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1 ,,, ;,, (1) ; (2), 1957,,,,,,,, ;,, (constitutional review),,,,,, :,, 1980, 4,,, ; 2000,, :?,,

2 ,, ;,, ;, ( ) (, ),,,,,,, (James Harrington),,,,?,,?,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) (), (, 1993 ) , (, 1995 ) :, ; :, ; :, ; :, ; :,,, 1997 ; :, ; :,, 1999, :, ;, ,,,? ( ) 5

3 2002 2, ( ) ( ),,,,, ( ) (),, 1688, ( ),, 1776,,,,, J. (John Marshall) ,,, () ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (,, 1997 ) 78, A. (Alexander Hamil2 ton), 41 ; (Marbury v1 Madison, 5 U1S1 (1 Cranch) 137, 1803), 6 Cf1 Mauro Cappettetti, Judicial Review in the Contemporary World. The Bobbs2Merrill Co1, 1971, chap12, sec15.,,, 1975 Cf1 M1 Cappettetti, supra note, pp11ff. 6

4 ,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, , 1937, :,,,,,, ( ),, ;, Cf1 Garry Sturgess and Philip Chubb, Judging the World : Law and Politics in the World s Leading Courts (Butterworths, 1988) pp1149, 308 See Allan R. Brewer2Carias, Judicial Review in Comparative Law. Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp , , (, 1993 ) , (, 1981 ) ,,, See Lee Epstein, et al1, The Role of Constitutional Courts in the Establishment and Maintenance of Democratic Systems of Government. Law & Society Re2 view, vol135, no11 (2001), p11211, M1 Cappettetti, supra note, pp146ff1, A1 R1 Brewer2Carias, supra note, part IV &part V,,

5 2002 2,,,, M., :,,,,,,,,,,,,, (), ( ),,,,, M.,,,, : (1), (2),,,,, (3), (),,,,, Cf1 M1 Cappettetti, op1 cit1, pp125ff. Cf1 M1 Cappettetti, op1 cit1, pp Cf1 M1 Cappettetti, op1 cit1, p179. Cf1 M1 Cappettetti, op1 cit1, pp153ff. Cf1 M1 Cappettetti, op1 cit1, p184. 8

6 ,,,, 1975,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, :, ( Holy Writ),,,,,,, (),, 1930,, 1960,, (, 1988 ) ; 1 (, 1989 ) ; (, 1995 ), (, 1979 ) ; (, 1982 ) (1969 ) (1971 ) (, 1978 ), 34 ; (, 1987 ) 152 :, ; :, 57 ; :, 97, (, 1993 ) 116 :,, 1992, See also Martin Shapiro, Courts : A Comparative and Political Analysis. :, 354 ; :,, 1980, The University of Chicago Press, 1981, chap12 Cf1 Morton J1 Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law : The Crisis of Legal Orthodoxy. Oxford University Press, 1992, pp1252ff

7 ,, 1970,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, ( ),,,,, :,?,, ( ), See Abram Chayes, The Role of the Judge in Public Law Litigation, Harvard Law Review, vol189, no17 (1976),, P1 J1L1 (, 1989 ) :, :,, 1979, 1, 3 5 : 45 ; : 10 esp1 pp11284, 1288ff1 Cf1 also Theodore Eisenberg & Stephen C1 Yeazell, The Ordinary and the Extraordinary in In2 stitutional Litigation, Harvard Law Review, vol193, no13 (1980). Frances K1 Zemans, Legal Mobilization : The Ne2 glected Role of the Law in the Political System, The American Political Science Review, vol177 (1983). Bernard Weiss2 bourd & Elizabeth Mertz, Rule2centrism Versus Legal Creativity : The Skewing of Legal Ideology Through Language, Law & Society Review, vol119, no14 (1985).,, 1987, ; :,,, 1994, 158

8 ,,,,,, (),, ( )?,,,,,,, ( ), (governmental group process, ), R1,, () (),, (),,,, 62 5 ;,26 :, (1998 ) (, 1973 ) ; (, 1981 ) :, [ I],, 1999, 165,, Cf1 C1 Neal Tate & Torbjorn Vallinder (eds1), versity Press, 1995 E1g1, Benjamin N1 Cardozo, The Nature of Judicial Process. Yale University Press, 1921, p1113. E1g1, Herbert Jacob, Justice in America : Courts, Lawyers, and the Judicial Process. 4th ed1. Little Brown, Cf1 Ronald Dworkin, Law s Empire. The Global Expansion of Judicial Power. New York Uni2 Fontana Paperbacks, 1986, chap19, chap110, and esp1pp

9 2002 2,,, 1990,,,, (8 13 ),,,,, 25,, ( ), :,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, ;,,, 8 13,,,,,,,?,?,, ;, 25,,,,??,,, 8 12

