013, 146: [8],,,. [J]., 2011, 28(10): Xing H Q, Xiao Z W, Yan J Z, et al. Effects of continuous cropping of maize on soil microbes and main soil nutrients[j]. Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(10): [9],,,. [J]. :, 2008, 36(5): He L N, Liang Y L, Gao J, et al. The effect of continuous cropping on yield, quality of cucumber and soil enzymes activities in solar greenhouse[j]. Journal of Northwest A&F University: Natural Science Edition, 2008, 36(5): [10],,,. [J]., 1999, 32(): Xu Y L, Liu X B, Han X Z, et al. Effect of continuouscropping on yield and growth-development of soybean[j]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 1999, 32(S): [11],,. [J]., 2003, 23(1): Ruan W B, Wang J G, Zhang F S. The effect of continuous cropping factors on soybean seedling growth and nitrogen fixation[j]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23(1): 22 28

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5月15期

5月15期中国农学通报 2012,28(15):106-111 Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 旱地小麦休闲期不同耕作措施对土壤水分蓄纳利用与产量形成的影响贺立恒, 高志强, 孙敏, 李青 ( 山西农业大学农学院, 山西太谷 030801) 摘要 : 为了提