10 13,,,,, (Brown v1 Board of Education, 347 U1S1 487, 1954) ;,, 25,,, :, ;, ;,,, (),?, 25,,?, 80 %,,,,,,,,,, 4 500,, Cf1 M1 Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law : The Crisis of Legal Orthodoxy, pp1257ff. (, 2000 ) , :,,,,,,,,,?, , ( ) ()

11 2002 2,,,,,,,,,, ;, 2000 :, () ;, (1), (2), (3), ;, ;,, (WTO),,,,, , (, 1992 ) ; pp ,, :,2001 2, WTO, ( ), (,, 1997 ) 5 Cf1 also Kevin J1 OBrien &Li Lianjiang, The Politics of Lodging Complaints in Chinese Villages., 6, WTO, ,, http : ΠΠwww1hrichina1org1ΠchineseΠclipping51html China Quarterly, no1143 (1995), pp Kevin J1 OBrien, Rightful Resistance. World Politics, vol149, no11 (1996), pp131 55, Benjiamin L1 Liebman, Note : Class Action Litigation in China. Harvard Law Review, vol1111, no16 (1998),

12 , :? ,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1946 (Comite Constitutionnel), 1958 (Conseil Constitutionnel), 1949 (Bundesverfassungsgerich)?,,,?, :, 1996 () ( ),,,,, (, 1955 ) ;, (, 1988 ) Cf1 M1 Cappettetti op. cit., pp12 6. (, 1979 ) 1970,, 1992 (, 1998 ) Cf1 A1 R1 Brewer2Carias, Judicial Review in Comparative Law, pp , 1 (1953 ) 15

13 2002 2,,,,,,, ;,,,, (1) ( 2003 ) ( ), 7 9,,, (2), ,,, ( ),,,, 9 15 ( ),,,,,, : 16

14 Social Sciences in China A bimonthly No. 2 March 2002 ABSTRACTS (1) Constitutional Review and the Strengthening of Judicial Power Ji Weidong 4 Key to guaranteeing the efficacy of the Constitution, it is argued, is to install a system of judicial review of constitutionality. China s legal reforms should move now to recognize constitutional litigation officially. Af2 ter thoroughly analyzing the relationships between legislative and judicial organs as well as the basis for judicial review in the light of both theory and practice, the author stresses the essential prerequisites and conditions for strengthening judicial power, and holds that the timing is ripe to set up a system of constitutional review in China now. As for institutional design, the author proposes two alternatives. One is to set up a constitutional review council that is responsible only to the National People s Congress and the Constitution. The other is to set a constitutional court that is independent from all state organs, including the National People s Congress, and responsible only to the Constitution itself, which is only possible after the adoption of a new constitution. (2) A Dissolution and Blocking Model of Crime Causation Also on the Impact of the Cost of La w2breaking on Crime Zhang Xiaohu 17 Crime has its social causes, but the key to grasping them lies in identifying the decisive variables in crim2 inal offenses (including the relationships between various variables and the degrees of the variables). We ana2 lyze crime from a social structural perspective, building a model of crime causation in terms of dissolution and blocking. The low cost of law2breaking turns out to be an important factor contributing to the increase in crime in contemporary Chinese society. Some suggestions on crime containment measures are drawn from this. (3) Reverse Choice in La wsuits and Its Explanation An Empirical Study of Written Judgments on Contract Disputes by a Grassroots Court Zhang Weiying Ke Rongzhu 31 The practice of reverse choice exists in the administration of justice and the trial of law cases, making the law ineffective where it should bring its role into full play. By taking the verdicts on contractual disputes by a grassroots court as its object of study and through analyzing winning and losing of plaintiffs and defendants, reasons for contractual defaults and court decisions, the paper reveals and make explanations for he reverse choice in legal proceedings. In the absence of mutual trust and a good legal system, the main factor leading to 205

3 : 121,, [1 ] (Stage Theory),,,,,,, 1 :, ;,,,,, 1 :11, 6,116 ; , 2003 ; 31 = Π ; 2, 1996 ;1996,,2000, Walt Rostow (1960, 1971), A. F. K. Organ

3 : 121,, [1 ] (Stage Theory),,,,,,, 1 :, ;,,,,, 1 :11, 6,116 ; , 2003 ; 31 = Π ; 2, 1996 ;1996,,2000, Walt Rostow (1960, 1971), A. F. K. Organ 44 3 2007 5 ( ) Journal of Peking University( Philo sophy and Social Science s) Vol. 44, No. 3 May. 2007 1 2, (11, 100871 ; 21, ) :,,, :11,, ;21, ;31,, ; : ; ; ; :F121 :A :100025919 (2007) 0320120212,,,,,,,,,,,,,,